Unit 2 AP Bio

Assuming a negligible pressure potential, which of the following best predicts the net movement of the small diffusible solutes and water in the second experiment (Table 2)? (look at tables in test) A. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells, followed by water B. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse out of the grape cells and water will diffuse into the cells C. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse out of the grape cells, followed by water D. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells water will diffuse out of the cells

A

Carbon dioxide most likely enters a cell through which of the following processes? A. Simple diffusion through the membrane B. Facilitated diffusion through the membrane C. Active transport through membrane proteins D. Active transport through aquaporins

A

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited? A. Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient B. Movement of oxygen into a cell C. Movement of water through aquaporins D. Facilitated diffusion of a permeable substance

A

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their ownDNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations? A. An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells B. The mitochondrion plays a role in respiration, but it also stores the cell's extra mRNA C. The mitochondrion is the only location in which eukaryotic cells can synthesize ATP D. Mitochondrial membranes provide abundant surface area for reactions because of the infolding called cristae

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common? A. Ribosomes B. Linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein C. A membrane-bound nucleus D. A cell wall made of cellulose E. Flagella or cilia that contain microtubules

A

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes that role of the structure labeled Y? (diagram in the test) A. Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized B. Structure Y contributes the raw materials required for the synthesis of proteins C. Structure Y contains enzymes that cut and activate proteins D. Structure Y packages proteins for export from the cell

A

The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place? A. Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis B. Na+ is transported into the cell by active transport C. The movement of glucose through membrane required ATP hydrolysis D. Glucose is transported into the cell by active transport

A

Water passes quickly through cell membranes because A. it moves through aquaporins in the membrane B. the bilayer is hydrophilic C. it moves through hydrophobic channels D. it is a small, polar, charged molecule E. water movements is tied to ATP hydrolysis

A

Which of the following best explains how the phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contributes to cellular functions? A. The phospholipid bilayer allows the vesicle to fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, allowing the exocytosis of proteins B. The phospholipid bilayer physically connects the nuclear envelope to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, this increasing the rate of transcription and translation C. The phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contains the chemicals that digest the proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum D. The phospholipid bilayer contains enzymes that catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

A

Which of the following best explains why larger grapes have a different rate of water absorption per gram of mass than smaller grapes do? (look at tables in test) A. The rate is slower because smaller grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the larger grapes do B. The rate is slower because larger grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the smaller grapes do C. The rate is slower because smaller grapes can expand more the larger grapes to hold excess water D. The rate is slower because larger grapes have more volume to hold excess water than smaller grapes do

A

Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes? A. Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes B. Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes C. Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission D. Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryote membranes E. Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and does not have associated protein

A

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from A. a plant, but not an animal B. a plant or an animal C. any kind of organism D. an animal, but no a plant E. a bacterium

B

A scientist designed an experiment to test an artificial membrane that mimics the phospholipid bilayer of a cell. The scientist build a tube that was divided by an artificial membrane and filled with distilled water. The scientist put a known amount of a protein into the water on one side of the membrane. After some time, the scientist measured the concentration of the protein on either side of the membrane but found that there had been no change. Which of the following experimental changes would allow the scientists to observe transport of a solute across the artificial membrane? A. Increase the solute concentration in the solution B. Use a small, non-polar solute instead of a protein C. Increase the temperature of the solution D. Add artificial aquaporins to the membrane

B

A student using a light microscope observes a cell and correctly describes it is a plant cell because A. ribosomes are visible D. it has a large central vacuole C. and endoplasmic reticulum can be seen D. centrioles are present E. a cell membrane is present

B

Based on Table 1, which of the following best explains the difference in water potential between certain solutions and the grapes? (look at tables in test) A. NaCl and tap water have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to gain water B. Grape soda and NaCl have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to lose water C. Tap water and grape juice have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to lose water D. Grape soda and grape juice have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to gain water

B

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are A. hypertonic of both fresh water and the salt solution B. hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution C. hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution D. hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution E. isotonic with fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution

B

Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in A. mitochondria B. chloroplasts C. vacuoles D. lysosomes E. nuclei

B

If red blood cells cultured in an isotonic medium are placed in distilled water, they will most likely (look at tables in test) A. shrivel B. swell and lyse C. remain unchanged D. become dormant E. divide

B

Membranes are components of all the following EXCEPT a A. lysosome B. microtubule C. nucleus D. Golgi apparatus E. mitochondrion

B

Which of the following best explains why a cell's plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids rather than just a single layer? A. Having two oppositely oriented layers of phospholipids allows only the hydrophobic heads to ineract with water inside and outside the cell B. Having two oppositely oriented layers of phospholipids allows only the hydrophilic heads to interact with water inside and outside of the cell C. Having two identically oriented layers of phospholipids gives cells more protection form the exterior environment than just a single layer would D. Having two identically oriented layers of phospholipids allows for the production of vacuoles while still maintaining a protective barrier

B

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures? A. Nucules B. Mitochondrion C. Golgi complex D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C

Based on Table 1, which of the following percentages is closest to the solute concentration of the grape? (look at tables in test) A. 0.0% B. 1.3% C. 5.5% D. 10.1%

C

In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent the general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization? A. central vacuole B. peroxisome C. lysosome D. chloroplast E. glyoxysome

C

Which of the following is true about the structure of the prokaryotic cell represented in the figure? A. It has a diploid genome and contains linear chromosomes B. It possesses cilia and lysosomes C. It has a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane and contains ribosomes D. It possesses membrane-bound organelles and a flagellum

C

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes? A. The chloroplast B. The nucleolus C. The Golgi apparatus D. The mitochondrion E. The nucleus

C

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? A. ribosome B. lysosome C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. mitochondrion E. contractile vacuole

C

White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? A. pinocytosis B. receptor-mediated exocytosis C. phagocytosis D. osmosis E. exocytosis

C

A protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the plasma membrane. Which of the following summarizes the protein's pathway in the cell? A. Smooth ER --> nucleus --> vesicle --> plasma membrane B. Nucleus --> vesicle --> rough ER --> plasma membrane C. Smooth ER --> Golgi complex --> vesicle --> plasma membrane D. Rough ER --> Golgi complex --> vescile --> plasma membrane E. Plastid --> rough ER --> plasma membrane

D

A student hypothesizes that the solute concentration of grape juice is higher than the solute concentration of the actual grape because the grape juice has added sugar. Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best evaluates the student's hypothesis? (look at tables in test) A. The hypothesis is supported because the mass of the grape decreased in the grape juice B. The hypothesis is supported because the grape juice has a greater solute potential than the grape has C. The hypothesis is not supported because the grape was isotonic to the grape juice D. The hypothesis is not supported because the mass of the grape increased in the grape juice

D

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both A. require protein carriers B. are endergonic processes and thus require the hydrolysis of ATP C. occur via contractions of cytoskeletal elements attached to membrane proteins D. depend on a concentration gradient E. occur in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells

D

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A. glucose B. lipids C. steriods D. starches E. proteins

E