Unit 3 Study
Describe the procedure called venipuncture, including its common uses
Venipuncture is the procedure in which fresh whole blood is collected from a superficial vein, often the median cubital vein on the anterior surface of the elbow. It is a common technique for sampling blood because superficial veins are easy to locate, and the walls of veins are thinner than those of arteries of comparable size. Puncture wounds from this technique also seal quickly because the blood pressure in the venous system is relatively low.
special proteins that attack invading organisms or foreign compounds
antibodies
During an infection which components of blood would be elevated?
antibodies (immunoglobulins) and WBC (b/c they are the body's defense mechanism)
What is deoxyhemoglobin (Hb)?
hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen and is colored dark red
When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called
hemoglobinuria
______ bind small ions, hormones and other compounds
transport globuins
What are the conditions that affect the hematocrit?
1. during dehydration when plasma volume is reduced 2. after erythropoietin (EPO) stimulation
What are the physical characteristics of whole blood?
1. temperature 2. viscosity 3. pH
What is the temperature of blood?
38C or 100.4F
What is the average amount of blood for adult female?
4-5 liters
Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume.
46-63%
What is the significance of albumins?
As the most abundant plasma protein, at roughly 60% of all plasma proteins, albumins are major contributors to the osmotic pressure of the plasma.
Describe the role of blood in defending the body against toxins and pathogens.
Blood fights infections by both transporting white blood cells (leukocytes) that phagocytize pathogens and debris, and by delivering antibodies, special proteins that attack invading organisms or toxic compounds.
________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.
EPO
indicates the absence of Rh antigen on the surface of RBCs?
Rh negative
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)?
a hemoglobin in combination with oxygen which is colored bright red
The blood of an average adult has how many RBC?
about 25 trillion
Which of the following proteins are major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumins
Premature muscle fatigue, weakness, and a general lack of energy are symptoms of which condition?
anemia
Plasma is more viscous than water because it contains __________.
dissolved proteins and formed elements
________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.
erythrocytes
What are common sites to collect from peripheral capillaries?
fingertip or earlobe
A hemoglobin molecule contains
four proteins chains, four heme groups, four iron ions
Describe Type A blood
has RBC with surface antigen A only
Describe type O blood
has RBCs lacking both A and B surface antigens
Describe type AB blood
has RBCs with both A and B surface antigens
Describe type B blood
has RBCs with surface antigen B only
The primary function of white blood cells is to
help defend the body against pathogens.
Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called____
hemocytoblasts
Formed elements are produced through the process of _____ also called _____
hemopoiesis, hematopoiesis
A low oxygen level in tissues is called _________
hypoxia
Other solutes in the plasma include electrolytes such as?
ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, hydrogen phosphate, bicarbonate, and sulfat
Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are
leukocytes.
Other solutes in plasma include organic nutrients such as?
lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and vitamins
Which of the following organs/structures synthesize more than 90% of the plasma proteins?
liver
Excess transferrins are removed in the ________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes.
liver and spleen
Name the agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel?
peripheral capillaries
What is whole blood made of?
plasma, formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments)
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
What is the chief difference between plasma and serum?
presence/absence of clotting proteins
The cardiovascular system transports insoluble lipids to peripheral tissues by transporting __________
protein-lipid combinations called lipoproteins
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow
Where can red blood cell formation take place?
red bone marrow or myeloid tissue
Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of
surface antigens
What is the function of surface antigens on RBCs?
surface antigens on RBCs are proteins in the plasma membrane that determine blood type.
Which of the following substances stimulates the formation of tissue factor and the release of platelet factor by platelets?
thrombin
Blood of which blood type has neither anti-A antibodies nor anti-B antibodies?
type AB
What is positive chemotaxis?
when all WBCs are attracted to a specific chemical stimuli. It guides WBS to invading pathogens, damaged tissues and other active WBCs.
Specialized cells that migrate into body tissues to fight infections or remove debris
white blood cells
What are the characteristics of circulating WBCs?
1. all are capable of amoeboid movement 2. all can migrate out of the bloodstream 3. all are attracted to specific chemical stimuli 4. neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis
What is the primary difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?
1. the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. the concentrations and types of dissolved proteins
What is the function of blood?
1. transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes 2. regulates interstitial fluid pH and ion compostion 3. restricts fluid loss at injury sistes 4. defends against toxins and pathogens 5. stabilizes body temperature
What is the normal hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) in adult male/females?
46-males, 42-females
What is average amount of blood for an adult male?
5-6 liters
Which of the following statements describes what blood does to stabilize body temperature?
It absorbs and redistributes the heat generated by skeletal muscles.
indicates the presence of the Rh antigen on the surface of RBCs?
Rh positive
Identify and describe the function of the plasma protein that plays a role in blood clotting
Under certain conditions, fibrinogen molecules interact and convert to form large, insoluble strands of fibrin, which provide the basic framework for a blood clot.
Define hemoglobin
a protein with a complex quaternary structure. It is composed of four globular protein subunits, each bound to a heme molecule, which gives RBCs the ability to transport oxygen in the blood.
List the three major types of plasma proteins
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule?
amino acids
Immunoglobulins, also called __________, attack foreign proteins and pathogens
antibodies
What are agglutinins?
antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound?
biliverdin
A ______ acts as a temporary patch that prevents further fluid loss.
blood clotting
The process of WBCs entering surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall is called __________
diapedesis
Formation of red blood cells is called
erythropoiesis
What is the basic network formed for a blood clot?
fibrin
____ functions in clotting
fibrinogen
As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?
hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen
Where are the majority of WBC located in the body?
in connective tissue proper or lymphatic system
The concentrations of the major plasma ions (or electrolytes) are similar to those of the __________ around cells.
interstitial fluid
If you have type O blood your plasma has what antibodies?
it contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
If you have type AB blood your plasma has what antibodies?
it has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
What would be the effects of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins?
it would lower plasma osmotic pressure, reduce the ability to fight infections, and decrease the transport and binding of some ions, hormones, and other molecules.
When would you use an arterial puncture?
its required to evaluate efficieny of gas exchange at the lungs
Neutrophils and eosinophils are sometimes called _____ because they can engulf pathogens, cell debris, or other materials
microphages
Which population of stem cells is responsible for the production of all the formed elements of blood?
myeloid and lymphoid (stem) cells
What is responsible for the production of formed elements?
myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation?
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
Which of the following white blood cells, when mature, have a very dense, contorted nucleus with two to five lobes, resembling beads on a string?
neutrophils
Name the granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What are the five classes of WBC?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
What does the cardiovascular system transport?
nutrients, oxygen, waste products, chemical messengers
EPO is released when
oxygen levels in the blood decrease
Which formed elements of blood are created when megakaryocytes shed cytoplasm in membrane-enclosed packets?
platelets
_____ are small, membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting
platelets
What are the three types of formed elements?
platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells
Most abundant blood cells. These specialized cells are essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood
red blood cells
The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood?
restricting fluid losses at injury sites
During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?
retiulocyte
Plasma, minus the clotting proteins like fibrinogen, is called _____
serum
What is the pH of blood?
slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
What is the body's internal transport network that includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. First organ system to become fully operational?
the cardiovascular system
Define hematocrit
the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements
Why is it important for RBCs to have a large surface are to volume ration?
this allows for a faster exchange of oxygen between the interior of the cell and the surrounding plasma
Type O blood has RBCs lacking both A and B surface antigens. They are often called _____
universal donors
A person with Type AB blood can receive blood of any type; such individuals are often called_____
universal recipients
Other solutes in the plasma include organic waste such as?
urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions