Unit 4, Genetics: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

tRNA anticodon:

AAG

Bases of DNA?

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine

Bases of RNA?

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Uracil

Codon

three bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid

____________ converts DNA into mRNA.

transcription

mRNA is made during...

transcription

SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Protein synthesis takes place in 2 steps.... ____________________________.

transcription and translation

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

transcription and translation

_________ converts mRNA into protein.

translation

tRNA is used in...

translation

The start codon on mRNA is the three letters, ______.

AUG

What does Uracil pair with in RNA?

Adenine (U-A)

What makes all of us unique if we have the same genetic code?

It's determined by the organism's UNIQUE SEQUENCE of nitrogen bases.

___________ make up a protein.

amino acids

TRANSLATION: 4. ___________ are brought until the entire ______ is read.

amino acids; mRNA

Where are proteins made?

at ribosomes

The genetic code consists of ____________; though, only ______- code amino acids.

64 codons; 61

What does mRNA, or messenger RNA, do?

Carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

What does rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, do?

Combines with protein to form ribosomes

What's the location of protein synthesis?

Cytoplasm and ribosomes

_____ CANNOT leave the nucleus.

DNA

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What happens 1ST during transcription?

DNA unwinds in a section & only one segment will code for a specific protein.

_____ CAN leave the nucleus.

RNA

_____ uses ______ instead of thymine.

RNA; uracil

DNA and RNA both have four bases. T or F?

T

_____________ acts as a signal to stop the process.

Three codons

What does tRNA, or transfer RNA, do?

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes to help build proteins

mRNA codon:

UUC

What does RNA replace with thymine?

Uracil

Where does translation occur?

at ribosome, in cytoplasm of the cell

Translation takes place in the....

cytoplasm

tRNA is found in the....

cytoplasm

SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Translation occurs in the ___________________, mRNA ____________________ and goes to the ___________, at ribosome: a specific __________ is made, and this is done by _______________________________ to a growing chain.

cytoplasm & ribosome; leaves the nucleus; ribosome; protein; tRNA adding amino acids

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is ______ stranded.

double

Central Dogma

genetic information in which it only flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to etc.

Where does translation take place in protein synthesis?

in cytoplasm

Where does transcription take place in protein synthesis?

in nucleus

Where's DNA located?

in the nucleus

What are the three types of RNA?

mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), and tRNA (transfer RNA)

What happens 3RD during transcription?

mRNA carries out the message about what type of protein to make from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.

What happens 2ND during transcription?

mRNA is formed by base pairing with parent strand of DNA, which begins transcription.

What happens during transcription in protein synthesis, and what does it involve?

mRNA is made from DNA code & DNA and mRNA are involved

_______ is used to cary the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.

mRNA, messenger RNA

What are the three different RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis?

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

TRANSCRIPTION: Once _______ is formed, ________ in the nucleus remove the __________ (non-coding message) and LEAVE the _______ (good message).

mRNA; enzymes; introns; exons

TRANSLATION: 1. The ____ is read by the ____.

mRNA; rRNA

TRANSLATION: 2. ____ is read _____________ at a time.

mRNA; three bases

DNA is located in the...

nucleus

Transcription takes place in the...

nucleus

mRNA is made in the...

nucleus

SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Transcription occurs in the __________, ______ unzips, and mRNA is made by ________________________________.

nucleus; DNA; complementary base pairing

What happens during translation in protein synthesis, and what does it involve?

protein is made by adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain & involves mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

rRNA is needed for _______________, which helps mRNA _________________________.

protein synthesis; bind to the ribosome

TRANSLATION: 6. Finally, the _________ is shipped to the _______ where it is ______________ and __________ to where it needs to go.

protein; golgi body; altered; shipped

TRANSLATION: 7. At its final destination, the ________ will ________________ it was created to do.

protein; perform the job

Genetic Code (DNA) = __________ = ___________

proteins; traits

______ makes up the ribosome during translation

rRNA

______ makes up the ribosome.

rRNA, or ribosomal RNA

What does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid

What is the five carbon sugar in RNA called?

ribose

Protein is assembled by the _____________ in protein synthesis.

ribosome

Proteins are made at the....

ribosome

TRANSLATION: 5. The _________ bonds each ___________ together using a ___________________, creating a polypeptide.

ribosome; amino acid; peptide bond

RNA is ______ stranded.

single

mRNA has a __________, which is a specific __________________ nucleotide sequence saying where to start.

start codon; three letter

TRANSLATION: 5. Eventually, the ____________ is reached and the ______________ is added;

stop codon; final amino acid

A ____________ tells RNA polymerase to ______________________.

stop codon; stop making the protein

Translation involves _________ a code from ________________, according to the sequences of ______________ in ________.

synthesizing; amino acids; nucleotides; mRNA

What does tRNA do during translation?

tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as proteins.

TRANSLATION: 3. _________ carries the correct ______________ to the ______________ & it reads the ______ codon with ______.

tRNA; amino acid; ribosome; mRNA; rRNA

________ attaches the ________ into a chain.

tRNA; amino acids

_____ uses __________ to match to the mRNA.

tRNA; anticodons

TRANSLATION: 4. Each _____ drops off _____ amino acid then goes into the ________ to grab another.

tRNA; one; cytoplasm

translation

the decoding of instructions for the making proteins, involving mRNA and tRNA

Nitrogen Bases

the individual rungs/steps of the DNA ladder

Definition of Protein Synthesis?

the making of proteins by the cell *with the help of RNA

transcription

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

Anti-Codon

three bases on tRNA that are complementary to mRNA

Like DNA, RNA is made up of a ___________ nucleotide containing: ______ _______ sugar, _________, and a _____________ base

three part; five carbon; phosphate; nitrogenous

Each _______ consecutive bases on the mRNA is a code word, _______, that specifies an amino acid.

three; CODON