unit 3

o Describe the role of at least two other organs or structures that help the body deal with an influx of alcohol.

• Liver metabolizes the alcohol using an enzyme known as alcohol dehydrogenase to break down the alcohol into acetate, where it is further broken down into carbon dioxide and water. • The kidney handles the excess, diluted urine caused by the diuretic effect of alcohol

each drug has 3 names

generic, chemical brand

example of the drug names

generic: Amoxicillin Chemical: hyroxybenzyl-penicillin Brand: Amoxil

Urinary system organs

kidney ureter bladder urethra

3 types of analysis of urine

macroscopic-color and clarity chemical-pH, protein content, glucose, and ketones, specific gravity microscopic- urine test for white or red blood cells

what things filter in the kidneys?

nephrons

Explain the different structures in kidney..

oRenal Pelvis-collecting duct oRenal Medulla-urine is formed in here through nephrons oRenal Cortex-filter blood and remove unwanted substances out of the body oMedullary Pyramid-transport urine from outer part of kidney into calyces oUreter-transport urine to bladder for storage oCalyx-pathway of the urine to the ureter oRenal Capsule-support the kidney mass and protect the vital tissue from injury oSite of the Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule*-pushes filtrate out of capillaries filters the blood/ not in oSite of Collecting Ducts and Loop of Henle*-water and salts are pulled out from there and forms there

What does each nephron receive ?

receives a stream of blood that is delivered by renal artery and returned to the body by renal vein (cleaned)

what else does the urinary system control?

regulate pH of the blood blood pressure and volume and composition of the blood

Kidneys are responsible for..

responsible for producing urine and carrying liquid waste materials out of body

what muscles make the bladder?

transitional epithelium= allows it to stretch, when bladder is full cells flatten and when bladder is empty they become round allows for the bladder to expand and to hold more urine allowing person to not urinate oftenly

where is water lost in the body?

urine, sweat, feces, and in evaporation from lungs

ADH and Aldosterone difference

-ADH= increases collecting water ducts permeability to water -secreted from posterior pituitary with high solute in water both=increase reabsorption on of water in kidneys collecting ducts Aldosterone= regulated by renin-angiotensin system -secreted from adrenal cortex -increase active reabsorption of NA+

Trace the organs through which urine travels

-Kidney: filters the blood for the waste: then the waste/urine -Ureters transfer the waste to bladder -Urinary bladder then excretes to the urethra -Out of the body

What other organs help maintain water balance?

-Large intestine (colon)- filters the reabsorbs water from digested food -Hypothalamus: signals thirst and hunger, tells the body when to increase ingestion of water

What do prescription abbreviate?

-how often -when to take -how much -how to use

Urinary system function

-to maintain homeostasis in the body - electrolyte concentration and maintaining PH balance of the blood

side effects vary of drug vary

1. Disease state 2. Age 3. Weight 4. Gender 5. Ethnicity 6. General health

Main functions of the urinary system

1.Excrete liquid waste form the body/filter the blood 2.Maintain homeostasis by keeping water balance in the body

3. How did the events of Bill's day impact his body's ability to conserve and balance water?

Bill was drinking beer, which contains alcohol. Alcohol will lower ADH levels and decrease reabsorption, meaning an increase in urine production and possible dehydration. Bill was also exercising and sweating and although he thought he was replenishing his fluids he was further making himself dehydrated. His body knew that he was dehydrated, but was unable to release ADH and fix the problem.

2. How will other body systems be affected if the kidneys begin to shut down? Explain your answer.

Cardiovascular system would be directly affected because toxins build up in your blood. Kidney shut down would also affect water balance, the patient could become dehydrated.

o How does the urine move from the kidney out of the body?

It goes into the ureters to the bladder to the urethra.

6. Diuretics are often prescribed to treat high blood pressure. Given the name of the class of drug, how do you think diuretics affect the kidney, the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and overall blood pressure?

Diuretics=dehydrate. Diuretics increase urine output ADH= increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys which leads to decreased urine output and more water in the blood/body Diuretics decrease reabsorption of water in the kidneys which leads to more urine water in the urine and increases urine output and less water in your blood which lowers your blood pressure. (garden hose)

4. Suggest reasons why we can live with one kidney, but we are born with two.

Each kidney is capable of functioning to filter your blood entirely, but having two allows to filter quicker and puts less strain on your kidneys. The kidney is integral to body function that if one fails, you have a built in back up.

7. Explain how drinking too much water can throw off the electrolyte balance in your blood. How does this imbalance specifically affect the nervous system and the muscular system? Hint: Think back to what happens at the plasma membrane for a nervous signal to be communicated and to the ions that are required for muscle contraction.

Electrolyte balance means we have the same amount of sodium (and other ions) as we do water. Drinking too much water will mean that we have more water than electrolytes in our blood. Electrolyte imbalance would specially affect the nervous system because action potential would be affected there is not a high enough concentration of sodium to rush into the cell and start an action potential. Electrolyte imbalance would affect the muscular system because muscle contraction requires an influx of calcium- there is not a high enough concentration of calcium to allow for contraction.

hormones that produced by the kidney and function

Erythropoietin, calcitriol, and renin. The functions that they serve are: Erythropoietin (releases hypoxia to low levels of oxygen in the tissue level), Calcitriol (a steroid hormone that regulates the body levels of calcium, phosphorus, and mineralization in the bone), and Renin (increase of blood pressure, leading to restoration of pressure in the kidney).

8. Explain how a shortage of water affects the health of your cells. Make sure to use words such as osmosis, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, or isotonic solution in your answer.

If we have a shortage of water in the blood compared to the cells it is a hypotonic solution. Water moves via osmosis from high concentration to low concentration. Since the cells would be considered a hypertonic solution, water would move from cells into cells in an effort to make an isotonic solution. This would cause you cells to shrivel (shrink).

2. Is the ADH feedback loop an example of positive or negative feedback? Explain.

Negative feedback loop because it reverses water imbalance. ADH can be lowered or raised based on need and that will reverse water imbalance. If water is too low in the body, ADH will be increased. If water is too abundant in the body ADH will be lowered.

3. If you stretched the nephrons in a kidney from end to end, they would be over 40 miles long! Explain how this structure directly relates to the function of the kidney.

Nephrons are responsible for filtering blood and creating urine. Having a large surface area allows for more filtration. There is more time for water and nutrients to be reabsorbed.

Order the following kidney structures to show the path of urine formation and its departure from the body: renal pelvis, glomerulus, ureter, renal artery, bladder, renal tubules (Loop of Henle and collecting ducts), calyx, urethra, Bowman's capsule.

Renal artery brings in blood to be filtered by kidney blood enters glomerulus (ball of capillaries -move in easy and move out easy) filtrate (no red blood cells) enters the bowman's capsule renal tubules (loop of henle and collecting ducts) to reabsorb the water and nutrients we need and collecting ducts which continue to transport the waste like toxins collecting ducts empty into a calyx calyx empties into the renal pelvis pelvis empties into the ureter bladder urethra

explain the water signal and ADH

So when the body has low water concentration in the blood, the osmorecptors are the neurons of the hypothalamus that sense, osmorecpetors sense that the blood needs water, this causes the hypothalamus to tell the pituitary gland to release ADH, which causes the collecting ducts in the nephron of the kidneys to resorb water, causing urine to be more darker and water to be sent back to blood, so when body has enough water it cause hypothalamus to stop production of ADH and causes the collecting ducts to stop resorbing water, resulting in less dark urine and water balance.

o In which main regions of the kidney are the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule located?

These are located in the cortex. Filtration begins in the cortex, with the glomerulus and bowman's capsule. It continues in the medulla with the loop of henle (taking back water and sodium we need) and collecting ducts (drain the toxins that we don't want to go back into the blood) to the pelvis.

o In which main regions of the kidney are the collecting ducts and the loop of Henle located?

These are located in the medulla. The loop of henle is essential for reabsorption of water and nutrients back into the blood, and the collecting ducts drain toxins (as urine) into the pelvis.

1. Would blood ADH levels be higher or lower than normal in a person who just completed a three mile run without drinking any water? Explain.

This person would be dehydrated because they are sweating and exercising but have not replenished their water supply. Water level in the body blood are low. In response to this, ADH will be released to increase reabsorption of water in the kidneys. ADH levels would be higher.

In which sections or section of the kidney is the urine formed?

Urine is formed in the medulla. Urine is produced once blood is filtered and water and nutrients are reabsorbed so that only the toxins from the blood are removed.

o What section of the kidney collects the urine?

Urine is moved through the collecting ducts and the calyx into the pelvis which in turn dumps into ureters.

what is happening when alcohol on ADH?

a. Alcohol acts on the hypothalamus to reduce the level of ADH b. ADH levels drop causing the kidneys not to reabsorb water c. Resulting the kidneys to produce more urine d. Since your body does not have ADH to retain water so then the body will be thirsty causing you to drink more e. He had dizziness and nausea, and hangover due to alcohol

What does aldosterone do?

a. Aldosterone regulates salt and water in the body b. Produces by the cortex of the adrenal glands c. Increases the amount of salt reabsorbed into the blood stream and increase the amount of potassium excreted in the urine d. Aldosterone also causes the water to be reabsorbed with sodium

Without water what happens

blood pressure drops, and cells begin to shrivel and overall homeostasis is lost