Unit 4 CRAM

Federal

- Central gov.: Still hold a large amount of power, however, shares certain power with regional government - Regional gov. : Has their own power, with some shared powers with the central government - Pro: Can keep a strong national identity, while also addressing the concerns at each level of society, Large central government that takes care of the state and regional government takes care of small disputes - Cons: Disputes can happen between regional governments and the central government over control of power

Confederation

- Central gov.: no power - Regional gov.: all of the power - Pro: regional governments can make laws for specially their region; make laws about their region based on their people - Cons: Can be hard to keep a national identity, due to the lack of a central power (regional governments do whats best for them)

Unitary

- Central government: Has all of the power - Regional gov.: does not have any power - Pro: The government can make big changes quickly, doesn't need permission, quick change - Con: Government will not be able to address the concerns of each region, hard time understanding regional concerns

Identify two ways in which gerrymandering impacts political elections in the United States.

1) Diminishesthe impact of citizens votes 2) Creates safe districtswhere politicians do not have to worry about beingreelected. 3) Can diminish voters ability to holdpoliticians accountable

Identify two problems that a country in a shatter belt region may experience.

1) Political and economicinfluence from outside countries. 2) May get pulled into a war that does not concern them. 3) Could seefightingwithin their country. 4) Citizens have to live in uncertainty as they do not know what will happen with the larger conflict. 5) States will see lower economic growth and possibly less autonomy

Identify three ways in which colonialism reshaped the world.

1) Spread languages suchas english and spanish around the world. 2)New ideas and goods/services were traded. 3)New agricultural products allowed forpopulation booms. 4) Countries citizens weresuppressed and in some cases killed or soldinto slavery. 5) Diseases spread around the world

Identify two supranational organizations and explain how they impact state's sovereignty

1) The United Nations. While states who are part of the U.N. retaintheir sovereignty they also must follow the U.N.charterand support U.N. actions. 2) The European Union. States in the European Union give up control over a variety of decisions such as immigration, trade deals, and more. 3) The Eurozone. States give up control over the currency, having to use the Euro instead of their own currency.

Inside a Shatterbelt Region

1. Political and economic influence from outside countries 2. Countries may be dragged into a larger war, or experience more fighting within their boundaries 3. Lack of stability 4. Lower economic growth and less autonomy

Antecedent boundary

A boundary that has existed before the development of the cultural landscape

Geometric boundary

A boundary that is a straight line, and is not connected to cultural differences or the physical terrain

Relic boundary

A boundary that revolves around a boundary that no longer exists but still impacts the cultural landscape

Define ethnonationalism.

A form of nationalism where the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity. Here nations are defined by a shared cultural heritage.

State

A geographic area organized into one political unit (recognized government)

Choke Points

A geographic area that you MUST cross to get from Point A to Point B. Countries may try to exert political powers here. Choke points are centers for trade and getting them closed off can effect the world economy or give one country military power over another.

What makes a geometric boundary unique and which boundary category is it part of?

A geometric boundary is a formof a cultural boundary. Here the boundary is created to go with latitude and longitude

Nation

A group of people who share a common history/cultural characteristics with a history of self-determination (Third to a hearth/homeland)

Define irredentism

A movement by a nation to unite with other parts of the nation that are located in a different state or states

Explain the difference between a nation and a state

A nation is a large group of people who share a common history/cultural characteristics with a history of self-determination.A state is a geographic area organized into one political unit.Nations deal with groups of people with a culture tied to a hearth/homeland, while a state is a territory with a recognized government.

Multistate nation

A nation that stretches across states ex. North and South Korea, Kurdish Nation

Stateless nation

A nation with a history ofself-determination but doesnot have a recognized state ex. Catalonia, Palestinians

Shatterbelt region

A region caught between stronger external cultural/political forces

Nation-state

A sovereign state that is made up of subjects who are relatively homogenous

Nation-state

A sovereign state that is made up of subjects who are relatively homogenous example: The majority of European countries

Multinational state

A state that contains two or more nations with a history of self-determination who have agreed to coexist as one state ex. Soviet Union, Russia

What is the difference between an antecedent andrelic boundary?

An antecedent boundary is a boundary that has existed before the development of the cultural landscape. A relic boundary is a boundary that revolves around a boundary that no longer exists but still impacts the cultural landscape.

Political Devolution

As more ethnic groups with self-determination seek autonomy governments may create more autonomous or semi-autonomous regions shifting power from the central power to regional levels. We could also see political parties demand changes in the operation of current political systems to allow more representation of the people. (more regional autonomy)

Explain what type of region Native American Indian reservations would be.

Autonomous region. This is because they are located inside the United States of America, but they have a high degree of autonomy

What is the difference between an autonomous and semiautonomous region?

Autonomous regions are regions that have a certain degree of autonomy from the national government. These regions can govern themselves and have a high degree of freedom and self-governance. Semi-autonomous regionshave amoderate degree of self governance. These regions have some say over their own economic and political systems but the national government can step in when it feels necessary.

Examples of a relic boundary

Berlin Wall

Explain how the spatial layout of a voting districtcan impact election results.

By creating districts that are based off of people's voting history politicians can manipulate elections and diminish the impact of citizens' votes. This reduces the citizens ability to hold politicians in check and can alienate citizens from the political system

What is the difference between centripetal forces and centrifugal forces?

Centripetal forces are factors that unify people and keep a state together. Centrifugal forces are factors that divide people and push a state apart.

How has China been using neocolonailism in Africa?

China has been spending large amounts of money on African infrastructure projects. The goal is to use their economic and political power to influence African countries to side with them politically and also use their cheap labor to make cheap products for their country. China is indirectly influencing the content of Africa without directly ruling it.

Social Devolution

Citizens who do not feel like they are being heard in the government will seek change.We can see this in states with ethnic groups who makeup a large percentage of a geographic area but have little to no representation in the government. If groups are denied and/or oppressed in society we could see more radical pushes for change, such as terrorist groups starting to form. (cultures may want more regional autonomy to be represented)

Geographic Centripetal Forces

Compact state with citizens living in a geographically close area, lack of isolated groups due to the physical geography

Compare and contrast a subsequent and consequent boundary

Consequent and subsequent boundaries both illustrate divisions in culture. However, the difference between the two comeswith howthe boundary is created. Subsequent boundaries are developed along the cultural landscape, they are not created due to conflict or division. Consequent boundaries are created to accommodate differences between cultural groups

Political Centrifugal Forces

Corruption in the government, lack of voice for citizens, oppression of rights, discrimination against certain citizens

Explain why countries around the world pay special attention to choke points.

Countries pay close attention to choke points, especially ones that involve trade, because if these points were ever closed or transportation/travel was hindered the world economy would be impacted.Choke points are geographic areas that have to be passed to reach a certain destination. Countries who control a choke point gain political and economic power over countries who do not own the choke point but wish to travel through it.

What is the difference between packing and cracking?

Cracking is when politicians spread like minded voters across many districts. This limits the impact of their vote, since they will be the minority in all of the different districts. Packing is where politicians put like minded voters all into a few districts. This causes them to win those districts but lose the rest of them

Consequent Boundary

Created due to conflict or division between different ethnic, religious, or linguistic groups. Here the boundaries are placed to accommodate the differences between these different groups.

Identify the two boundary categories.

Cultural boundaries and Physical boundaries

supranational organizations

EU, IMF, NATO, UN, WTO 1. United Nations 2. North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) 3. European Union (EU) 4. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 5. Arctic Council 6. African Union 7. Arab League 8. OPEC

Provide an example of a definitional boundary dispute

Egypt and Sudan had a boundary dispute over the Halayib Triangle.Both countries were using different documents to define the border. These documents had conflicting information on the definition of the boundary

Cultural Centrifugal Forces

Ethnic conflicts between citizens of a state, discrimination of certain cultural groups, lack of political or economic opportunities for certain ethnic groups

Political factors that challenge state sovereignty

Globalization has led to the creation of more supranationalorganizations, which havepowers that exceed state boundaries. States that wish to participate in international organizations, territies, trade deals sometimes give up parts of their sovereignty.

Economic Centripetal Forces

Growing GDP, low unemployment, sense of mobility in the economic system

Locational Boundary Disputes

Happens when the geographic terrain shifts/moves. Over time, geographic feature change because Earths landscapes change. Ex. rivers, soil erosion.

Economic Centrifugal Forces

High inflation, lack of economic opportunities in society, high unemployment, lack of economic growth

Cultural Centripetal Forces

Homogenous society, one nationalidentity, ethinc groups that retaindifferences while also being part of ashared culture

Which map/image shows a relic boundary? Why?

Image B shows a relic boundary. The Berlin wall is no longer up today, but it still impacts the cultural landscape.

How has the Law of the Sea helped resolve disputes over boundary disputes in the sea?

It sets clear rules in place to help better understand what rights states have off of their countries' shore line.

Law of the Sea

Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. ex. states lose rights as they move farther away from their baselines

c

Map A shows a superimposed boundary because we can see the states in Africa were created by European powers.

Which map/image shows a consequent boundary?

Map C would be an example of a consequent boundary. The former Yugoslavia split and created new states based on the different ethnic groups in the area.

Cultural factors that challenge state sovereignty

People do not live in isolation and with advancements in communication/ technology we have seen a global culture start to form. This has diminished the ability of cultures to remain isolated and maintain one single identity

Environmental Devolution

Physical geography can create isolated groups that evolve independently of other cultural groups in the geographic area. The terrain of an area can also create unique cultures due to the differences in the terrain over the geographic area.

Gerrymandering

Redistricting voting districts in a manner that favors one political party over another (ex. they have more people in their district over their political opponent)

How can centripetal forces and centrifugal forces apply at the state/regional scale and country/national scale?

Regionally people are bound over local rivalries, cultural traditions unique to the area, and sports.People become divided over local politics, or major changes over the cultural landscape. Nationally people are held together with a sense of nationality, identity, and pride in the country. They are pulled apart due to cultural differences, or debates over how the country should be run.

Examples of a superimposed boundary

Scramble for Africa Berline Conference

What is the difference between self-determination and devolution?

Self-determination is the idea that a nation has the right to govern itself to protect its traditions and culture. Devolution is the transfer of power to a lower level of government.

Explain how self-determination impacts a territory.

Self-determination is the idea that nations have the right to govern themselves.They do this in order to preserve their cultural characteristics.

Territorial Zone

Size: 12 nautical miles from baseline States rights: States can set laws regulating passage of ships from other countries

Exclusive Economic Zone

Size: 200 nautical miles States rights: States have the sole right to all natural resources. Example oil, natural gas, or fish

Contiguous Zone

Size: 24 nautical miles States rights: States may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration

International Waters

Size: N/A States rights: no state has control

Baseline

Size: This is the shoreline States Rights: State has sovereignty over their internal and external affairs

Economic factors that challenge state sovereignty

States today participate in a variety of international organizations, and trade deals with other states. States that join may have to give up some sovereign control over certain economic aspects to participate in these groups/deals.States that refuse to join or go against internal organizations can also have their sovereignty hindered through tariffs, sanctions, or military actions.

Economic Devolution

States with high inflation or an economy that has been struggling for a significant amount of time will see more pressure from citizens for drastic change. This could lead to a shift in power away from a centralized government to more regional administrations

Explain how subnational political units illustrate the concept of devolution.

Subnational political units is a small geographic area that has its own local government. Here devolution has occurred, meaning that power has shifted from a central government to the regional level. Allowing the formation of a subnational political unit to form. (Oftentimes in the form of a village, town, city, exctra..)

Identify two historical examples of international conflicts that have impacted a country's boundaries.

