Unit 3 BioMed Study Guide
Hereditary Breast Cancer
-represents 10% cases -Features = multiple first degree relative with breast cancer, tumor at premenopausal age, multiple tumors -BRCA 1 and BRCA2 - most imp single gene mutations -BRCA1 = breast and ovarian carcinoma -inc medullary carcinoma of breast -ovarian = serous carcinoma -BRCA2 = breast carcinoma in males -women with genetic propensity for breast cancer may choose to undergo prophylactic mastectomy
Risk Factors
Actions or behaviors that represent a potential health threat
What cancer does Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic virus cause?
Adult T-Cell Lymphoma
Public Health Service Syphilis Study
Also known as the Tuskegee Experiment Gave thousands of black males syphilis without their knowledge in order to study disease progression and evaluate possible treatment options They were not given penicillin to treat it, in spite of it being used as a common treatment at the time. Participants' were told that they were being treated for "bad blood" which was a local term used to describe several ailments, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. However, as a result of lack of treatment, some women contracted syphilis from men who participated in the study's syphilitic group, 19 children were passed syphilis at birth, 28 people died from syphilis, and a deep mistrust in the medical community was formed in the African American community. Influenced the National Research Act of 1974 which voluntary informed consent from all persons in the study and ensured all trials went through the IRB and were properly approved.
Dr. Henry K Beecher's article "Ethics and Clinical Research" describing twenty-two examples of studies with controversial ethics
An Article Published that described 22 examples of ethically controversial clinical studies. 1. Hepatitis was given to children in an asylum in an outbreak that later became endemic. 2. Live cancer cells were injected into 22 human subjects. 3. Daughter was purposefully given melanoma and died the next day. In many cases exposed by Beecher, scientists refused patients necessary medicines or gave the patient untested medicines Influenced FDA Regulation 21 CFR 130.37 later incorporated in 45 CFR 46 which required studies to certify informed consent It also created International Review Boards (IRB) that would review studies and ensure they upheld to the current standards. Got congress to provide oversight for human research by creating an ad hoc panel.
Nanomedicine
Area of biomedical research that seeks to use tools from the field of nanotechnology to improve health
Things to monitor for Skin Cancer
Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolving
Voluntary Response
Behaviors that a person has control over and completes by choice. Deep Breathing Visualization Techniques Light Tapping (EFT)
What cancer does Paget's Disease of Bone cause?
Bone
What cancer does Epstein-Barr Virus cause?
Burkitt's lymphoma
Why is cancer screening so important?
By catching the disease early, prognosis is better, treatment goes better, and the death rate is decreased. It usually means the cancer hasn't metastasized (spread) and there are more treatment options and those options have a higher likelihood of a positive outcome
What cancer does Human Pampillomavirus (HPV) cause?
Cervical Cancer
X-rays
Electromagnetic radiation having a very short wavelength; can penetrate substances such as skin and muscle.
EFT Tapping
Emotional freedom technique (EFT), which people often refer to as EFT tapping, is an alternative therapy for anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and some other conditions. tapping on different parts of the body helps balance energy and reduce physical and emotional pain.
Diagnostic Imaging
Machines such as x-ray equipment, ultrasound machines, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computerized tomography (CT) take images of body parts to further diagnose a condition
What cancer does Hereditary retinoblastomas cause?
Retinoblastoma cancer
What cancer(s) do Li-Fraumeni Syndrome cause?
Sarcoma, Brain, Breast, and Leukemia Cancers
Prostate exams
Should begin at age 45 and be repeated every 2 years
Skin cancer screenings
Should occur regularly via self-check. And appointments with a Dermatologist should be made as needed, or when there is an issue observed
Stem Cell Transplant
Stem cells (immature blood cells) are harvested from the bloodstream of a patient and then reinfused after the patient has received chemotherapy.
Phase IV Clinical Trial
Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
Phase I Clinical Trial
Testing of drug on healthy volunteers for dose-ranging Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase II Clinical Trial
Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy and safety The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase III Clinical Trial
Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety (usually multi-center trials on a much larger patient groups). The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer
age African- American high fat diet hx or lifestyle of high risk sexual behavior Chemical exposure excess calcium
Human pampilloma virus (HPV)
an STI where abnormal cells start growing and can turn cancerous Main cause of cervical cancers and linked with mouth and throat cancer
Precision Medicine
an approach to disease treatment and prevention that accounts for individual variation in genes and environment Uses their genetic code for a specialized cancer treatment
Prosthetic Limb
an artificial arm, hand, leg, or foot that replaces a missing one
thiopurine methyltransferase
an enzyme that breaks down (metabolizes) a class of drugs called thiopurines
Cancer
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
cigarette smoking (most common risk factor) TB asbestos worker radon exposure air pollution Hereditary Tumors
Pap Smear Tests
collects cells from the cervix Checks for cervical cancer, HPV, and endometrial cancer Should start aged 21-29 (or whenever first sexual activity is reported) and then should be performed every 3 years
CT Scans
computed tomography scan, which is a specialized x-ray taken from many different angles to build a three-dimensional picture of the body
Oncogenes
genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction
Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial
gold standard of how a drug or vaccine should be tested; subjects are assigned to treatment group or control group at random; neither the subject nor the doctor (experimenter) knows which substance each subject is receiving
Thiopurines
immunosuppressive drugs sometimes referred as immunomodulators. Used for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis. - Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran) - Mercaptopurine (Purixan)
Deep Breathing Therapy
involves taking deep breaths and exhaling slowly as a way to reduce stress
Hepatitis (HBV & HCV)
liver infections Long term diseases that lead to liver cancer Few medications that are effective but there is a vaccine for HBV
Colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum Used to detect colon cancer, polyps, or intestinal symptoms Should be first performed at 45 and then every 10 years
Biopsy
the process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination
Preventative Measures for Breast Cancers
these are typically done IF a person has a high chance of developing breast cancer Hormonal therapy Diet and Nutrition Prophylactic Mastectomy
Hormone Therapy
treatment of cancer with natural hormones or with chemicals that produce hormone-like effects
Osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
single nucleotide polymorphisms
variation in a DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered
Endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope Should be performed to investigate the symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or trouble swallowing used for inflammation, infections, ulcers, diverticulosis, intestinal narrowing, colorectal polyps, cancer or other problems
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (EGD) Should be performed to investigate the symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or trouble swallowing used for inflammation, infections, ulcers, diverticulosis, intestinal narrowing, colorectal polyps, cancer or other problems
Pharmacognetics
The study of the interrelation of hereditary constitution and response to drugs
What cancer(s) do Fanconi's aplastic anemia cause?
Leukemia, Liver, and Skin Cancer
Bones Scans
A test that detects areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism; test is performed to identify abnormal processes involving the bone such as tumor, infection, or fracture.
Myoelectric Arm
A type of prosthetic arm that uses measurable signals from other muscles in the body to control the device.
Open Trials
-Set-up where researchers and subjects know what treatment is being given -Often used to test surgical procedures and medical devices, that by nature, cannot be done without subject or researcher knowing who is receiving the treatment -More prone to error and bias than double-blind studies
What cancer does Hepatitis B Virus cause?
Liver Cancer
Lymphoma of the Skin
(Arms, neck, feet, face) "non-Hodgkin lymphoma" starts only in the skin, starts in lymphocytes which are in the lymph nodes (small, bean-sized collections of immune cells throughout the body) and other lymphoid tissues (including skin), Common, Likelihood high is weak immune system, treatment depends on stage but early stage can be treated by creams, then chemo, then radiation.
Guided Image Therapy
- helping the patient form a mental picture of a person, place, or thing -Meditation facilitated by another person or your voice recorded. -Kinda like a directed day dreaming
Nazi Medical Experiments
-Experiments on euthanasia victims, prisoners of war, occupants of concentration camps -Nazi's experimented with drugs and treatments, survival of military personnel, and to further Nazi's racial goals -targeted Jewish people, twins, people of color, and members of the LGBTQ+ community -International Scientific Commission investigated and documented abuses after war -Questions over whether it is ethical to use data the Nazis generated -Lead to the Nuremberg Code: voluntary informed consent, betterment of society, no unnecessary harm, if experiment leads to death or injury it must be immediately terminated
Risk Factors for skin cancer
-Family history -Prolonged sun exposure -Fair skin -Sun burns -Red hair -Blue eyes -Multiple freckles -Immune system -Frequent sunburns -Industrial Carcinogens -Smoking -Tanning Booths and artificial sunlight
Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer
-Increasing Age -Family hx of Colon CA - Previous colon cancer or polyps - High consumption of alcohol - cigarrette smoking - Obesity -History of gastrectomy -History of inflammatory Bowel disease -High fat/High protein, low fiber diet - Genital cancer
A woman has a __% chance of breast cancer, when she has an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2, it increases up to __%
12, 85
Squamous Cell Skin Cancer
2nd most common, arise from the epithelium usually in sun-exposed areas such as scalp, back of hands, lower lip & ear. Generally, lesion is soft, mobile, elevated, & and has a scale on the surface, it rarely metastasizes, it does so more often than basal cell carcinoma
Familial Breast Cancer
A germline mutation is inherited and then a somatic mutation occurs in a breast cell Not associated with a specific gener Genetic cause is unknown Characterized with clusters of breast cancer within the family
DNA microarray
A microarray of immobilized single-stranded DNA fragments of known nucleotide sequence that is used especially in the identification and sequencing of DNA samples and in the analysis of gene expression (as in a cell or tissue).
Proto-oncogenes
A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.
Virologist
A specialist in virology, the branch of science that deals with viruses
Willowbrook Hepatitis Study
A state school for children with mental disabilities purposefully injected children with live hepatitis, in the hopes of studying a hepatitis vaccine. Their Justification: it would be inevitable that the children would be infected Unsanitary conditions led to the inability to isolate hepatitis carriers and protect healthy children Withholding of information from participants' guardians Mentally disabled children were forced to drink chocolate milk mixed with feces from hepatitis patients to study immunity Increased the stigmatization of children in mental institutes. Created a reinforcement of the Nuremberg Code independent review of all human subject research is required. Origin of Institutional Review Board (IRB) Helsinki Declaration- reduce patient harm and environmental effect, and knowledge should not be prioritized over patients' health
Biofeedback Therapy
A technique in which patients are trained to improve their health or manage pain by learning to control certain internal bodily processes that normally occur involuntarily, such as heart rate, respiration rate, and skin temperature.
Kaposi's sarcoma
Form of skin cancer frequently seen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs. The classic version is seen in older people in the Mediterranean with lesions on their ankles KSHV = kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Latrogenic kaposi sarcoma = related/caused by a suppressed immune system after organ transplant
Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer
HPV Multiple Sex Partners Sex at an early age DES Birth to multiple children Birth Control over many years Cigarettes
What cancer does Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cause?
Kaposi's Sarcoma
What cancer does Wilms' Tumors cause?
Kidney cancer
Lung Cancer Screening
The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography in adults ages 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery.
p53
This tumor suppressor gene causes cell cycle arrest in G1, providing time for DNA repair. If repair is successful, cells re-enter the cycle. If unsuccessful, apoptosis
Thalidomide Tragedy
The drug was marketed as a mild sleeping pill safe even for pregnant women. It was designed to treat cancers, HIV, melanoma and promoted to reduce anxiety, trouble sleeping, and morning sickness. BUT before reaching the market and pregnant women, it had never been tested on pregnant animals or pregnant subjects at all. However, it caused thousands of babies worldwide to be born with malformed limbs. The damage was revealed in 1962. 40% of the children died around the time of birth. It lead to the death of over 2,000 children and serious birth defects in more than 10,000 children. Influenced the Kefauver-Harris Amendment, required informed consent and gave FDA more controls and powers including 180 days to approve or reject a new drug application. Requires manufacturers prove the efficacy of drugs before they go on the market and report any abnormal reactions. It also allowed the FDA to regulate drug marketing and ensure that the information being presented was accurate.
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer, most likely to spread and mutate. Tumors are usually brown, black, pink, tan, or white
Gene Expression
The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.
transeophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Ultrasonic imaging of the cardiac structures thru the esophagus This (test/procedure) can confirm the diagnosis by ultrasonic imaging of the cardiac structures thru the esophagus Used to diagnose blood flow function, check on arterial blockages, and to determine cause of chest pains Should only be used if patient is experiencing severe chest pains and symptoms, or high blood pressure.
Factorial Trials
Used to test medicines in combination Set-up in the following manner: First group tests therapy A Second group tests therapy B Third group tests therapy A and therapy B combined Fourth group, the control group, tests neither therapy A nor therapy B Difficult to interpret results
Crossover Trials
Used to test two treatments Set-up where each participant gets both treatments being tested Some participants are assigned at random to receive drug A and when done, receive drug B Other participants receive drug B and when done, receive drug A
Metastisized
When speaking of cancer cells, a term that means the cancer cells have migrated from one part of the body to another, and started new growths just like the original tumor.
Targeted Therapy
a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
Immunotherapy
a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response inject immune cells that are genetically engineered to bear the tumor's antigens
Prosthetican
a person who makes prosthetic devices, customized to the individual
Oncologist
a physician who studies and treats tumors
mammography
a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells Should be received by women starting at 45 and then every 3 years
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)
a relatively rare but potentially aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine disease that has a mortality rate twice that observed in melanoma
Clinical Trials
a strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment in humans
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
acute infection which causes sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes; also called mononucleosis (mono) increases risk for Burkitt lymphoma and Narsopharolyngeal cancer Linked to Hodgkin Diseases and Stomach Cancer
Basal Cell Skin Cancer
most common skin cancer, can present in many forms clinically but most commonly with a central depression & raised pearly border, may have an ulceration, rarely metastasizes
Involuntary Response
nervous system responses, such as a reflex, that is not under the control of the brain, and so does not involve choice. Hyperventilation Panic Tics Fight or Flight Response
Sporadic breast cancer
occurs without any observable pattern of inheritance No risk of passing it on, occurs from damage to a person's gene after birth
apopotosis
programmed cell death, can be normal or not normal
Physical therapist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
Occupational Therapists
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques Helps improve daily motion and restore normal life
Radiation Therapy
radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
Chemotherapy
relies on a wide range of drugs that find and destroy cancer cells or prevent the formation of supporting tissue (capillaries), which should help kill cancer cells
Surgery
removes cancer cells, but ineffective if cancer has metastasized
Cell Cycle
series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells
Radiology
study of X rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Virology
study of viruses