Unit 4 AP World History

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B. Lack of European interest in African goods C. A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa D. Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa E. Fear of dying from tropical diseases

A. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A. the demand for weapons among African elites B. bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C. the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D. the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas

A. the demand for weapons among African elites

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A Diseases caused pandemics. B Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.

A Diseases caused pandemics.

"Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leaveafter the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal Bruce Masters, historian, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, book published in 2001 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author's argument in the second paragraph? A Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms. B Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450-1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did. C The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe. D Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade.

A Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms.

A historian researching the effects of epidemic disease on the population levels of seventeenth century colonial Peru would probably find which of the following sources most useful? A Church records of baptisms and funerals B Accounts by Spanish doctors of cases of miraculous healings C Transcripts of court cases involving inheritances D Petitions from Amerindian groups to the colonial government requesting tax relief

A Church records of baptisms and funerals

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A. increased production of cash crops like sugar B. growth of silver mining in New Spain C. industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D. African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods

A. increased production of cash crops like sugar

Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century? A Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean B Improvements in Europeans' ability to prevent the spread of infectious diseases C Religious divisions in Europe related to the Protestant Reformation D The development of theories of natural rights and representative government

A Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B Lack of European interest in African goods C A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa D Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa

A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

The map above indicates that A Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade B slavery existed in the western Sudan C Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa D Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East E Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

A Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

"To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." *a legislative body of the Dutch Republic, comprising representatives of the various provinces of the Netherlands Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to theStates General of the Netherlands, 1623 The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s? A Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa. B State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories. C The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states. D Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest.

A Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.

Map 1 NAVIGATIONAL MAP PRODUCED BY ALBINO DE CANEPA, GENOESE MAPMAKER, 1489 ©The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River. Map 2 WORLD MAP, PRODUCED BY HENRICUS MARTELLUS, A GERMAN CARTOGRAPHER WORKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY, EARLY 1490s ©The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ? A Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills B China's naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin C The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation D The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

A Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills

"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. B Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. C Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. D The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.

A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia? A The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East B The consolidation of western European monarchies C The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China D The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe

A The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.

A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

"Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leaveafter the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal Bruce Masters, historian, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, book published in 2001 Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author's argument in the second paragraph of the passage? A The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders B The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service C The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials D The Ottoman sultans' continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community

A The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention? A The compass B Silk weaving C Steam power D The stirrup

A The compass

"I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Jean-Baptiste Labat, French clergyman and travel writer,account of his visit to the British Caribbean island of Barbados, 1690s Which of the following best describes the author's argument in the first paragraph? A The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for enslaved people justified. B Barbadian enslaved people are punished more leniently than those working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands. C Plantation owners who punish enslaved people too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly. D The punishments of enslaved people in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island.

A The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for enslaved people justified.

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B. Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C. African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D. African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

A. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? A The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor B The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence C The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery D The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé

A The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor

"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities B The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits C The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires D The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies

A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole B The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans D The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus

A The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole

Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of A appointed administrators B independent merchants C written constitutions D chartered companies E elected presidents

A appointed administrators

"The Cossack commander Bohdan Khmelnytsky and all his Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host,* humbly bowing to His Majesty Tsar Alexey Mikhaylovich, ruler of all Russia, pledge that they shall serve the Tsar's sovereign wishes forever, and in exchange for that they request that His Majesty grant them the following privileges: Firstly, that town and city officials in the territories controlled by the Zaporozhian Host be selected from the Cossacks' own ranks. These Cossack city officials shall endeavor to serve His Majesty's wishes in all their actions, collecting His tax revenues and administering His justice and punishments. In the past, His Majesty several times sent His royal appointees from Moscow, but those appointees habitually violated our Cossacks' rights and tried to impose this or that royal decree or regulation on our Host's people, which frustrated our people greatly. By contrast, if our Host's people are governed by their own, they are not going to resist or complain. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, provided the Cossacks will not interfere with the collection of taxes nor will they impede royal acts of justice from being carried out. Secondly, that should rulers of foreign countries continue to send ambassadors to commander Khmelnytsky and the Zaporozhian Host directly, as they have done before, the Cossack commander can continue to receive and conduct business with those who come in peace. The commander should only inform His Majesty of those foreign ambassadors that come and express hostility toward Russia or seek to do it harm. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, with the exception being ambassadors from the Polish king and the Ottoman Sultan—if such ambassadors arrive in the lands of the Zaporozhian Host, they should be apprehended regardless of their intentions, and the Cossacks should not release them until they hear back from His Majesty." *The Zaporozhian Host was an army of frontier soldiers and settlers (Cossacks) on thesouthern borders of the Russian state (present-day Central Ukraine). Agreement between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and the tsar of Russia, 1654 The privileges discussed in the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450-1750 A internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states B states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life C monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites D states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming

A internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states

Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because A large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper B the major European states were competing with each other for imperial hegemony C these colonies had strategic military importance D these areas had small populations and were thus easy to control E many Europeans were interested in getting away from Europe's wintry climate

A large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper

"To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." *a legislative body of the Dutch Republic, comprising representativesof the various provinces of the Netherlands Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to theStates General of the Netherlands, 1623 The report's position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in light of the authors' goal to A secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade B highlight the gender and family imbalances created by the slave trade C recommend that the company expand its operations to the Indian Ocean and the spice islands of Southeast Asia D offer a comparison between the profitability of East African versus West African slave trade routes

A secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to A suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups B grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects C provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration D promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict

A suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A. Diseases caused pandemics. B. Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C. The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D. European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.

A. Diseases caused pandemics.

Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A. The Atlantic basin B. The Mediterranean basin C. The Indian Ocean D. Oceania

D. Oceania

The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? A. Sugarcane B. Potatoes C. Cattle D. Tobacco

A. Sugarcane

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s? A. The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe B. The establishment of regular trade contacts between Europe and the Americas C. The decline of Venetian control of the trade in Asian luxury goods D. The establishment of direct overseas trade links between India and Europe

A. The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period? A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. B. The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies. C. By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. D. By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.

A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers.

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole B. The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C. New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans D. The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus

A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole

"I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Jean-Baptiste Labat, French clergyman and travel writer,account of his visit to the British Caribbean island of Barbados, 1690s Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the second paragraph? A The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands' natural environment. B Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy. C Enslaved people's political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies. D Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean.

B Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy.

The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes? A The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation B Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia C The transfer of engineering and navigational knowledge from the classical and Islamic worlds to Europe D The need to ease population pressures in Europe by establishing settlement colonies

B Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire? A It attempted to impose Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. B It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe. C It attempted to create a self-contained economic system by banning all merchants from non-Mongol territories. D It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols. E It established and maintained clear rules of succession that insured the unity of the empire.

B It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

"The Cossack commander Bohdan Khmelnytsky and all his Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host,* humbly bowing to His Majesty Tsar Alexey Mikhaylovich, ruler of all Russia, pledge that they shall serve the Tsar's sovereign wishes forever, and in exchange for that they request that His Majesty grant them the following privileges: Firstly, that town and city officials in the territories controlled by the Zaporozhian Host be selected from the Cossacks' own ranks. These Cossack city officials shall endeavor to serve His Majesty's wishes in all their actions, collecting His tax revenues and administering His justice and punishments. In the past, His Majesty several times sent His royal appointees from Moscow, but those appointees habitually violated our Cossacks' rights and tried to impose this or that royal decree or regulation on our Host's people, which frustrated our people greatly. By contrast, if our Host's people are governed by their own, they are not going to resist or complain. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, provided the Cossacks will not interfere with the collection of taxes nor will they impede royal acts of justice from being carried out. Secondly, that should rulers of foreign countries continue to send ambassadors to commander Khmelnytsky and the Zaporozhian Host directly, as they have done before, the Cossack commander can continue to receive and conduct business with those who come in peace. The commander should only inform His Majesty of those foreign ambassadors that come and express hostility toward Russia or seek to do it harm. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, with the exception being ambassadors from the Polish king and the Ottoman Sultan—if such ambassadors arrive in the lands of the Zaporozhian Host, they should be apprehended regardless of their intentions, and the Cossacks should not release them until they hear back from His Majesty." *The Zaporozhian Host was an army of frontier soldiers and settlers (Cossacks) on thesouthern borders of the Russian state (present-day Central Ukraine). Agreement between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and the tsar of Russia, 1654 The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650-1750 ? A The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. B Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe. C Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia. D The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors.

B Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B The Maya were converted to Christianity. C The Maya nobility lost its social status. D Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.

B The Maya were converted to Christianity.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? A The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. C Maya people became poor. D The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son.

B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778-1878 * 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994 The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century

B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century

"Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leaveafter the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal Bruce Masters, historian, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, book published in 2001 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the first paragraph of the passage? A The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains. B The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt. C The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle. D The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians, scholars, and administrators.

B The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt.

A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research B The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean C The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states D The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China

B The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean

The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants? A Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan B Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns C Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships D Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities

B Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both A developed from Mayan civilization B acquired empires by means of military conquest C independently developed iron technology D depended entirely on oral record keeping E had no system of regional trade

B acquired empires by means of military conquest

"Sir, many of our people, keenly desirous of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and they kidnap even nobles and the sons of nobles, and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the Whites who are in our Kingdoms." © Basil Davidson, trans., [ital] The African Past[roman] (Curtis Brown, Ltd., 1964) The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located A on the eastern coast of Africa B on the western coast of Africa C on the Pacific coast of Central America D on the Pacific coast of South America E in the Pacific Islands

B on the western coast of Africa

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT A many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it B the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox C the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease D smallpox was widespread among Native Americans

B the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox

The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city A was located on an island B was highly fortified against outside attacks C tolerated many religions D looked down on trade and commerce E valued and rewarded people of all classes

B was highly fortified against outside attacks

The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century? A. Chinese goods were becoming less desirable than Dutch goods. B. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals. C. Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan. D. Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan. E. Japan's ruling samurai elite became wealthy and powerful due to their control over local markets and merchants.

B. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals.

"Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815 Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A Feudalism B Mercantilism C Socialism D Capitalism

B. Mercantilism

"Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, . . . or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding. In short, do you wish to know what our future held?—simply the cultivation of fields . . . cattle raising . . . hunting wild game . . . mining gold." Simón Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 1815 In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following? A. Concern about the lack of restrictions on capital investments B. Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies C. Disgust with the extravagant spending of socialist governments D. Rebellion against the restrictions of feudalism

B. Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A. The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B. The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C. Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas D. European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia

B. The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas

Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by A. the crown prince B. the shogun C. the samurai class D. powerful merchants E. Shinto priests

B. the shogun

Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500 ? A The Columbian Exchange B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive in tropical climates

C Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods

"I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Jean-Baptiste Labat, French clergyman and travel writer,account of his visit to the British Caribbean island of Barbados, 1690s Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage? A The current political and economic makeup of European colonies in the Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term. B Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean. C Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits. D It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain.

C Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits.

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? A. To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice B. To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states C. To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year D. To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society

C. To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox's impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans? A Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority B Evidence from population genetics C Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs D Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue

C Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs

Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa? A Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate B Officials in Sudanese empires C Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes D Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

C Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? A Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. B Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. D The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.

C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.

Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ? A Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates B The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean C Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration D Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

C Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? A Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. B Buddhism spread widely in Africa. C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. D Splits in Islam became less intense.

C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts

C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A The need for labor in new mining centers B The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire C The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations D The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites

C The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

The Little Ice Age, which lasted from 1300 to 1850 C.E., likely had the strongest effect on which of the following? A The fall of the Aztec civilization B The Protestant Reformation C The severity of the Black Death D The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

C The severity of the Black Death

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? A To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice B To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states C To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year D To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society

C To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year

The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage? A. China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period. B. The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. C. Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. D. Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France.

C. Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

C. Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about the economic hierarchy in San Juan Peribán? A. Mulattoes and mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole-owned plantations. B. Creoles were predominantly employed in commerce and administration, whereas mulattoes and mestizos were predominantly employed in agriculture. C. Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant. D. Creoles were being outcompeted economically by their mulatto and mestizo counterparts and were becoming impoverished as a result.

C. Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant.

Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America. Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes? A. Terraces and cacao B. Encomiendas and corn C. Horses and potatoes D. Slave labor and sugar

D. Slave labor and sugar

Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A Both relied heavily on maritime trade as a source of material goods. B Both successfully resisted pressure from industrialized powers. C Both were heavily influenced by the intellectual work of Jesuit missionaries. D Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.

D Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.

