Unit 3 Test
1707 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom during the reign of Queen Anne: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.
Act of Union
This contributed to the decline of many western African societies & had ripple effects across the entire content leading to gender distribution, intergroup warfare and economically dependent on European goods.
Atlantic Slave Trade
An Ottoman masterpiece of geography & cartography
Book of the Sea
Palace built by Philip II in Madrid to demonstrate his power. More like a monastery.....
Escorial Palace
Gutenberg
German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press
Michelangelo -
High Renaissance - An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Duke of Guise -
Leader of Catholics League in French Wars of Religion
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. It's ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe & China were notable.
Little Ice Age
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself. Using Council of Trent; Church doctrine on path to salvation solidified; Index of Prohibited Books established; Spanish & Roman Inquisition; & the founding of the Jesuits
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself. Using Council of Trent; Church doctrine on path to salvation solidified; Index of Prohibited Books established; Spanish & Roman Inquisition; & the founding of the Jesuits
Bartolomé de Las Casas -
a Spanish Dominican friar who became famous for his defense of the rights of the native people of the Americas, later regretted recommending the use of Africans (slaves) to do the mining work instead
Prince Henry -
established an observatory and school of navigation that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government over the Mughal Empire.
Akbar the Great
Brunelleschi -
Architect - Dome of Florence Cathedral
Ghiberti
Artist who created the sculpted bronze door panels of Florence's baptistery
Charles V -
As Holy Roman Emperor he called for the Diet of Worms against Luther. A supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation. He fought the French, the pope, the English, the Turks.....He retired & divided his lands among his son & brother.
Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope and led by the Spanish Armada.
Battle of Lepanto
Ferdinand and Isabella -
Catholic King and queen who married to unite Spain. They gave Columbus funds to find a western path to Asia spices and later started the Spanish Inquisition.
An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by dynamic movement, strong emotion and self-confident messages(over the top!) Closely linked to Catholic Reformation. This period established opera as a musical genre.
Characteristics of Baroque Art
Optimistically Realistic, linear perspective, Greece and Roman influence - classicism; Human body was glorified & given natural poses; Sculptures; worldly/nonreligious themes, individualism (humanism), symmetry, geometric arrangement of figures, light and shadowing.
Characteristics of Italian Renaissance Art
Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, clashing colors, and compression of space.
Characteristics of Mannerism
No use of perspective; Christian figures main focus; Mostly gloomy & pessimistic; Humans were usually sinful & ugly; Used to teach lessons to mostly illiterate population.
Characteristics of Medieval Art
More religious & Gothic art style than the Italians; focus on meticulous details; unidealized figures; empirical reality; wood cuts rather than sculptures; no "classic" copying
Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art
A government charted private investment firm that invaded Indonesia and maintained a colonial presence for hundreds of years there while establishing pepper and spice plantations - (they were a private joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies & was big enough to have its own army)
Dutch East India Company
Masaccio
Early Italian renaissance painter, painted Expulsion from Garden & The Trinity using perspective
Ming dynasty's 3rd emperor. Appointed Zheng He admiral of treasure fleet. Sought trade and diplomatic contact; believed wealth abroad would secure position.
Emperor Zhu Di (Yongle)
Lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Oliver Cromwell and Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy and Charles I. Cromwell and the Roundheads defeat the Cavilers and Charles I is beheaded
English Civil War
Elizabeth I -
English Queen for 42 years. A real politique who ruled Protestants and Catholics with compromise.
Henry VIII -
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (6 wives)
Bruegel -
Famous Flemish Northern Renaissance painter who depicted landscapes with the central focus on human peasant life.
Holbein -
Famous Northern Renaissance German artist who created many royal portraits
Religious wars will tear this country apart until one man converts to Catholicism. For about 150 years, beginning in 1648, this country will be the most powerful country in the world.
France
A reference to the political events in England when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange after they sign the English Bill of Rights
Glorious Revolution
The replacing of the Stuart dynasty (Charles II) on the throne of England following the death of Cromwell
Grand Restoration
A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much of the territory that became the Safavid Empire. He was a religious tyrant who made Shi'ia the state religion.
Isma'il
These city-states are the home of the papacy & the birthplace of the Renaissance.
Italian city-states
Leonardo da Vinci -
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
Dante -
Italian poet and writer with one foot in the Medieval period and one foot in the Renaissance. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy.
"Hermit Kingdom" (little contact with world except China & Japan) - "shrimp between 2 whales"
Korea
Prince William of Orange
Leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands during the Dutch War of Independence (their George Washington so to speak)
El Greco -
Mannerist Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color
WHO AM I? Italian Jesuit who wanted to convert China to Christianity during the Ming dynasty
Matteo Ricci
Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed Byzantine empire.
Mehmed II
Most technologically advanced nation at the beginning of their reign, but a policy of isolation will allow other countries to surpass them before they fall to invaders.
Ming China
WHAT COUNTRY / PEOPLE AM I? Sunni Muslims, of Turkic descent, influenced by Persian culture, who ruled over a Hindu majority in India with tolerance in the beginning but losing power with intolerance and punitive taxation in the end as the British arrive.
Mughals
William Shakespeare -
Northern Renaissance English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Jan van Eyck -
Northern Renaissance Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting and heavily used symbolism
Durer
Northern Renaissance German artist who did mostly woodcuts
A wealthy, multi-ethnic, somewhat tolerant, Sunni empire with a thriving trade network, an efficient bureaucracy, a fast-moving military, that controlled the existing waterways between Asia and Europe that spurred the European to seek alternate routes to Asia & generated fear of the "Turks" until the naval battle @ Lepanto.
Ottoman Turks
Overthrew the last Han dynasty in China, they upheld China's traditional Confucian beliefs & social structures. They made the country's frontiers safe & restored China's prosperity until the Europeans arrive.
Qing China
"Rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that started in the Italian city-states and centered on individualism (humanism)and a revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Renaissance
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
Medici Family -
Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
Valois
Ruling family in France, replaced by the Bourbons after the War of the 3 Henries
Tudors
Ruling family of England after the War of the Roses
Stuarts -
Ruling family of England after the death of Elizabeth
Although they remain stuck in the past when compared to their neighbors, holding on to serfdom way too long, a 7 foot giant and a German princess will move them towards the 19th century. (NEXT UNIT)
Russia
Caravaggio -
Scandalous Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects, his novel use of light, and use of models with questionable morals. Italian painter during the Baroque period in Italy
A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason (faith above reason was result)
Scholasticism
WHO AM I? Considered one of the greatest rulers of the Safavids. He is viewed as an absolute ruler of Persia, controlling the empire's military, government, and economy.
Shah Abbas I (the Great)
Mogul emperor of India (grandson of Akbar) during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra)
Shah Jahan
This country was the most powerful in the world during the 1500's, but too much silver and effort spent trying to keep Europe Catholic knocked them off the top spot.
Spain
Hernan Cortes -
Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain
Francisco Pizarro -
Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for Spain
20,000 Huguenots were killed by the Catholic League during the wedding of Henry of Navarre to the Valois Princess Margaret
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
Suleiman the Magnificent
With guns, germs, & steel, a few Europeans conquered huge Native American empires with populations in the millions.
TRUE
Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
Taj Mahal
Philip II of Spain -
The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I (Tudor). He was king of Spain, Portugal, Spanish Netherlands, southern Italian lands & the Spanish New World. Ultra-Catholic who spent his treasury of New World silver to reconvert Protestants. After winning at Lepanto, he sent the Spanish Armada to invade England and failed.
Catherine de Medici-
The wife of Henry II (Valois) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.
(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France in Phase 4) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.
