Unit 4 and Unit 5 Review AMSCO
Suffrage
the right to vote in political elections
Encomienda
the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them
Ethnocentrism
the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior
Henry the Navigator
the third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Joint-stock Companies
these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.
Lateen Sail
triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade
Tokugawa Shogunate
unified Japan after infighting and the warring time. a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. led restrictive or isolated trade policies during age of exploration
Puritans
wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it
Forbidden City
was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing
Conquistadors
went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico
Asante
Produced insignificant amounts of gold and Kola nuts, they rose in West Africa on the Gold Coast.
Carrack
Large Portuguese ship used for ocean travel which was a mode of trade during the Columbian Exchange
Javanese
the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, despite European disruption many groups in Indian Ocean continued existing trade routes.
Atahualpa
the leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizzaro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled
Tupac Amaru II
(1738-1781) Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution
Reign of Terror
(1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty;" tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine.
Pueblo Revolts
1680- revolted in the southwest when spaniards tried to suppress their religious rituals. revolt was successful, they captured santa fe, and drove spaniards out. spaniards reconquered pueblos 12 years later and put down 2nd revolt in 1696. spaniards realized colonial policies had to be changed. pueblos- own land, stopped forced indian labor, and tolerated religious rituals.
Declaration of Independence
1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.
Ana Nzinga
17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.
Christopher Columbus
A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West.
Indentured Servitude
A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.
Ming China
A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. 1368-1644. Often adopted restrictive policies to limit cultural effects of Europe
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. Especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Fronde
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
Land-based Powers
A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics, and belief in a shared singular history.
Jamaica Letter
A was a document written by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on the independence movement in Venezuela.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Social Contract
Agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.
Kongo
Christian missionaries went to this kingdom just south of the Congo River, where Christian Missionaries converted its inhabitants to Christianity
Potosi
City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s. Spanish colonies controlled a monopoly on the global flow of silver
Okra and Rice
Columbian Exchange--foods brought by African slaves
Maroon Societies
Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.
Iroquois Confederacy
Dutch merchants established trading relationships with these guys
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792
Horses, PIgs, Cattle
European animals that were transferred to the New World during the Columbian Exchange
Differential Treatment of Ethnic groups
Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal but accepted in the Ottoman Empire Han Chinese experienced restriction in Qing China Status of Women differed within the Ottoman Empire
Existing elites
Many groups experienced preferiential treatment and continued to experience this such as the Ottoman Timars, Russian boyars, European nobles
Slave Resistance
Many slaves sought to resist and challenge authority in the Americas examples: Maroon Societies, Turners Rebellion in Virginia
New Monarchies
Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions
End of Serfdom
Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865
Peasant and Artisan Labor
Peasants and artisans continued to intensify in regions and consumer goods increased examples: Western Europe--wool and linen, India--cotton, China--silk
Russian Boyars
Russian nobles
Sea-based Powers
Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.
Hacienda
Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.
Magellan
Spanish explorer had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the globe, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines
Encomenderos
Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas
Smallpox
The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. Spread by Europeans in the Columbian Exchange to native peoples
African Diaspora
The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750
Mercantilism
the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business)
Swahili city-states
Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes in Indian Ocean and each other. established by swahili., Many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan.
Reconquest
the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries.
Fluyt
a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel.
Atlantic Circuit
a clockwise network of sea routs in the Atlantic Ocean
De La Casas
a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights
Peninsularies
a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world
Dutch East India Company
a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific
Castas
a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom
Caravel
a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas
Seasoning
a period of adjustment to a new environment, like with the slaves
Plantocracy
a small number of rich men owns most of the slaves and land, as well as had all the power
Mercantilism
a system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefit the mother country
Indentured Servitude
a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage
Treaty of Tordesillas "Tortillas"
a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond.
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner
Competition over trade routes
as the world expanded economies sought to control trade in various regions examples: Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Moroccan conflict with Songhai Empire
Mulattoes
composed of European and African children, also part of the castas
Mestizos
composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas
Creoles
composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class
Cash crops
crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit. Often raised on plantation with coerced labor for export to Europe and the Middle east
Indian Ocean Asian Merchants
despite European disruption many groups in Indian Ocean continued existing trade routes. examples: Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese
Maratha Conflicts with Mughals
group in center of India who rise up against the Mughul empire, British step in to help Mughal regain order but Britain takes over by seeping in to protect economic interests
Ottoman Timar System
land granted by the Sultain in exchange for military service often to groups like the Janissaries from conquered lands. Allowed upward mobility for those granted it
Labor Systems
large colonial economies were largely agricultural and relied heavily on systems of forced labor examples) Inca Mi'ta system, Chattel Slavery, indenture servitude, encomienda, and hacienda systems
European technology influenced by Classical, Islamic, and Asian world
lateen sail, compass, astronomical charts
Francisco Pizzaro
led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold.
Zheng He
led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty.
Manumission
legal grant of freedom to an individual slave
Castas
middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)
Cape Colony
one of the two beachland colonies established by the Europeans in the 16th century, functioned as a major coastal for travelers.
Franciscans
peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.
Ana Nzinga
queen of Africa known for resisting Portuguese encroaching on her land
Natural Rights
rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual. Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke.
Phillip II
ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century
Maroons
runaway slaves in the Carribean
Bartholomew Dias
set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal
Vasco da Gama
set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal
Pilgrims
settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands
Manila Galleons
ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver
Yongle
something of a renegade who supported a series of seven maritimes expeditions. Chinese vessels started to take tribute from those they encountered.
Cortes
sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology
Council of Indies
supervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies
Moctezuma
the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him.
Feminism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men.
House of Burgesses
the elected assembly in the colonies that initiated a form of democratic representation
Middle Passage
the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world
Columbian exchange
the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World