Unit 3 AP Gov
feature stories
media stories about events that, through public, are not regularly covered by reporters
mugwumps
(progressives) Republican Party faction of the 1890s to 1920s, composed of reformers who opposed patronage
Voting rights act of 1965 strengthened the
15th amendment
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the table?
Barriers to registration existed in all of the states in the table but were most significant in Mississippi
Based on the data in the bar graph and your knowledge of presidential elections, how should Hilary Clinton's campaign have responded if Jill Stein's support in the polls had increased significantly as Election Day approached?
By adopting positions on issues similar to Stein's in an attempt to win over those voters before the election
If one were interested in showing how much certain industries spend on lobbying, the best way to change the visual would be to
Categorize the data by industry group and combine the data so that a bar represents each group
Which of the following best demonstrates how political parties serve as linkage institutions?
Parties may organize activities to identify supporters, increase registration, and get out the vote
Which of the following best explains the role of parties in Congress?
Parties organize government by selecting chamber leadership and determining committee membership
routine stories
media stories about events regularly covered by reporters
Which of the following features of the data displayed make the use of the bar graph less helpful for a comparison
The bar showing the spending for the Chamber of Commerce makes comparisons with the other groups more difficult
In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and labor unions could spend unlimited amounts of money supporting political candidates under certain circumstances. Which of the following was the basis for the Court's ruling?
The freedom of speech in the first amendment
Fox News targets conservatives as their niche audience
What conclusion can you draw from the data in the information graphic
national committee
delegates who run *party affairs* between national conventions
soft money
funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, not a specific candidate
scorekeeper
the press keep track of and help make political reputations, note who is being mentioned as a presidential candidate, and help decide who is winning and losing in Washington politics.
Which of the following quotes from the Federalist Papers best supports the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) ?
"Liberty is to faction what air is to fire. . . . But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency." The decision in Citizens United
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 after running on the Democratic Party platform that included an expansion of federal programs aimed at pulling the United States out of the Great Depression. The expansion plan, known as the New Deal, substantially increased the voting base of the Democratic Party. As a result, the Democratic Party dominated Congress and many state governments for the next half century. The election of 1932 is considered a critical election because it
Changed the base of support in each party
The decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) led to the creation of super PACs that can legally raise unlimited amounts of money and engage in electioneering with few limits. Madison argued in The Federalist 10 that factions, like super PACs, would not be detrimental to society because the Constitution
Created a large republic with many factions that would cancel each other out
Increases in the amount of money spent on national defense and security contracts, such as those that occurred after 9/11 terrorist attacks during the subsequent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, would most likely have which of the following consequences?
Defense contractors would increase their lobbying efforts in order to improve their chances of winning a contract
Which of the following scenarios best represents the model for party-line voting?
Despite not recognizing the name, a candidate votes for the Democratic party because he is a Democrat
Which of the following describe a visual limitation of the bar graph?
Even though the bar graph contains data from 1998 to 2014, there is no illustration of how spending is broken down by specific years or elections
Which of the following explanations describes the impact of Jill Stein's candidacy on the 2016 election as depicted by the data in the bar graph and your knowledge of presidential elections?
Jill Stein's supporters preferred Hilary Clinton to Donald Trump, hurting the Clinton campaign
A Pentagon contractor named Daniel Ellsberg stole a report, which later became known as the Pentagon Papers. The report had classified information about the conduct of the war in Vietnam. He gave this report to several major media outlets. The government tried to use prior restraint to prevent the outlets from publishing these excerpts. The Court allowed the media outlets to publish the excerpts in which of the following cases?
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
[W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate.. . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible
Political candidates will seek more data on voters so that their campaigns can create messages designed to attract different demographics
A citizen cast her vote for the candidate in a congressional election based on the candidate's promise to reform the health care system. Which voting behavior model best characterizes the citizen's choice?
Prospective voting
Using social media, individuals are increasingly able to communicate their political views to a wide audience. However, some messages over social media have led to certain individuals being arrested for making credible threats. This issue is most related to which of the following cases?
Schenck v. United States (1919)
For decades, the National Rifle Association (NRA) has worked closely with members of Congress to successfully curtail the capacity of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to regulate firearms and track gun crimes. Which of the following statements best explains how the NRA maintains its influence in Washington?
The National Rifle Association outspends its competitors in all elections and stages of policy making
What do the data in the bar graph indicate about how Gary Johnson's candidacy affected the 2016 election?
The data in the bar graph show that since Gary Johnson's supporters were split between Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump, his candidacy did not have an impact on the outcome of the election
Which of the following best explains how political parties use party platforms?