The DMZ between North and South Korea, the Berlin Wall, Israel and Palestine, the World Wars

Provide an example of an operational dispute

The United States border with Mexico. Both countries can not agree on away to handle the migration of people over the border.

How can global efforts to address a changing world create more supranationalism?

The global community has been working to resolve a variety of global issues. Such as climate change, with the Paris Agreement. As sovereign states work with other states to address global concerns more and more supranational organizations are created.

Why would an allocational boundary dispute happen?

There is confusion over who gets the resources on the boundary, and both countries want to have the resources.

Explain when a locational boundary dispute would happen.

These disputes happen because geographic features of an area have shifted, causing the boundary to shift with it. Example a river that splits two states may move over time causing part of one state to now be in the other state

Define territoriality.

This is how people use spaceto communicate ownership or occupy a geographic area.

Define sovereignty.

This is the authority of a state to govern itself without any interference from another government, state, or group of people

Why does Africa have less nation-states compared to other parts of the world?

This isbecause of colonialism and the Scramble forAfrica. When European powers created states in Africa they based them on longitude and latitude not ethnic groups. This made it difficult for homogenous nation-states to form. Africa also has such a large variety of different ethnic groups that live in a small geographic area that it would be hard to have a nation-state for each ethnic group.

Brexit

UK wants to leave the EU because they want more sovereignty and control over their own decisions

Political Centripetal Forces

Unified government, political system that allows citizens to participate in society, strong sense of patriotism, war with another state

Technological factors that challenge state sovereignty

With the diffusion of technology like the internet, cell phones, and social media more and more states are seeing challenges to their governments.This can happen in terms of election meddling, interference of daily life, or political revolution like seen during theArab Springs, or recently Hong Kong.

How has technology facilitated supranationalism?

With the increase in communication and access to information more and more sovereign states are interacting.This has led to more alliances for cultural, economic, or military reasons

Consequent Boundary Example

Yugoslavia

Which country experienced devolution, Yugoslavia or Madagascar?

Yugoslavia

Irredentism

a movement by a nation to unite with other parts of the nation that are spread over different state borders (could lead to devolution)

Multistate nation

a nation that stretches across states

Stateless nation

a nation with a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state

Cracking (gerrymandering)

a process in which politicians focus on voters who are like minded and split them up into a bunch of different voting districts. the goal is to diminish their vote by making them minorities.

Autonomous Region

a region inside a state that has a high degree of autonomy and the power to govern itself, with limited interference from the national government (ex. Native American reservations in the US.)

Semi-autonomous Region

a region within a state that has a moderate degree of self governance, national government is more involved

Subnational political units

a small geographic area that habits own local government (village, town, city, extra) (devolution occurs)

Multinational state

a state that contains two or more nations who have agreed to coexist as one state

Subsequent Boundary

develops along the cultural landscape, the boundary is purposefully created based on the different ethnic groups that reside within that area but is not created because of any conflict or division

Geographic Centrifugal Forces

fragmented states that have isolated groups, physical geographical features that divided groups of people

Self-determination

nations have the right to govern themselves (preserve culture and history_

Packing (gerrymandering)

politicians put all the likeminded voters into a couple districts to win certain districts.

Definitional Boundary Disputes

the actual concept of the boundary is being debated ex. Egypt in Sudan arguing over the Hala'b Triangle. Both countries have different documents that claims authority over the triangle and they contradict each other.

Operational Boundary Dispute

the dispute comes from issues that occur on the boundary ex. US and Mexico border (illegal immigration, drugs, border enforcement)

Allocational Boundary Dispute

the dispute is over resources that are on the border

supranationalism

the process of nation states organizing into one organization or alliance (help protect politically, economically, and militarily)

Devolution

the transfer of powder from a central government at a lower level of government

Neocolonialism

the use of political, economic, or cultural pressures to control or influence other countries (ex. infrastructure projects, foreign aid, helps African countries to urbanize; now China has political power in Africa)