Unit 4, Genetics: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
tRNA anticodon:
AAG
Bases of DNA?
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine
Bases of RNA?
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Uracil
Codon
three bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid
____________ converts DNA into mRNA.
transcription
mRNA is made during...
transcription
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Protein synthesis takes place in 2 steps.... ____________________________.
transcription and translation
What are the two steps in protein synthesis?
transcription and translation
_________ converts mRNA into protein.
translation
tRNA is used in...
translation
The start codon on mRNA is the three letters, ______.
AUG
What does Uracil pair with in RNA?
Adenine (U-A)
What makes all of us unique if we have the same genetic code?
It's determined by the organism's UNIQUE SEQUENCE of nitrogen bases.
___________ make up a protein.
amino acids
TRANSLATION: 4. ___________ are brought until the entire ______ is read.
amino acids; mRNA
Where are proteins made?
at ribosomes
The genetic code consists of ____________; though, only ______- code amino acids.
64 codons; 61
What does mRNA, or messenger RNA, do?
Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What does rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, do?
Combines with protein to form ribosomes
What's the location of protein synthesis?
Cytoplasm and ribosomes
_____ CANNOT leave the nucleus.
DNA
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What happens 1ST during transcription?
DNA unwinds in a section & only one segment will code for a specific protein.
_____ CAN leave the nucleus.
RNA
_____ uses ______ instead of thymine.
RNA; uracil
DNA and RNA both have four bases. T or F?
T
_____________ acts as a signal to stop the process.
Three codons
What does tRNA, or transfer RNA, do?
Transfers amino acids to ribosomes to help build proteins
mRNA codon:
UUC
What does RNA replace with thymine?
Uracil
Where does translation occur?
at ribosome, in cytoplasm of the cell
Translation takes place in the....
cytoplasm
tRNA is found in the....
cytoplasm
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Translation occurs in the ___________________, mRNA ____________________ and goes to the ___________, at ribosome: a specific __________ is made, and this is done by _______________________________ to a growing chain.
cytoplasm & ribosome; leaves the nucleus; ribosome; protein; tRNA adding amino acids
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is ______ stranded.
double
Central Dogma
genetic information in which it only flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to etc.
Where does translation take place in protein synthesis?
in cytoplasm
Where does transcription take place in protein synthesis?
in nucleus
Where's DNA located?
in the nucleus
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), and tRNA (transfer RNA)
What happens 3RD during transcription?
mRNA carries out the message about what type of protein to make from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.
What happens 2ND during transcription?
mRNA is formed by base pairing with parent strand of DNA, which begins transcription.
What happens during transcription in protein synthesis, and what does it involve?
mRNA is made from DNA code & DNA and mRNA are involved
_______ is used to cary the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.
mRNA, messenger RNA
What are the three different RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
TRANSCRIPTION: Once _______ is formed, ________ in the nucleus remove the __________ (non-coding message) and LEAVE the _______ (good message).
mRNA; enzymes; introns; exons
TRANSLATION: 1. The ____ is read by the ____.
mRNA; rRNA
TRANSLATION: 2. ____ is read _____________ at a time.
mRNA; three bases
DNA is located in the...
nucleus
Transcription takes place in the...
nucleus
mRNA is made in the...
nucleus
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Transcription occurs in the __________, ______ unzips, and mRNA is made by ________________________________.
nucleus; DNA; complementary base pairing
What happens during translation in protein synthesis, and what does it involve?
protein is made by adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain & involves mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
rRNA is needed for _______________, which helps mRNA _________________________.
protein synthesis; bind to the ribosome
TRANSLATION: 6. Finally, the _________ is shipped to the _______ where it is ______________ and __________ to where it needs to go.
protein; golgi body; altered; shipped
TRANSLATION: 7. At its final destination, the ________ will ________________ it was created to do.
protein; perform the job
Genetic Code (DNA) = __________ = ___________
proteins; traits
______ makes up the ribosome during translation
rRNA
______ makes up the ribosome.
rRNA, or ribosomal RNA
What does RNA stand for?
ribonucleic acid
What is the five carbon sugar in RNA called?
ribose
Protein is assembled by the _____________ in protein synthesis.
ribosome
Proteins are made at the....
ribosome
TRANSLATION: 5. The _________ bonds each ___________ together using a ___________________, creating a polypeptide.
ribosome; amino acid; peptide bond
RNA is ______ stranded.
single
mRNA has a __________, which is a specific __________________ nucleotide sequence saying where to start.
start codon; three letter
TRANSLATION: 5. Eventually, the ____________ is reached and the ______________ is added;
stop codon; final amino acid
A ____________ tells RNA polymerase to ______________________.
stop codon; stop making the protein
Translation involves _________ a code from ________________, according to the sequences of ______________ in ________.
synthesizing; amino acids; nucleotides; mRNA
What does tRNA do during translation?
tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as proteins.
TRANSLATION: 3. _________ carries the correct ______________ to the ______________ & it reads the ______ codon with ______.
tRNA; amino acid; ribosome; mRNA; rRNA
________ attaches the ________ into a chain.
tRNA; amino acids
_____ uses __________ to match to the mRNA.
tRNA; anticodons
TRANSLATION: 4. Each _____ drops off _____ amino acid then goes into the ________ to grab another.
tRNA; one; cytoplasm
translation
the decoding of instructions for the making proteins, involving mRNA and tRNA
Nitrogen Bases
the individual rungs/steps of the DNA ladder
Definition of Protein Synthesis?
the making of proteins by the cell *with the help of RNA
transcription
the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Anti-Codon
three bases on tRNA that are complementary to mRNA
Like DNA, RNA is made up of a ___________ nucleotide containing: ______ _______ sugar, _________, and a _____________ base
three part; five carbon; phosphate; nitrogenous
Each _______ consecutive bases on the mRNA is a code word, _______, that specifies an amino acid.
three; CODON