The agriculture and labor systems that the Portuguese developed on the Atlantic island of Madeira in the 1450s were implemented in which of the following places a century later? A Nova Scotia for cod fishing B Falkland Islands for sheep herding C Hawaii for pineapple cultivation D Brazil for sugar production

D Brazil for sugar production

In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A Grains such as wheat and barley B Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C Animal products such as wool and beef D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

Which of the following developments best explains why many historians argue that the Song dynasty period (960-1279 C.E.) was pivotal in the development of China as an economic world power? A The widespread use of gunpowder technology in combat began during the Song period. B The invention of movable-type printing took place during the Song period. C The Neoconfucian synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism was completed during the Song period. D China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period.

D China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period.

Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism? A Respect for one's ancestors as critical to proper behavior B Unquestioning obedience to the ruler C Belief in the Mandate of Heaven D Emphasis on harmony between humanity and nature E Precedence of duty to one's family over all other obligations

D Emphasis on harmony between humanity and nature

"Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ? A Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. B Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. C Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. D Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

D Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? A Armed resistance from Arab navies B Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade C The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons D Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security E Fear of the spread of the plague to China

D Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

"The Cossack commander Bohdan Khmelnytsky and all his Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host,* humbly bowing to His Majesty Tsar Alexey Mikhaylovich, ruler of all Russia, pledge that they shall serve the Tsar's sovereign wishes forever, and in exchange for that they request that His Majesty grant them the following privileges: Firstly, that town and city officials in the territories controlled by the Zaporozhian Host be selected from the Cossacks' own ranks. These Cossack city officials shall endeavor to serve His Majesty's wishes in all their actions, collecting His tax revenues and administering His justice and punishments. In the past, His Majesty several times sent His royal appointees from Moscow, but those appointees habitually violated our Cossacks' rights and tried to impose this or that royal decree or regulation on our Host's people, which frustrated our people greatly. By contrast, if our Host's people are governed by their own, they are not going to resist or complain. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, provided the Cossacks will not interfere with the collection of taxes nor will they impede royal acts of justice from being carried out. Secondly, that should rulers of foreign countries continue to send ambassadors to commander Khmelnytsky and the Zaporozhian Host directly, as they have done before, the Cossack commander can continue to receive and conduct business with those who come in peace. The commander should only inform His Majesty of those foreign ambassadors that come and express hostility toward Russia or seek to do it harm. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, with the exception being ambassadors from the Polish king and the Ottoman Sultan—if such ambassadors arrive in the lands of the Zaporozhian Host, they should be apprehended regardless of their intentions, and the Cossacks should not release them until they hear back from His Majesty." *The Zaporozhian Host was an army of frontier soldiers and settlers (Cossacks) on thesouthern borders of the Russian state (present-day Central Ukraine). Agreement between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and the tsar of Russia, 1654 As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450-1750 ? A Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states. B Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power. C Religious differences stopped being a significant factor in the weakening and fragmentation of imperial states. D Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

D Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A Salt B Tea C Opium D Silver

D Silver

"Seeing that it is a girl's destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents' instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection." Kaibara Ekken, Japanese author, Greater Learning for Women, 1716 The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following? A The Christian tradition of children respecting their parents B The Buddhist encouragement of female spirituality C The Islamic practice of women appearing modestly in public D The Confucian emphasis on filial submission

D The Confucian emphasis on filial submission

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim? A The author's statement that Native Americans lived in a "trading house" near the English settlement B The author's statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not "make a fire, or fetch water to drink" C The author's statement that the English settlers "took pity" at the sight of the Native Americans' suffering D The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

D The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT: A The Maya king died in the epidemic. B Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide. C The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ? A The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable B Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals C International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas D The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments

D The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share which of the following? A They are polytheistic religions. B They recognize the divine nature of certain prophets. C They revere both Mecca and Jerusalem as pilgrimage sites. D They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses. E They share the Talmud and the Gospels as sacred texts.

D They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses.

"To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." *a legislative body of the Dutch Republic, comprising representativesof the various provinces of the Netherlands Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to theStates General of the Netherlands, 1623 The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company's directors in the letter can best be described as A evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General B shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share C dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands D seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

D seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750? A. European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B. Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere C. European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere D. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

D. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? A. The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. B. The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. C. The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D. The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

D. The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that A. promoted trade and expansion B. encouraged emigration and colonization C. opened their countries to European merchants D. regulated interactions with foreigners E. led to wars involving all of East Asia

D. regulated interactions with foreigners

The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the A Asian demand for luxury goods B European use of steam power C high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India D lower prices of European manufactured products E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico

E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico