Unit 14 Test Review Practice Questions

A researcher could say with certainty that someone was affected by the peripheral route to persuasion by conducting A) an experiment where the participants are presented with facts B) an experiment where participants are presented with an attractive spokesmodel C) a case study comparing the central and peripheral routes to persuasion D) a naturalistic observation where the participants are presented with an attractive spokesmodel E) a naturalistic observation where the participants are presented with facts

B

Cynthia has a strong dislike for everyone in a neighboring town. This can be explained as A) stereotype, because she has a fixed idea about the kind of people they are B) prejudice, because she has a generalized negative feeling toward them C) cognitive dissonance, because she has to travel through the town to get to work D) mere-exposure effect, because she dislikes them more the longer she knows them E) in-group bias, because everyone in her neighborhood does not like them

B

Which of the following best represents the reciprocity norm? A) Erik stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger. B) Lisa helps her boss because she does not believe that she can turn down her boss. C) Rhonda volunteers at a homeless shelter because all her friends volunteer there. D) Jan does extra work in a group project because her friends ask her to. E) Ronny helps a friend move because the friend previously helped Ronny move.

E

What most accurately describes Leon Festinger's results in his classic experiment on cognitive dissonance? A) Festinger asked participants to complete a boring task and rewarded them with either a large amount or a small amount of money for completing it. Those who received a large amount of money were more likely than those who received a small amount to rate the task as enjoyable. B) Festinger asked participants to complete a boring task and rewarded them with either a large amount or a small amount of money for completing it. Those who received a small amount of money were more likely than those who received a large amount to rate the task as enjoyable. C) The amount of money given to participants for completing a boring task was positively correlated with the reported enjoyableness of the task. D) Festinger was unable to draw any concrete conclusions from his study because he used only correlational data. E) Festinger was unable draw any concrete conclusions because the amount of money given as a reward was a confounding variable in the study.

A

Shelly fully expected to win her debate tournament, but she lost. She then spent many hours reviewing the debate to figure out why the outcome occurred. Shelly is engaged in A) social identification B) false consensus C) attribution D) accommodation E) conservation

C

Which of the following examples describes discrimination? A) Anthony thinks that all English majors love poetry. B) Sarah dislikes all people who play sports. C) Ms. Burrell gives boys lower grades than girls for similar work. D) Mr. Munsen thought Tim must be a troublemaker, and Tim started acting up in class. E) A basketball team blames one player for losing the entire game.

C

Which situation best illustrates obedience? A) Mary slapped a coworker after Stan, a lower-ranking employee in her company, ordered her to do so. B) After receiving an anonymous phone call commanding that she fill her bathtubs with water, Sheryl spent the next ten minutes fulfilling this command. C) Langley attended a speech on violence prevention on campus after her professor told her she must attend the event. D) After being assigned the task of cleaning the toilets at work, Teddy finished the job even though his teammates decided not to help. E) Josie saw her coworkers leaving work early and decided to leave early as well.

C

A biochemical influence on aggression is represented by A) Elliott yelling at his dog because his endorphins are high B) Wyndi imitating the action of her brother and pushes another child on the playground C) Jeremy punching the steering wheel of his car because he is stuck in traffic D) Brian becoming less aggressive as his testosterone levels decrease with age E) Charles bullying his classmates because his epinephrine is low

D

An accurate representation of the effect of social facilitation is when A) Lizzie performed better than usual after she had practiced her choir performance for months. B) Mario performed worse in alpine skiing on a new course, although he is normally a good skier. C) Frederick enjoyed spending time bowling with his friends more than usual because so many of them were present. D) Maddox shot even better when he was in front of his friends, even though he is usually a good free throw shooter. E) Thaddeus enjoyed his birthday party less when all of his friends went home.

D

Anna, who is an introvert and has an introverted friend with a cat, is often unkind to cat owners. She also believes that all people who like cats are introverts. Her belief can best be described as A) a stereotype, because Anna is assuming all people who like cats have to be introverts B) discrimination, because Anna is assuming all people who like cats have to be introverts C) prejudice, because Anna's belief causes her to be mean to people who like cats D) ethnocentrism, because Anna identifies as an introvert E) the mere-exposure effect, because Anna knows someone who likes cats and is introverted

A

Claire is conducting research on attribution theory in the United States, which is considered an individualistic country, and in Indonesia, a more collectivistic country. The observation Claire will most likely see in her research is more A) prevalence of self-fulfilling prophecies in the United States than in Indonesia B) evidence of the self-serving bias in Indonesia than in the United States C) evidence of the fundamental attribution error in the United States than in Indonesia D) immediate external attributions in the United States than in Indonesia E) accurate attributions in the United States than in Indonesia

C

One of the most common criticisms of Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience is that A) the results were generalizable to only one group of people because he used only men in his study B) the sample sizes were too small to be able to draw accurate conclusions because he used only 40 participants C) it was difficult to say what Milgram actually found because he did not operationally define his variables D) they were unethical because they were extremely stressful to the participants E) Milgram should have debriefed his participants after the study was conducted because he used deception

D

Which ethical concept is most directly relevant to Solomon Asch's study on conformity, and why? A) Coercion, because Asch's study was criticized since participants did not take part voluntarily. B) Confidentiality, because Asch disseminated the results of his study after the study was completed. C) Informed consent, because the participants did not know the true nature of the experiment, which made it unethical. D) Deception, because Asch had to deceive his participants about the true nature of the study in order to test conformity. E Deception, because Asch had to deceive his participants in order to get them to play out the role of the prisoner or guard successfully.

