UNIT 3-4 APES FINAL

What are soil profiles?

A (topsoil), O (humus or organic), B (subsoil), C (parent material)

How are the populations generally different between developed and undeveloped countries?

A developed country has a lot of industrial activity and where people generally have high incomes. An underdeveloped country has little industry and money spent on education, health, care, etc

Population growing exponentially is represented by what is a graph?

A logistic J-shaped curve.

The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that grows best in nutrient-poor, acidic soil. They typically grow in certain long-leaf pine savanna ecosystems in the Carolinas. Generalist or specialist? Why?

A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low pH and nutrient levels

convergent plate boundary

A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other. (volcano)

Define a transform boundary

A transform boundary is where two of the Earth's tectonic plates touch and slide alongside one another

transform plate boundaries

Areas where two plates grind past each other resulting in faults such as the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes often occur at fault lines.

Where would activity result in volcanoes, island arcs, and mountains?(photo of tectonic plates)

B (a diagram)

What type of land is most susceptible to erosion, leading to increased suspended solids and increased turbidity downstream?

B. (Soils most susceptible to erosion are those with the largest amount of medium (silt)-size particles.)

The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which point in the demographic transition model?

Beginning of phase three

Where is an earthquake most likely to occur as two plates slide sideways past each other?(photo of tectonic plates)

C ( it is a diagram)

What areas of the world exhibit a growing nonvolcanic mountain chain due to uplift? (world map)

C (along convergent boundaries of tectonic plates,consider the Himalayan Mountains)

In a graph, this represents the growth of a population predicted by the logistic model

C (type of population growth curve)

What species and type are the cicadas?

Cicadas are K selected species and type 1 survivorship curve

What is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size?

Clay-> Silt ->Sand/Gravel

What best exemplifies population momentum?

Continued growth of a population after fertility drops

Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. What curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions?

D

The rapid rate of this process in tropical forests results in low-nutrient soils?

Decomposition

The diagram illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. What portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?

E

What explains the tectonic plate activity on the West Coast of the United States?

Earthquakes occur at the San Andreas Fault when *stored energy is released from locked plates*

Overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are what?

Erosion and desertification

What environmental conditions will have a negative effect on the limit a certain population of organisms is able to achieve in a habitat?

High levels of predation

Countries undergoing rapid population growth include which age structure diagram?

I only

In a human population undergoing a demographic transition, what generally decreases first?

In the demographic transition, the death rate falls first. After a lag, the birth rate also falls.

What is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I?

Infant and childhood mortality

Based on the data in the graph, what best identifies the reproductive strategy of harbor seals?

K-selected strategists

Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Ext ant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are what type of species?

K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve.

Based on the graph, which of the following can be concluded about the latitudes of the two locations?

Location 1 is close to the equator, and Location 2 is in the Northern Hemisphere.

Scientists are looking for new locations to generate electricity using geothermal energy. Where would be the best choice for geothermal energy generating plant?

Near tectonic plate boundaries

The orchid mantis is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. What best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be?

Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change

What properties of soil most influences the flow of water through the sample?

Permeability

Zero population growth is associated with what phase(s)?

Phase one and four

What best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997?

Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995.

Most volcanism in the world is associated with what?

Plate boundaries

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Are they generalist or specialist species ?

Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists.

Members of an r-selected species have what characteristics?

Rapid development High reproductive rate Early reproductive age Small body size One reproductive cycle Short lifespan Poor competitive ability High mortality of offspring.

Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lakeshores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided, what species would best be classified as a specialist?

Salamanders

Based on the soil texture triangle, which of the following would describe soil that was 25% clay, 25% silt, and 50% sand?

Sandy clay loam

Which soil indicated on the soil triangle would most likely have the highest water-holding capacity?

Soil A because it contains the largest amount of clay. Clay is the smallest grain size and is the least permeable. It holds water very well, but does not drain well.

Which species was first to reach the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for that particular kind of organism?

Species 4

K-selected species (type 1&2 Survivorship Curves)

Species that produce a few, often fairly large offspring but invest a great deal of time and energy to ensure that most of those offspring reach reproductive age.

During which stage of the demographic transition shown below does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth?

Stage 2

Which stage has high birth rates and rapidly decreasing death rates as a result of improved access to healthcare?

Stage 2

Which stage of the demographic transition has birth and death rates that are approximately equal, low death rates influenced by improvements in health care and food production, and a stable or declining population?

Stage 4

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the ozone layer that absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays?

Stratosphere

The increase in the size of Earth's human population in the last century has been dramatic. What are two major contributors to this increase?

The Industrial Revolution and modern medicine

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere has the highest density of any atmospheric layer and contains most of the water vapor in the atmosphere?

The Troposphere

divergent boundary

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other (sea floor spreading)

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. What phase is it in?

The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition

Certain species of dinosaurs laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life.But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information what best characterizes this species of dinosaur?

The dinosaurs were r -strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve

What can be interpreted from an age-structure diagram of a country?

The maximum age when women give birth

As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of the population growth takes place during which phase?

The transitional phase

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the fewest molecules of the layers shown, and the low density of gas leads to very few molecules transferring heat to an object. In this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes photodissociation of molecules(aurora borealis), creating ions?

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place

What is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species?

They have longer life spans.

The graph provided shows the population of an organism introduced to a new environment and how the population changed over sixty days. After the sharp rise, there was a leveling off of the population. What does this indicate?

This environment has only enough resources to support 250-300 individuals of this organism

weather vs climate

Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time. Climate change refers to long-term changes.

The supply of Earth's freshwater is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. What are the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations?

World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.

In a human population, the population momentum effect is most likely to occur in cases in which a large percentage of people in the population are in what age group?

Younger than 18

Which curve best represents a K-selected species?

a Type I survivorship curve. This relatively flat curve reflects low juvenile mortality, with most individuals living to old age.

What is the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?

a species' average population size in a particular habitat.

Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include what?

birth rate & death rate .

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is what?

by exposing the organic matter accelerates mineralization pollutes

Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. What line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards?

c

In a graph, this represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis.

carrying capacity

Population shrinks

consequence of overshoot (decline in population density)

What is the source of energy driving the circulation pattern labeled C in the diagram?

convection currents

Most of the Earth's deserts are at approximately 30° latitude, north and south because these latitudes are characterized by what?

descending dry air currents

What biome is found at 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S, as seen in the diagram?

desert biomes

exponentiel vs logistic growth (Survivorship Curves)

exponential growth is j shaped on a graph that shows rapid population growth that hasn't leveled off. logistic growth is graphed like an s and shows and contains a carrying capacity.

Represents the biotic potential of the species in a graph.

exponential population growth curve (s shaped)

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes the survival of offspring by producing what?

few offspring with high levels of parental care.

What is a density-independent factor that controls population size?

floods

What properties is most likely associated with soils that contain more sand-sized particles than soils that contain more clay-sized particles?

high permeability

Although the fertility rate for women in the United States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the United States population is still increasing because why?

immigration

The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1 percent. It is expected to drop to 0.5 percent by 2050, partly because of increased access to birth control in developing nations. Another likely cause for the expected decline is what?

increasing numbers of women entering the workforce in developing nations

What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population?

life expectancy and infant mortality rate

What zone is located in the atmosphere between the stratopause and the tropopause?

ozone layer

Which soil composition would be the best choice for lining a landfill?(soil composition diagram with lines and letters on it)

point W (clay)

What is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society?

reduced birth rates

What agricultural practices would most likely lead to improved water quality in nearby streams and rivers?

reducing the amount of fertilizer (nutrient management), integrated pest management, conservation tilling, basins, etc.

What problem is best addressed with contour plowing?

soil erosion

In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in what stages of the demographic transition?

stage 1

Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. One of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is what?

synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops

Where did a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occur (at a nearby subduction zone), triggered one of the largest nuclear reactor disasters in history?

the Japan Trench

how to measure carrying capacity

the average capacity of graph

The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. What kind of strategist is this?

the lanternfly is K-selected and invasive species

What is replacement-level fertility?

the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.

review how to read triangle digram

the point at which the silt/clay/sand line all intercept

Describe the total fertility of a society. What determines it?

total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would have if a she survives all her childbearing (or reproductive) years.

What causes the air to rise high into the atmosphere in the areas labeled A, B, and C on the diagram?

warm, moist air that is less dense than the surrounding air

overshoot

when population exeeds carrying capacity

Where does seafloor spreading result in rifts and possible volcanoes? (photo of tectonic plates)

(A) Volcanoes erupt at mid-ocean ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic ridge, where seafloor spreading creates new seafloor in the rift valleys.

What areas of the world exhibit island arcs? (world map)

(marked E on map) the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific Ocean and the Lesser Antilles in the western Atlantic Ocean.

A farm is experiencing extensive crop loss due to high rains causing overly saturated soils. What would best help the farmer alleviate the problem?

*Amending the soil with sand* to increase the permeability of the soil

If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?

0.4%

If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is what?

1.6%

If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to

15 years

A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5%. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years?

400 million

Which stage has both high birth rates and high death rates but low overall population growth in part from high incidences of disease and famine?

A

Which of the lettered choices in the soil profile represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material?

A (top layer)