Unit 3 PT

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire, letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following was the most important long-term effect of the European acquisition of the wealth and resources of the Americas, as alluded to in the passage? A. A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia B. The decline of feudalism in Europe C. A decrease in the influence of Christianity worldwide D. The end of Chinese maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean

A. A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia The Spanish demands for precious metals alluded to in the passage, and subsequent Spanish discoveries of precious metals in the Americas, changed the global silver trade flow patterns, leading to a long-term shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia. As a result, some European countries benefited economically at the expense of Asian countries.

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B. Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C. African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D. African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

A. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

"You know our fathers had plenty of deer and skins and our plains were full of game and turkeys and ourcoves and rivers were full of fish. But, brothers, since these Englishmen have seized our country, they have cut down the grass with scythes, and the trees with axes. The more people they bring here the more they devour our food supply. They have slaughtered animals only for their furs. Their cows and horses eat up the grass, and their hogs spoil our bed of clam; and finally we shall all starve to death." SOURCE: Chief of the Narragansett people on the consequences of English colonialism According to the passage, how did the European fur trade in America impact the environment? A. It led to deforestation and depletion of the food supply. B. It led to the development of new breeds of fur bearing animals C. It led to the planting of more trees to attract more animals. D. It led to an increase in pollution due to dumping of dead animals.

A. It led to deforestation and depletion of the food supply.

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? A. The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks B. The beginning of the process of industrialization C. The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies D. The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties

A. The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period? A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. B. The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies. C. By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. D. By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.

A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers.

Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008 Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period? A. Easing of tensions among European states B. Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans C. Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures D. Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia

B. Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans During the early modern period, the improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans was a major factor in allowing Europeans to sail around the world and establish their commercial and military advantage in the maritime world.

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A. Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B. Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C. The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D. By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.

B. Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054-1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A. The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He B. The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans C. The spread of epidemic diseases D. The growth of the African slave trade

B. The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? A. The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B. The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C. The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D. The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas

B. The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

The pope ... grants remission to souls in purgatory, not by the power of the keys, which he does not have, but by way of intercession for them...As soon as the money clinks into the chest, the soul flies out of purgatory. Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love and the dire need of the souls that are there if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a church? Source: Martin Luther, Ninety Five Theses November 10, 1517. How was the Protestant Reformation in 1517 similar to the Schism in 1054? A. Both led to major efforts to convert Native Americans to Christianity. B. Both ended in violent wars being fought. C. Both led to the development of new versions of Christianity. D. Both started with corruption and abuse of power by the Catholic Church.

C. Both led to the development of new versions of Christianity.

NAVIGATIONAL MAP PRODUCED BY ALBINO DE CANEPA, GENOESE MAPMAKER, 1489 The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River. WORLD MAP, PROterm-3DUCED BY HENRICUS MARTELLUS, A GERMAN CARTOGRAPHER WORKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY, EARLY 1490s Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ? A. Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates B. The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean C. Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration D. Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

C. Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity, a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estate, a Spanish mercenary soldier, accounts an expedition to Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? A. The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver B. American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia C. The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas D. The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas

C. The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas Although the Spanish and Portuguese succeeded in imposing Roman Catholicism as the official religion in their American colonies and the Native American population did convert to Christianity, many Native American religious traditions were partly preserved in the syncretic beliefs and practices that emerged in the Americas after the European conquest.

The system of Mercantilism was developed in order to A. Colonize the Americas faster so other European countries could not. B. Benefit the colonists in America and increase their wealth C. Control the Atlantic Slave Trade and profit from free labor. D. Bring in gold, silver and valuable resources to the Mother Country.

D. Bring in gold, silver and valuable resources to the Mother Country.