The platform is used to define the party's general stance on political issues
[W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate.. . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates try to use them, or whether 2008 and 2012 will stand alone as campaigns featuring a charismatic candidate who understood how to present himself online. Hillary Clinton's struggle to reach Millennial voters speaks to the importance of the messenger over the medium.Source: John Kenneth White and Matthew R. Kerbel, Party On! Political Parties from Hamilton and Jefferson to Trump, 2017The new developments in campaigning described in the passage have the greatest impact on which of the following trends?
The rise of candidate-centered campaigns
Which of the following conclusions is most supported by the data in the chart?
The voting rights act of 1965 has significantly reduced disparities in voter registration between Whites and African Americans
Super PAC advertising is likely highly untrue
What message does the cartoonist convey? (Chefs)
People obtain news online mostly through social media or a news organization website
Which accurately describes the information presented in the above chart? (Pathways to online news)
News outlets face stiff competition for consumers
Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion based on the data in the graph (pathways to online news)
political cue
a signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his or her own political views on party agenda
social movement
a widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order
equal time rule
an FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates
primary election
an election held to choose candidate for office
general election
an election held to choose which candidate will hold office
plurality system
an electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if its not majority
two-party system
an electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections
sophomore surge
an increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection
position vote
an issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions
interest group
an organization of people sharing a common interest that seeks to influence public policy
ratings
assessments of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group
gerrymandering
drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in unusual shapes to favor one party
malapporionment
drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population
trial balloon
information leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy
insider stories
media stories about events that are not usually made public
material incentives
money or things valued in monetary terms
horse race journalism
news coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on issues
superdelegates
party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention *without* having to run in primaries
selective attention
paying attention only to those news stories with which one already agrees
ideological interest groups
political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions
527 organizations
raise and spend money to advance political causes
A voter has seen his income increase by 3% over the past 4 years. He is encouraged that unemployment is down and the price of gas has remained relatively low. On Election day, by voting for incumbent presidential candidate, he has engaged in which type of voting?
retrospective voting
incentive
something of value one cannot get without joining an organization
independent expenditures
spending by PAC's, corporations, or labor unions to help a party or candidate but done independently of them
gatekeeper
the national media can influence what subjects become national political issues and for how long
watchdog
the national media investigates political personalities and exposing scandals.
personal following
the political support provided to a candidate not he basis of personal popularity and networks
prospective voting
voting for a candidate because you favor their ideas for handling issues
party-column ballot
a ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under that party
purposive incentives
a benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle
sound bite
a brief, memorable comment that can easily be fit into news broadcasts
political action committee (PAC)
a committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from donations
political party
a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office
sponsored party
a local or state political party largely supported by another organization in the community
national convention
a meeting of party delegates held every four years
caucus
a meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or another primary candidate
congressional campaign committee
a party committee in congress that provides *funds* to members and would-be members
political machine
a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage (loyalty)
Which of the following is most likely the result of the changes in voter registration rates illustrated in the table?
An increase in the number of African American members of congress from georgia
ideological party
a party that values principled stands on issues above all else
realignment period
a period when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties (1800, 1828, 1860, 1896, 1932)
public-interest lobby
a political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers
blanket primary
a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties
open primary
a primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place
closed primary
a primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members
background
a public official's statement to a reporter given on condition that the official not be named
runoff primary
a second primary held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary
blog
a series of discussion items on a page of the World Wide Web
solidary incentives
the social rewards that lead people to join political organizations (pleasure, status)
adversarial press
the tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them
clothespin vote
the vote cast by a person who doesn't like either candidate so votes for the "better" one
retrospective voting
voting for a candidate because you like their past actions in office
A popular news website obtains transcripts of confidential discussions in the White House regarding how the National Security Agency should collect private data of citizens. Even though the president urges the website not to publish the story, the website does so anyway because it believes the conversation does not reveal information that poses a risk to national security. Which of the following cases would the news website most likely cite if it had to argue the case that it can publish the story without permission from the president?
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
[W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate.. . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates try to use them, or whether 2008 and 2012 will stand alone as campaigns featuring a charismatic candidate who understood how to present himself online. Hillary Clinton's struggle to reach Millennial voters speaks to the importance of the messenger over the medium.Source: John Kenneth White and Matthew R. Kerbel, Party On! Political Parties from Hamilton and Jefferson to Trump, 2017Given the evolution of campaign communication described in the passage, which of the following is a way that political candidates most likely would use these tools to reach the broadest possible base of supporters?
Using social media tools to target different demographic and political groups with messages designed to appeal them
Limits the promotion of the views of citizens who voted for second and third-place candidates, allots seats government post it jobs relative to party's success in an election
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of winner-take-all voting districts and proportional voting districts
Health care reform has been threatened by special interests
Which statement reflects the perspective of the cartoonist? (Health care)
office-bloc ballot
a ballot listing all candidates by office (cannot straight ticket vote)
split ticket
voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election
straight ticket
voting for candidates of the same party
loaded language
words that imply a value judgement, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument
