Unit 4 Cycle 1 History Understanding Check

Huayna Capac

Inca ruler; Empire to greatest extent; succumbed to small pox before Pizarro even arrived, leading to a violent succession struggle between his sons which was won by Atahualpa who was killed by Pizarro

Where did the Spanish purchase African slaves to work in the mines?

Mexico, while they used indigenous labor in South America because it was cheaper

What initial advantage did Europeans have over people in the Americas?

European states and trading companies mobilized resources well, seafaring technology, iron, gunpowder weapons, and horses

What did Henry the Navigator do with his money?

financed schools for people who wanted to become navigators; fund the expeditions; but he wasn't a navigator himself

Spanish Empire Silver Trade

first truly global market

Why did Portugal build ships?

for maritime trade

Inca civilization

founded in 13th century; ruled between 4-6 million people by the time the Spanish showed in 1532; held together by trade and a very effective administrative structure; built roads and buildings on top of mountains with llamas and people to hall them; good at integrating conquered people into the empire mandating that people learn the Incan language

Effects of Columbian Exchange on the world

homogenized the world's biological landscape; remade populations of humans and animals; human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically interconnected, leading to the slavery of African Americans;

What animals did Europeans bring?

horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and more; they changed agricultural practices and transportation; horses hugely effected indigenous American economies and culture; buffalo hunting was more efficient on horseback; cattle was important for society for meat, tallow, hide, and transportation

How did Chinese farmers pay their taxes in the early part of the Ming Dynasty?

in goods, mainly grain, and labor

What did the Columbian Exchange produce after the Demographic Shift?

interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents

Rivalry

interstate rivalry drove rulers to compete

What were European Atlantic states well-positioned for?

involvement in the Americas

What was provided by profits from the colonial trade?

one of the foundations on which the Industrial revolution was built

What did the glut of silk inevitably lead to?

price drop, which hurt the Chinese economy but not nearly as much as it hurt the Spanish economy, where almost every silk producer was put out of business

American collaborators

rivalries within the Americas provided allies for European invaders, indigenous troops allied to the Spanish greatly outnumbered the small number of European soldiers

What did Europeans bring to support their own settlements?

wheat, barley, rye, sugar, bananas, and citrus, among other crops that changed the economy; wheat thrived as a key crop and staple that's eventually exported in large quantities from the Americas; European settlers organized the production of cash crops, like sugar, coffee, tobacco, and cotton

Why was purchasing slaves considered inefficient?

They didn't have experience working at high altitudes, and Mine work was super deadly

What was the Line of Demarcation?

a split between Portugal and Spain as the result of a dispute settled by Pope Alexander VI

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

a patron of sailors and a special school at Zagres in which nautical knowledge was collected and new maps were made

What did the Columbian Exchange connect?

connected almost all of the world through new networks of trade and exchange;

Treaty of Tordesillas

dividing the world between Spain and Portugal; Spain got the West side and controlled Brazil; Portugal got the East side and controlled the Philippines

Irish population during Potato Famine

doubled between 1754 and 1845

How big were Zheng He's treasure ships?

400 ft

How many expeditions did Zheng He lead?

7

Zheng He's crew

27,000, leading an armada of over 300

Social Classes in Spanish Colonies

1-Peninsulares: Iberian [Spanish] Aristocrats-> 2-Criollos[Creoles]: Descendants of Peninsulares-> 3-Mestizos: Caucasian/Indian; Caucasian/Africa-> Native American Indians; African Slaves

How many potatoes did the average Irish worker eat everyday?

10lbs

How many pigs did Hernando de Soto have?

13 when he arrived in Florida in 1539; 700 by the time of his death which was 3 years after he arrived

When did the Spanish arrive in Mexico and Peru?

1519 and 1532 benefitting both from total chaos by disease; conquering the Inca and Aztecs led them to create an empire with two administrative divisions: Vice Royality of New Spain founded in 1521, and Vice Royality of Peru founded in 1542; they were perfect for Spanish conquest due to similar administrative structures and similar links between secular and religious power; real glory for conquistadors was Gold

Spanish Armada

1588; disastrous invasion of England after the English sided with the Dutch

Post Classical Relative Global Influence/Significance

About one historical era behind developments of Afro-Eurasia; Larger Cities with more people than Europeans; Sophisticated in some ways and not in others; Susceptible to guns, germs, and steel

How did the Columbian Exchange start?

