Unit 2, Part 1: Mobility - Bones, Exercise, and Mobility assessment

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Effects of nervous system on muscle contraction

-Afferent nervous system conveys info to CNS -Neurons conduct impulses from one part of body to another -Info is processed by CNS -The efferent system conveys response from CNS to skeletal muscles via somatic nervous system.

Pivot joint

Allow bone to move around a central axis without displacement (Radius and ulna-turning doorknob)

Gliding joint

Allow limited movement in all directions (Joints of carpal bones in wrist)

Types of diarthrosis joints

Ball-and-Socket Gliding Hinge Pivot

Amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous Allow limited motion EX: Vertebral joints and symphysis pubis

Factors influencing mobility

Developmental considerations Physical health -muscular, skeletal, or nervous system problems -problems involving other body systems Mental health Lifestyle Attitude and values Fatigue and stress External factors

Synarthrosis

Fibrous Immovable due to fibrous tissue banding EX: Skull sutures

Physical assessment of mobility

General ease of movement and gait Alignment Joint structure and function Muscle mass, tone, and strength Endurance

Ball-and-Socket joint

Hip and shoulder-permit full freedom and movement

Benefits of exercise to respiratory system

Improved alveolar ventilation Decreased work of breathing Improved diaphragmatic excursion

Benefits of exercise to cardiovascular system

Increased efficiency of the heart Decreased heart rate and blood pressure Increased blood flow to all body parts Improved venous return Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots)

Benefits of exercise to musculoskeletal system

Increased muscle efficiency (strength) and flexibility Increased coordination Reduced bone loss Increased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission

Important functions of muscles

Motion Maintenance of posture Support Heat production

Hinge joint

Permit bending in one directions (Elbow and knee)

Flat bones

Ribs and skull bones

Irregular bones

Spinal column and jaw

Role of Skeletal System in Movement

Supports the soft tissues of the body Protects crucial components of the body Furnishes surfaces for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments Provides storage areas for minerals and fat Produces blood cells

3 basic joint types

Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Diarthrosis

Synovial Freely moveable EX: Elbow, knee, ankle

Structure and function of the articular system

The ends of articulating bones of a moveable joint are covered with cartilage Tough, fibrous sheath surrounds the articulating bones-joint capsule Capsule lined with a membrane, synovium (diarthrosis), that secretes lubricating fluid and provides shock absorption Surfaces are not in direct contact

Joint (Articulation)

The junction of two or more bones

Long bones

Upper and lower extremities

Short bones

Wrist and ankle

Three types of muscle

skeletal, cardiac, smooth


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