Unit 12: Civil Rights

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Brown V. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Civil rights act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Ghandi

He became a leader in India against British rule. He had a movement of passive resistance against Britain. He lived a spiritual life. He started boycotts and encouraged Indians to refuse to obey unjust laws.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Rosa Parks

A black seamstress and the Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well.

James meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Cesar Chaves

Hispanic leader that helped form the United Farm Workers and led the migrant workers on a strike against the grape growers of California

Equal Rights Amendment

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Gideon V. Wainwright

A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Public Law 94-142

A law enacted in 1975 to ensure that every exceptional learner is given instruction appropriate for his or her needs. The child should be placed in the least restrictive environment possible (i.e. spending the most time with ordinary students).

Baker V. Carr

A law that was designed to apportion seats of the Tennessee General Assembly was ignored. Result: Legislative apportionments are under the Supreme Court's jurisdiction. "one person, one vote" -14th A. Baker says the law did not help economic growth.

Ralph Nader

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

Louis Farrakhan

A minister within the Nation of Islam preached for civil rights during the civil rights movement, and is now the current leader of the Nation of Islam.

Feminism

A movement or doctrine that advocates or demands for women the same rights granted men, such as equal economic or political status.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

The 3/5th compromise

The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention.

The UFW

The UFW urged people across the nation to boycott California grapes in order to win recognition from the growers.

The principles of non-violent resistance

The encyclical on conscience, morality, and decision-making by John Paul II is called

The Lemon Grove Incident

The incident occurred in 1930 and 1931 in Lemon Grove, California, where the local school board attempted to build a separate school for children of Mexican origin.

The Black Panther Party

The symbol of young militant blacks who organized armed patrols of urban neighborhoods to protect people from police abuse. They created anti-poverty programs - free breakfast for poor black children and are best known for how wore afros and started referring to themselves as "black" people

13th, 14th, 15th amendments

The three amendments to the Constitution that resulted from the Civil War and abolished slavery, guaranteed civil rights and guaranteed blacks to vote

Plessy V. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Freedom Riders

a person who challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

in favor of non violent civil disobedience

Title VII of the Civil rights Act of 1964

prohibit discrimination , unfair or unequal treatment, based on race, religion, gender,color, or national origin, employee must exhaust all administrative remedies offered by EEOC before they can sue their employer. sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination.

Engles V. Vitale

voluntary prayers in school

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

poll taxes

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

AIM

American Indian Movement, a frequently militant organization formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights. They demanded that Native American lands, burial grounds, and fishing and timber rights be restored.

Medger evers

An African American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi before being shot & killed in June 1963.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

The LIttle Rock Nine

Beginning with Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas and nine young African Americans students volunteered to enroll.When the nine students arrived at Central High the Arkansas National Guard the soldiers blocked their way and the students were not able to attend school that day.

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

The Dred Scott Case

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[2][3] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

Jim crow laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965.

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Literacy tests

Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

CORE

National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.

grandfather clauses

The Grandfather Clause was a statute enacted by many American southern states in the wake of Reconstruction (1865-1877) that allowed potential white voters to circumvent literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics designed to disfranchise southern blacks.