Afro-Eurasia come in contact with the Americas; caused by Christopher Columbus;

Alfred Crosby Jr.

Alfred W. Crosby; author of the Columbian Exchange Book which was published in 1969 and coined in 1972;

Where were most of the slaves from the Atlantic Slave trade taken?

Brazil

Zheng He

Chinese Muslim Eunuch; castrated; explorer trusted by the Emperor; China was already involved in the Indian Ocean Trade Network and had the resources to do expeditions in an effective manner

Lack of competitors

Chinese and Indians had such rich markets in the Indian Ocean that there wasn't much incentive to go beyond

Prester John

Christian king who wanted to help the Christian crusades

How did Americans and Amerindians respond to the arrival of Europeans?

Death

Early Modern relative Global Influence/Significance

Dependent economic zone in the new World Economy (i.e. milked for raw materials and commodities)

Early Modern interactions with Europe

Direct political and economic domination by Europeans; European culture migrated to Americas; New culture emerges blending European culture with elements of Amerindian and African cultures; particularly in terms of racial caste system in Latin and South America. (ex. Creole)

Post Classical(Prior to 1500) Key Characteristics

Diverse cultural geography, but three major civilizations: Maya (Yucatan Peninsula), Aztec (Mexico City), and Inca (Peru / West Andean Coast); Empires with varying political dynamics (City-states, Tribute Empire, Centralized/Bureaucratic (Incan Socialism / Mita system); Relatively high degree of urbanization Complex social hierarchies based on prestige and status; Ritualistic Human Sacrifice and Slave Labor Practiced; Aztecs and Mayans have writing. Incas have quipu; Sophisticated geographic and biological engineering: man-made islands, rain forests, etc.

Decline of Indian Population by 1750

Drops from 125 million to 5 million Caribbean Indians disappeared Mexico: from 22 to 2 million by 1580 Peru: from 10 to 1.5 million by 1590 Diseases: smallpox, influenza, measles

Why do Chinese expeditions stop when they were on the verge of success?

Emperor Yongle died; he paid for the expeditions; making them shift to building the great wall

Coincided with Little Ice Age

Epidemic spread of disease; cooling temperatures sparked the General Crisis, erratic rainfall near the equator, social stresses seen in constant warfare in Europe, collapse of the Ming, and civil war in Mughal India, drought in Mexico; torrential rains in the Caribbean

Who took over China?

Europe despite its smaller ships like Columbus

What caused an American labor shortage?

Europeans introduced diseases that killed millions of indigenous Americans

Marginality

Europeans were aware of their marginal position in Eurasian commerce and wanted to change it

What do Indians get replaced by?

Flora, fauna, cultural norms replace Indian farmers; ranchers take over Indian lands; Sheep, horses, cattle, crops replace Indians

Trading Post Empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples

Who was the Ming later overthrown by?

Fu Manchus in 17th century

The Great Dying

Geographic isolation meant the population had no immunity to Old World diseases. Europeans brought European and African diseases: mortality rate of up to 90 percent among Native American populations

3 G's of European Exploration

God, Gold, Glory

Why did Spain and Portugal search for?

Gold and Christians

Why were the Portuguese seeking a sea route to the Indian Ocean?

Gold and Christians

Where is Portugal located?

Iberian Peninsula which also has Spain; built ships for maritime trade; just got freedom from Muslim rule and now have Christian leaders and they now want to spread Christian faith; they both had Christian faith

Post Classical: Interactions with Europe

Isolated from Afro-Eurasia; no significant interaction

What was the Americas' largest beast of burden before the Americas?

Llamas, which could carry 100lbs and therefore the primary transportation animal was the Incas themselves

Early Modern (c. 1500 to c. 1750) Key Characteristics

Massive demographic catastrophe in Great Dying; Encomienda and Hacienda (Plantation) Systems used to exploit labor and land by Iberian States; Social Caste system that takes on racial overtones; European Peninsular and Creole at top. African slaves at bottom. (Sociedad de Castas) Major cash crops grown on plantations (sugar, indigo, tobacco, coffee) and silver and gold mining; Columbian Exchange; Different colonization patterns between North and South America (i.e. different motivations, different social systems emerge, etc.)

How did the population double between 1650 and 1850?

New world food was more caloric than Old world food; some plants could grow in soils that were useless for Old world crops

Who took the credit for England's success against the Spanish?

Queen Elizabeth I, leading to a period of wealth and national pride, which meant that people had both the money and the desire to see plays about old English Kings named Richard

Where did most people live during the Columbian Exchange?

Tenochtitlan and Cusco which were the largest cities and urban areas at the time out of approximately 35-75 million living in the Americas; most inhabitants had little resistance to diseases common with Afro-Eurasia somewhat due to only small groups of humans had initially crossed over from Asia so there wasn't much genetic diversity in the Americas; few domesticated animals; humans already had thousands of generations to develop resistance to those diseases

mita system

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept; Established by Inca Empire to build roads and public buildings to mine and process silver which became the center of trade; taking 1/7 of the adult male Indian population from each district and making them slaves to do labor only being paid subsistence wages; they adopted the system for the silver mines; dangerous because of mercury poisoning found at Mt. Huancavelica, caused inflation in the Americas and it was so dangerous that parents maimed their children so they wouldn't work in the mines; emboldens Spanish to engage war because they believe they can pay for them; since the price of silver was going down; the taxes were going up; silver let people trade with China; later adopted by the Spanish along with the hierarchical system

Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica

They were formed out of an alliance between Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan: major cities from modern day Mexico; state was very hierarchical; the emperor at the top and unruly nobles beneath him; appeased Gods through human sacrifice; Tenochtitlan was the capital that was surrounded by waters. Had floating gardens called chinampas which provided food

Why did the Portuguese establish the cartaz system and trading posts rather than colonies in the Indian Ocean area?

They were successful enough that their neighbors, Spain, became interested in their own route to the Indies

What did the New World give to the Old World?

Tobacco which was pretty destructive

How did the Inca Empire succeed in unifying subject peoples in the Andes Mountain region?

Trade and a very effective administrative structure; kept records with knotted strings called quipus; good at integrating conquered peoples

results of Decline of Indian Population

Whole areas abandoned Indian traditions, social norms questioned Economic structures collapse

What did oxen allow many natives to do?

abandon agriculture in favor of a nomadic lifestyle

What did Philip II inherit?

all of Spain's holdings in the Americas and in Europe and in the Philippines and the rebellion in the Netherlands because the Dutch wanted to be Protestant

Europeans + Africans disrupt indigenous ecology

another form of the Great Dying; varieties of European culture seen as superior

How were potatoes introduced to Europe?

as an aphrodisiac, making the Irish the hottest people on Earth; an acre and a half of its cultivation could feed an Irish family for a year

What were Chinese coins initially made out of?

bronze or copper

Effects of having Oxen

brought more land under cultivation when connected to plows, made transportation easier and more efficient

What did Colonial empires of the Americas facilitate?

changing global balance of power, which now thrust the previously marginal Western Europeans into an increasingly central and commanding role on the world stage

Wealth status

colonies were an opportunity for impoverished nobles and commoners

What did the Columbian Exchange create?

created new global networks and radically shaped communities in the Americas; marked the beginning of a period of rapid cultural change

American Food crops

crops like corn, potatoes, and cassava spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere

European Religion

crusading zeal, persecuted minorities looking for more freedom

What happened when tobacco was handed to American servicemen in WW2?

deaths of a lot of soldiers

Venereal syphilis

disease that came about in 1493 to Europe from the Americans

What was the result of Incan and Aztec rulers touching off wars?

diseases were spread more easily

Main culprit of European deaths

diseases: smallpox, measles, mumps, typhus, chicken pox

What did combinations of indigenous, European, and African peoples create?

entirely new cities in the Americas

massive demography shifts

epidemics causing forests to regrow and animals that had been hunted to flourish once again

potatoes

especially allowed enormous population growth, corn and sweet potatoes were important in China and Africa

Vasco De Gama

goes around the Southern tip and makes it to Swahili coast

How did Columbus suggest on getting too India?

going west because the earth is round

American Stimulants

goods like tobacco and chocolate spread to the Eastern Hemisphere

What was transferred in the Columbian Exchange?

goods, people animals, microbes, technology, diseases, ideas, horses, pigs, and potatoes;

Spanish Crown

granted Spaniards specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.

Merchants

growing merchant class wanted direct access to Asian wealth

receiver of the grant in encomienda

had to protect the natives from warring tribes & to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products

Spaniards

have comparatively tiny numbers

Aztec religion

held that history was cyclical and punctuated by terrible disasters and would ultimately end with a massive apocalypse

What job did Alfred Crosby Jr. have?

historian at the University of Texas at Austin, in his work of environmental history

Mexico's and Peru's economic foundation of colonial rule

lay in commercial agriculture and in silver and gold mining based on forced labor and wage labor by indigenous populations

What does a ship's size dictate?

how people treat you

How did China encounter inflation of its own?

it printed the world's first paper money in the 20th century, making them switch back to coins

What happened when new information flooded into Europe?

it shook up conventional understandings of the world and contributing to a revolutionary new way of thinking known as the Scientific Revolution

Aztec Priests

kept order in the cosmos; appeased gods through human sacrifice

What was run by most Spanish aristocrats that came over?

large agricultural operations

What did Christopher Columbus' arrival in North America create?

large-scale connections between Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas that still exist today and a chain of events that dramatically changed the environment, economic systems, and culture across the world

Result of high demand for some of these money-making crops

large-scale production which required a massive labor force and the European solution to that was importing enslaved peoples; encomienda and forms of forced labor were common at this time

What did the need for plantation workers and the sugar and cotton trade create?

lasting link among Africa, Europe, and the Americas, while scattering peoples of African origins throughout the Western Hemisphere

Portuguese people

like to trade with merchants

How did windfall of natural resources effect European state colonization?

made it economically stronger and started growth lasting until the 20th century

malnutrition

made survivors much more susceptible to disease

How did plants from the Americas transform life in Europe, Asia, and Africa?

major economic and environmental shifts since many of the new crops, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and cassava, were calorically rich and quickly became staple crops; some like potatoes did well even in rough environmental conditions; thrived even in the freezing temperatures of northwestern Europe, common food of the people in places like Ireland, led to massive population growth and increasing urbanization

What did Spaniards, mestizos, and Indians represent?

major social groups in the colonial lands of what had been the Inca and Aztec empires, while African slaves and freemen were far less numerous than elsewhere in the Americas; the society was dominated by Europeans, but with a rather more fluid and culturally blended society than in the racially rigid colonies of North America; Mestizos in particular found some social movement possible

What emerged as new markets and products came into the world economy?

new patterns of production, distribution, consumption, and trade that changed the social and economic organization of the Americas including the rise of the Atlantic slave trade and other labor systems

Sugar

most important cash crop grown in the Americas; made great money; took lots of labor to produce; Spanish Crown required sugarcane be grown before approving land grants; thrived in Spanish colony of Hispaniola and Caribbean Islands which were both made centers of sugar production and force labor systems such as slave trade

Why was it soon not enough for China to have silver?

mostly because it changed its tax structure in the 16th century

Where did a majority of silver mined in the Americas go?

mostly to Europe and at least a third to China, on Spanish galleons or indirectly through the purchase of Chinese goods

What did Colonial empires provide?

outlets for the rapidly growing population of European societies and represented an enormous extension of European civilization

How much silver did Spanish mines produce in the Americas?

over 150,000 tons between 16-18th centuries, over 80% of the world's supply; Spain became the richest nation in Europe and Spanish silver pesos became the de-facto currency; the royal family collected the same amount of money sixty years after the discovery of silver, but that money was worth a fraction of what it once had been; Rich countries have a way of finding their way into expensive and not totally necessary wars, and Spain was no exception; empire funded wars

Where did Aztecs extend control?

over most of Southern Mexico, parts of Guatemala and the Yucatan; demanded tribute from conquered people in the form of goods, precious metals, and people to sacrifice

cartaz

permit to trade

New world plants

radically changed the lives of hundreds of millions of Africans, Asians, and Europeans

