Unit 2 General Psych

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? hyperthermia premature birth smoking in the home above average birth weight

above average birth weight

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. cyclopean binocular trichromatic monocular

binocular

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. bottom-up processing sensory adaptation top-down processing a subliminal message

a subliminal message

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. sensory adaptation a subliminal message top-down processing bottom-up processing

a subliminal message

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. twilight; gloom light; darkness darkness; light pulsing light; steady light

darkness; light

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? dependent evolutionary Freudian cognitive behavioral

evolutionary

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. low; high high; low truncated; high condensed; sharp

high; low

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? melatonin homeostasis insomnia rhythm

homeostasis

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. circadian latent biological manifest

latent

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. wavelengths of indeterminate length intermediate wavelengths shorter wavelengths longer wavelengths

longer wavelengths

A theta wave is a type of ________. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave brain wave associated with sleep spindles brain wave associated with critical thinking low frequency, high amplitude brain wave

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. depressant stimulant antipsychotic hallucinogen

stimulant

Who described the collective unconscious? Rosalind Cartwright Carl Jung Sigmund Freud John Hobson

Carl Jung

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false? Deaf individuals communicate using American Sign Language. Deaf individuals primarily communicate through signing. Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth. Deaf individuals prefer to teach children to communicate in American Sign Language rather than teaching children to read lips.

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness? Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head Jemma, competing in a marathon Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep

Jemma, competing in a marathon

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. social-cognitive dissociative cognitive behavioral Jungian

dissociative

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high? intense tactile sensation feelings of intense elation and pleasure feelings of despair time distortion

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone. somnambulism; meditation meditation; hypnosis hypnosis; meditation meditation; somnambulism

hypnosis; meditation

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli. external internal psychoactive hypnotic

internal

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. manifest latent alpha Freudian

latent

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. lens; fovea iris; retina fovea; lens cornea; iris

lens; fovea

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. cornea; iris iris; retina fovea; lens lens; fovea

lens; fovea

Which of the following is not a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? improving mood lower stress levels less exposure to carcinogens maintaining healthy weight

less exposure to carcinogens

What hormone does the pineal gland release? estrogen melatonin testosterone insulin

melatonin

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? night terrors restless leg syndrome REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) sleep apnea

night terrors

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. thermoception nociception kinesthesia preconception

nociception

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. NREM phase parasomnia REM phase insomnia

parasomnia

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world. protoconsciousness manifest content stage 1 sleep lucid dreaming

protoconsciousness

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? withdrawal physical dependence tolerance psychological dependence

psychological dependence

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________. electroencephalography lucid dreaming K-complex stimulation sleep rebound

sleep rebound

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. vestibular somatosensation proprioception nociception

vestibular

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep. 3 4 2 1

1

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? 3 1 4 2

2

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________. People can hypnotize themselves if they try hard enough. People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Hypnosis is essentially an associated state of consciousness. No one can actually be hypnotized.

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________. cognitive behavioral therapy hypnosis K-complex manipulation methamphetamines

hypnosis

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? increasing typing speed for telephone operators detecting brain tumors improving the accuracy of military codebreakers improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. congenital postnatal conductive prenatal

congenital

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory? The trichromatic theory is more accurate than the opponent-process theory. Research has not supported either theory. Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system. The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory.

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain.

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness? Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud John Hobson Carl Jung

John Hobson

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." Remove the phrase "do not." The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ."

Remove the phrase "do not."

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false? They are cells. They have small, hair-like extensions. They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin. They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose.