D

Which scenario best describes the variable of similarity in perceiving attractiveness? A) Bobby, who is of average attractiveness, prefers to date women that are stereotypically very good-looking. B) Greg ends up dating his next-door neighbor. C) Cindy grew to love her partner after sharing many intimate conversations with him. D) Marcia prefers to date people that are quiet and reserved like she is. E) Jan grew to love her fiancé even more after he proposed to her.

D

Who is most clearly demonstrating the false-consensus effect? A) Blanche, who is open about her political views because she assumes everyone agrees with her B) Rex, who believes that people who are poor are poor because they have made bad decisions C) Eileen, who believes that there is no reason to be concerned about the responsibilities of life because others will take care of her D) Troy, who never takes credit for his successes but blames himself for his failures E) Michelle, who treats her friends poorly when she is having a bad day

A

Philip Zimbardo designed his Stanford Prison Study in order to test the validity of two hypotheses. The first was the dispositional hypothesis; the second was the situational hypothesis. The dispositional hypothesis stated that some people have certain character traits which lead them to naturally be more aggressive and distrustful of authority. These people can be thought of as having a prisoner personality. Other people have character traits in which they enjoy having control or authority over others. These people can be thought of as having a prison guard personality. The situational hypothesis stated that the situation the people were in determined their behavior. Which of Zimbardo's hypotheses was supported by his study and why? A) The situational hypothesis, because randomly selected participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were selected B) The situational hypothesis, because because randomly assigned participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were assigned C) The dispositional hypothesis, because because randomly selected participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were selected D) The dispositional hypothesis, because because randomly assigned participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were assigned E) The dispositional hypothesis, because participants were allowed to choose their role of prisoner or guard

B

Which of the following best illustrates the research on how certain characteristics of physical attractiveness influence interpersonal attraction regardless of culture? A) Tyreke is attracted to Mira because she has a dimple on one side of her face. B) )Josie is attracted to Kari because they are both 65 years old. C) Joseph is attracted to Kent because his face possesses a high degree of symmetry. D) Kermit is attracted to Danae because she has a high hip-to-waist ratio. E) Zeena is attracted to Bursas because he has a large nose.

C

A person experiencing deindividuation would A) run faster with a crowd cheering her on than she does when she runs by herself B) wear purple because all the popular girls at her school do C) paints her face with her favorite soccer team's colors and gets into a fight with some fans of a rival team at the game, even though she is normally shy and meek D) walk the other way when someone steals a bike when she visits a city much more populated than her hometown, even though she is normally a helpful person E) put in less effort when she works on a group project than she does for the schoolwork she does on her own.

C

A researcher would test the foot-in-the-door phenomenon by randomly A) assigning 60 people to 2 groups. The researcher would then ask one group to place a large "Drive Carefully" sign in their windows, and then later ask them to place a smaller sign in their yard. The researcher would ask the second group to place a small sign in their yards without asking them to place the large sign in their windows first. B) selecting 60 people from a population. The researcher would then ask the participants to place a small "Drive Carefully" sign in their windows and later ask them to place a large sign in their yards. C) assigning 60 people to 2 groups. The researcher would then ask one group to place a small "Drive Carefully" sign in their windows, and would later ask the participants to place a large sign in their yards. The researcher would ask the second group to place a large sign in their yard without asking them to place the smaller sign in their windows first. D) selecting 60 people from a population. The researcher would then ask the participants to place a large "Drive Carefully" sign in their windows and later ask them to place a small sign in their yard. E) selecting 100 people from a population. The researcher would then ask the 100 participants to place a large "Drive Carefully" sign in their windows and later ask them to place a small sign in their yards.

C

Which of the following scenarios best describes the bystander effect? A) Marco volunteers once a week at a local animal shelter. B) Thomas babysits his neighbor's child, and a month later his neighbor lets Thomas borrow her car. C) Carrington is more likely to help a stranger on a bus when there are only a few people on the bus versus when the bus is crowded. D) Clarence learns how to take the subway by watching the man in front of him. E) Liam, a dedicated fitness enthusiast, starts spending time with other fitness enthusiasts and becomes almost fanatic about his fitness beliefs.

C

Which of the following scenarios describes attraction from the evolutionary perspective? A) Viktor is in a relationship with Naissan because she reminds him of his mother. B) The more time Tara spends with Dana, the more she likes her. C) Even though he is not aware of it, Benjamin is attracted to Alawa because she has signs of reproductive viability. D) Craig wants to spend time with Duncan because every time they see each other, Duncan gives Craig a new comic book. E) Lily enjoys seeing her therapist, Dr. Ahad, because Dr. Ahad provides Lily with unconditional positive regard.

C