Distinctive social order from an economic base

replicated something of the Spanish class hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people

Who was Vasco da Gama, and what did he accomplish?

represented Portuguese exploration

What did the Ming government often require people to make?

silk

What diseases did the indigenous Americans first encounter with the Europeans?

smallpox, measles, mumps, whooping cough, cholera, influenza, chicken pox, typhus and other unpleasant illnesses; they had no immunity because they had never interacted with them and were especially vulnerable; massive death toll; large cities nearly wiped out; most of the people of Caribbean island communities were lost; population rapid decrease between 1492 and 1650; shortage of labor due to such a small population in the Americas contributing to the rise of Atlantic slave trade, bringing more diseases to the New World like malaria and yellow fever

What did massive death create?

social crises; huge labor shortage making Europeans turn to slaves

What were winds in the Swahili coast like?

strong and unpredictable

encomienda

system employed mainly by the Spanish during colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor (mostly farming & mining); part of the colonial; Spanish legal system used to control the indigenous American labor force; form of enslavement; over the next few 100 years, more than twelve million enslaved people were brought to the Americas through the Atlantic slave trade system.

Why did Portugal trade to get whatever they need?

the Iberian Peninsula was resource-poor

What happened as more silver entered the economy?

the Ming government changed its policy and required taxes to be paid in silver, requiring almost everyone in China to produce something to be sold for silver

What did large-scale exchanges of plants and animals transform?

the crops and animals raised both in the Americas and in the Eastern Hemisphere; this was the largest and most consequential exchange of plants and animals to this point in human history which remade the biological environment of the planet

miscegenation

the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types

Why did the Spanish end up destroying the Aztecs and Inca?

their search for precious metals led them to destroy 2 of the world's greatest empires

How did pigs remake the food supply?

they breed really quickly and eat anything

How did China get silver?

they didn't already have a lot so they traded manufactured goods to Japan for it

What factors contributed to Portugal's early interest in exploration?

they relied upon trade for growth; strong Christian crusading spirit

What gave Cortez and the Spaniards and advantage over the Aztecs?

they ruled over 1000s of people who hated them, letting Cortez come in and find allies to overthrow them

Why did the Ming Dynasty stop supporting maritime voyages such as Zheng He's?

they used the resources required to build ships which were instead used to build the Great Wall because they were less interested in maritime trade and more focused on protecting China from the traditional enemies, such as nomads from the steppe

Why did China make Indian Ocean expeditions?

they wanted prestige and respect; they wanted to make more people cow tow them in exchange for the right to trade with China

What did the Ming government fail to do?

to peg taxes to inflation, and they spent too much on defense, like the Great Wall; and they failed to stay rich

What possibility did the depopulation of the Americas give to European settlers?

to rapidly change the territories in which they settled often using the labor of enslaved Africans; brought many plants and animals to the Americas from Afro-Eurasia; before, the only domesticated animals in the Americas were llamas, alpacas, and smaller animals that were suited for domestication while all others weren't

What did Henry the Navigator want?

to spread Christian faith and obtain riches

Why did Portugal use cannons on their ships for the Trading Post Empire?

to take over Empires because they weren't the most powerful empire

Effect of Mexico's and Peru's silver mines

transatlantic and transpacific commerce

Devastating results of Columbian Exchange

transfer of diseases, horrific epidemic, some far worse than the Black Death in both their severity and lasting effects, were enabled by exchange; millions died in the Americas; massive demographic population shifts affecting the environment and economic systems; transfer of plants and animals affected the environment by introducing new species that competed with and sometimes displaced native plants; in places where the local population had no or little resistance

How did Europe get to Asia?

travelling around Africa

Charles V

united the kingdoms of Spain and Austria by being named head of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519; had this dream of a unified central Europe, which was constantly being thwarted by German nobles, who had a dream of a non-unified central Europe, and eventually Charles V's ambitions were shattered and he gave the Austrian half of his kingdom to his son Ferdinand, and gave Spain with the American stuff to Philip in 1556;

How long was China the leading producer of consumer goods?

until the 19th century because their economy was so big; went to silver when they ran out of copper and bronze