They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? top down subliminal just noticeable signal detection

just noticeable

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. longer; shorter shorter; longer lower; higher higher; lower

lower; higher

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid? methadone methamphetamine coffee nicotine

methadone

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome. nervous restless agitated REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

restless

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? rods iris fovea cones

rods

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? circadian rhythm sleep consciousness jet lag

sleep

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person. gustation olfaction audition somatosensation

somatosensation

What is vertigo? spinning sensation inability to see color fear of heights noise phobia

spinning sensation

Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________. their brain's inability to process pain medicine their inability to tolerate the slightest change in pressure or temperature their high suicide rate their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? absolute threshold subliminal signal detection top-down

top-down

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate. Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background. Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a return to normal performance levels psychological stress psychological distress changes in normal bodily function

changes in normal bodily function

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. pupil; cornea cornea; pupil lens; retina iris; pupil

cornea; pupil

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. pupil; cornea lens; retina iris; pupil cornea; pupil

cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. trough; crest trough; peak crest; trough top; bottom

crest; trough

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. darkness; light light; darkness twilight; gloom pulsing light; steady light

darkness; light

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? melatonin rhythm insomnia homeostasis

homeostasis

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. motivation attention sensation peripherals

motivation

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. narcolepsy REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) a stroke damage to his K-complex

narcolepsy

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. as a result of old age since birth due to deliberate damage as a result of disease

since birth

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological." The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital." The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory." The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction."

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. can see only in the dark can't see without sunlight can see can't see

can see

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. heterostasis homeostasis internal-external stimulus circadian rhythms

homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. heterostasis internal-external stimulus circadian rhythms homeostasis

homeostasis

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli. psychoactive internal hypnotic external

internal

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? crying while asleep snoring while asleep talking while asleep kicking and punching while asleep

kicking and punching while asleep

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. olfaction nociception thermoception kinesthesia

kinesthesia

Which of the following is not a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? improving mood maintaining healthy weight lower stress levels less exposure to carcinogens

less exposure to carcinogens

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. absolute threshold just noticeable difference signal detection sensory adaptation

signal detection

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. signal detection absolute threshold sensory adaptation just noticeable difference

signal detection

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________. there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness research demonstrates that hypnosis is more effective in treating hypertension the AHA is under the influence of the anti-pharmaceutical movement research demonstrates that mediation actually increases hypertension

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? inherited numbness Pacinian Syndrome congenital analgesia nociception

congenital analgesia

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? inherited numbness congenital analgesia nociception Pacinian Syndrome

congenital analgesia

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. dilated longer smaller contracted

dilated

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________. dissociated from other forms of altered consciousness because it does not involve drugs people acting as they do because of social expectations for how a hypnotized person should behave practiced only by people who are already dissociated from reality effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way? sugar caffeine insomnia narcolepsy

caffeine

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. can see can see only in the dark can't see without sunlight can't see

can see

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli." The word "high" should be changed to the word "low." The words "environmental stimuli" should be changed to the words "sleep spindles." The word "theta" should be changed to the word "alpha." The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli." The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex." The word "theta" should be changed to the word "alpha." The word "high" should be changed to the word "low." The words "environmental stimuli" should be changed to the words "sleep spindles."

The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not? We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence quicker. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word. We read the first sentence as practice and the second sentence as real. The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded.

We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt. Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology.

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? preimage fovea monocular afterimage

afterimage

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? signal detection subliminal just noticeable top down

just noticeable

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid? coffee nicotine methadone methamphetamine

methadone

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. as a result of disease as a result of old age since birth due to deliberate damage

since birth

What is amplitude? the height of a wave the lowest point of a wave a sound's purity a logarithmic unit of sound intensity

the height of a wave

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. delta alpha beta kappa

alpha

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________. research demonstrates that hypnosis is more effective in treating hypertension the AHA is under the influence of the anti-pharmaceutical movement there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness research demonstrates that mediation actually increases hypertension

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Which of the following is false about sensation? Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. We have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. We have more than five senses.

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity.

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson? Individuals who hold positive attitudes toward reduced-fat foods are more likely to rate foods labeled as reduced fat as tasting good. Vision is affected by cultural factors. The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally. Children described as thrill seekers are more likely to show taste preferences for intense sour flavors.

The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle." The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic."

The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits." The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological." The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? They are unrelated to biological senses. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.