Thirty Years War
Hapsburgs -
This was the very Catholic royal dynasty of the Spanish Empire and Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary
A dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified ISOLATED Japan from 1603 to 1867
Tokugawa Shogunate
WHAT AM I? Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul
Topkapi Palace
WHAT AM I? A later ignored papal bull that "divided" the world between Spain and Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
32 year civil war - struggle for the English throne between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
War of the Roses
Boccaccio -
Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society.
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
Zheng He
A former monk that led this army in a final victory over the Mongols, became emperor of China and founded the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu)
Commonalities between the Ottoman, the Safavid, & the Mughal Empires included
all were ghazi...holy Islamic fighters of varying degrees they will all will deal with political instability as a result of succession problems they all leave splendid artistic & architectural legacies they were all militaristic empires & relied on firearms to conquer & control their territories tensions exist in all three between military elite, ulama & absolutist rulers the leaders were all from Turkish backgrounds & spoke forms of Turkish languages they all failed to modernize at the same pace as European countries
Columbus -
an Italian explorer, colonizer, and navigator who sailed under the Spanish flag. He is remembered as the principal European discoverer of the Americas. However, Columbus and his men enslaved many native inhabitants of the West Indies and subjected them to extreme violence and brutality and introduced a host of new diseases that would have dramatic long-term effects on native people in the Americas.
To acquire wealth (spice trade, silver & gold); humanist thinking; competition between New Monarchs; religions (missionaries); fame; new technology
causes of exploration
Biological exchange (Native Americans died from diseases that Europeans brought); inflation due to the influx of New World silver & gold; consumer revolution; cultural synthesis; decline in guilds; rise in mercantilism & capitalism; Cultural Exchanges: Goods, Technology, and Ideas
effects of European Exploration
Why did the Renaissance begin in the Italian city-states?
fall of Constantinople led many Byzantine scholars to flee to Italian city-states Italy was the center of the old Roman Empire Italy was the center of the old Roman Empire
Bartolomeu Dias -
first European to sail to the Cape of Good Hope
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver, by selling more goods than they bought, and through the use of colonies
mercantilism
-Astrolabe-Stern-post rudder-Sextant-Mariner's Compass-Better maps (Portugal)-Sextant-Pistols & Canons-Lateen sails
new maritime technologies
WHAT AM I? 15th century foundations laid for future European rulers with the following components: the institution of monarchy offered as a guarantee of law and order; hereditary monarchy was legitimate due to Divine Right; power of the feudal aristocracy was limitedby enlisting the support of the middle class in the towns; laws & government was organized with bureaucracies & tax collection; bullion searches & investments in trade (near & far) to protect a mercantilistic economy; a standing army loyal to the monarch; a sense of national identity (language, religion, $ & units of measure); and the need for heirs.....dynasties
new monarchs
Early modern history's method of mass production of some commodities for market
proto-industrial (aka "putting out" system or cottage industry)
Once home to empires, many died with the murder & carnage that accompanied conquest & subjugation, but more died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles & the other diseases.
the Americas
The exchange of goods and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that transformed the world.
the Columbian Exchange
This country has a love affair with the color orange! Following a war of independence from Spain, they will enter their Golden Age, with a thriving economy, religious tolerance, & a food surplus. They will control the spice trade from Indonesia.
the Dutch Netherlands
They will endure a reformation, a 30 year European war resulting in the death of 1/2 their men, and still enter (and leave) the 20th century strong.
the Holy Roman Empire / Germany
Donatello -
- Sculptor - Bronze David. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo
Botticelli
Italian High Renaissance painter; his most famous being The School of Athens.
Gentileschi -
considered the greatest female artist of the Baroque age
Petrarch
the father of Italian Renaissance humanism
Vasco da Gama -
the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.
How were ideas (like oil paints & humanism) spread?
trade routes & printing press
Henry of Navarre -
when he became Henry IV of France, he converted to Catholicism; issued the Edict of Nantes & started the Bourbon dynasty
Louis XIV of France -
"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles & domesticated the aristocracy there, revoked Edict of Nantes
