Unit 2, Part 1: Mobility - Bones, Exercise, and Mobility assessment
Effects of nervous system on muscle contraction
-Afferent nervous system conveys info to CNS -Neurons conduct impulses from one part of body to another -Info is processed by CNS -The efferent system conveys response from CNS to skeletal muscles via somatic nervous system.
Pivot joint
Allow bone to move around a central axis without displacement (Radius and ulna-turning doorknob)
Gliding joint
Allow limited movement in all directions (Joints of carpal bones in wrist)
Types of diarthrosis joints
Ball-and-Socket Gliding Hinge Pivot
Amphiarthrosis
Cartilaginous Allow limited motion EX: Vertebral joints and symphysis pubis
Factors influencing mobility
Developmental considerations Physical health -muscular, skeletal, or nervous system problems -problems involving other body systems Mental health Lifestyle Attitude and values Fatigue and stress External factors
Synarthrosis
Fibrous Immovable due to fibrous tissue banding EX: Skull sutures
Physical assessment of mobility
General ease of movement and gait Alignment Joint structure and function Muscle mass, tone, and strength Endurance
Ball-and-Socket joint
Hip and shoulder-permit full freedom and movement
Benefits of exercise to respiratory system
Improved alveolar ventilation Decreased work of breathing Improved diaphragmatic excursion
Benefits of exercise to cardiovascular system
Increased efficiency of the heart Decreased heart rate and blood pressure Increased blood flow to all body parts Improved venous return Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots)
Benefits of exercise to musculoskeletal system
Increased muscle efficiency (strength) and flexibility Increased coordination Reduced bone loss Increased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission
Important functions of muscles
Motion Maintenance of posture Support Heat production
Hinge joint
Permit bending in one directions (Elbow and knee)
Flat bones
Ribs and skull bones
Irregular bones
Spinal column and jaw
Role of Skeletal System in Movement
Supports the soft tissues of the body Protects crucial components of the body Furnishes surfaces for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments Provides storage areas for minerals and fat Produces blood cells
3 basic joint types
Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Synovial Freely moveable EX: Elbow, knee, ankle
Structure and function of the articular system
The ends of articulating bones of a moveable joint are covered with cartilage Tough, fibrous sheath surrounds the articulating bones-joint capsule Capsule lined with a membrane, synovium (diarthrosis), that secretes lubricating fluid and provides shock absorption Surfaces are not in direct contact
Joint (Articulation)
The junction of two or more bones
Long bones
Upper and lower extremities
Short bones
Wrist and ankle
Three types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac, smooth