Unit 4 HBS

kidneys regulate arterial ____ and BR when BP is low, kidneys regulate and release _________ which is an enzyme to use for __________ and stimulates adrenal cortex to release _______ which (enhances sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and water follows it) blood volume and blood pressure rise

BP renin to release angioten then aldosterone

#41 Explain how PAD might impact other body systems.

Blood flows to organs that receive blood from peripheral arteries will be disrupted. #

which blood pressure is higher, blood in the arteries or veins

Blood pressure in the arteries is much higher than in the veins, in part due to receiving blood from the heart after contraction, but also due to their contractile capacity

cardiac muscle picture and examples

Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart pump blood out of the atria and ventricles to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems.

Thinking about function, explain why the left ventricle is much more muscular than the right ventricle.

Must force blood from the left ventricle to the entire body.

perimysium

2nd most outer membrane covers each fascicle

#45 When you set out to jog five miles, your body first uses the ATP that is floating around in your system. Describe the systems that your body relies on for ATP after this point

1. Use up available ATP 2. phosphocreatine (pc)> phosphorylation of ADP> ATP 3. Aerobic respiration of glucose. 4. anaerobic glycolysis. 5. breakdown glycogen to produce glucose

_______ is released from the pituitary gland when we are dehydrated which is related to blood pressure, but is not directly related to BP as much as aldosterone is

ADH antidiuretic

what is the importance of ATP and salt in muscle contraction

ATP is critical for muscle contractions because it breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction.

Which artery do you think is made of thicker muscle, the aorta or the pulmonary artery? Why?

Aorta has thicker muscle to withstand pressure of blood moving to the body.

structure and function of arteries and veins

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; the main artery is the aorta. lot of elastin and smooth muscle. Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart and drain blood from organs and limbs. -Capacitance vessels, where most of blood is located HAVE VALVES some veins do have elastin (like the vena cava) capilarries, venules, veins is the order

Na/K+ in sliding filament theory

action potential.

are the muscles of pectoralis major adductors or abductors

adductors

plane joint (gliding)

allows for gliding movement, side to side, back and forth (metacarpal bones of hand and under foot) non-axial

condyloid (ellipsoidal joint)

allows movement in 2 places (found in wrist) biaxial up and down and side to side in your neck and knuckles

hyperextension

angle formed by the bones of a particular joint is opened, or straightened, beyond its normal, healthy, range of motion

order of blood

aorta, artery, arterioles (valves), capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

what blood vessels regulate blood pressure

arteries

what is the difference between arteries and veins

arteries are larger and longer , more muscular and more elastic than veins; they carry blood that is under pressure from having been pumped out of the heart; veins are under much less pressure, so they are not as strong

involuntary system is also known as _____

autonomic

CNS vs. PNS

Peripheral nervous system or PNS contains the nerves, which leave the brain and the spinal cord and travel to certain areas of the body. The peripheral nervous system's main job is to send information gathered by the body's sensory receptors to the CNS as quickly as possible. The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.

What role do valves play in the heart? (also review three muscle types)

Prevents back flow of blood. Create pressure during systole.

What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

Pulmonary(heart to lung) Sup + Inf Vena Cava > R.A.>R.V.>Pulmonary Artery>Lung>Pulmonary Veins>L.A.>L.V. Systemic(heart to body) Aorta>Arteries>Arteroles>capillary beds>venules>veins>inf + sup vena cava

Which do you think are the two, most common places to detect pulse and count the heart rate? Why?

Radial pulse at the wrist. Carotid pulse at the neck.

striated vs. nonstriated

Striated = due to sarcomere structure (A bands dark, I bands light). Skeletal and cardiac muscles have sarcomeres. Nonstriated = smooth muscles don't have sarcomeres so they're not striated. They still have myosin, actin, and use the sliding filament mechanism. They just are not organized into sarcomeres

Capillaries function in gas exchange. Describe at least two ways capillary structure is related to this function.1

Thin + Narrow blood moves in single file. Pores in capillaries are for diffusion.

what type of joint is a hip joint

ball and socket joint

bones, muscles and joints in the body

bones- provide support joints- allow to movie both bones an djoints muscles- expand and contract

fascicle

bundle of fibers

sarcoplasmic reticulum

calcium storage that eventually goes to actin to bind onto troponin and loosens tropomyosin, with ATO being added on and brushes on myosin

Aterial BP is directly related to __________ (CO, amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute) and ___________ (PR, amount of friction the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels, increased by increased blood volume and viscosity of the blood)

cardiac output peripheral resistance

how does skeletal muscle react with exercise

caused to move by somatic system, lactic acid is produced by skeletal muscles during exertion

cranial nerves

connect directly with the brain and bring signals to and from the head and neck.

tendons vs. ligaments

connect two bones is ligment connect bone to muscle is tendon

what kind of tissue makes up the three layers of membrane

connective tissue

pivot joints

consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone rotation around central axis (uniaxial) examples include C1 and C2 vertabrae radialulnar in arm

how does smooth muscle react to exercise

constricts by sympathetic nervous sometimes it dilates to benefit from cellular respiration

to increase blood flow,blood vessels in muscles must ____ blood vessels elsewhere _______ (because of sympathetic nervous system) sympathetic nervous system causes ____ to constrict bringing more blood back to heart for exchange of CO2 for O2

dilate contract

______ is a chemical released by the adrenal medulla which increases both heart rate and blood pressure

epinephrine

sliding filament theory

explains mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement striations from muscle are formed by sarcomeres (unit of muscle) which have proteins that can change in length which causes overall muscle length to change sacromeres contain thick and thin filaments at various stages of contraction in muscle fibers myosin filaments remain constant and central in length while other regions of sacromere shortened

what were the three kinds of structure joints can be classified as?

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

what factors influence range of motion

flexibility, warming muscles such as ligments and tendons

plexus

group of nerves

ball and socket joint

have the highest level of movement (bone with spherical head and bone with a cup like socket) shoulder and hip

elastic artery meaning cardiac systole cardiac diastole

help spread the force of the heart beat and allow a steady flow of blood contraction and expansion of arteries to store blood relaxation (arteries recoil) to return blood to circulation

endomysium

inner membrane of the muscle

myofibril and tendons

inside the sarcomere that contains actin and myosin connect the muscle belly to bone and they attach to the bone periosteum - more connective tissue that covers all bones.

how do ions and electrical charges play a role in communication with the muscle

ions open up binding sites in actin and electrical charges help tell the actin and myosin to contract

synovial joint

joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule allow for movement when bones meet to form a synovial joint, it is covered with strong/smooth cartilage called hyaline cartilage enclosed joint capsule filled with synovial fluid ligaments help bind joints

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

lifting the goot so that its superior surface appraoches the shin depressing the foot or pointing the toes also mathes the extension of the hand at the wrist

abduction and adduction

moving limb away from midline of body or moving fingers/toes apart adduction is oppostie of abduction toward body midline

how do mutiple body systems move together to cause muscle contraction

muscle and nervous system work together to get signals from neurotransmitter junction and contraction muscles

6 rules of muscles

muscles have at least two attachments and must cross at least one joint Muscles always pull and get shorter The attachment that moves is known as the insertion and the attachment that remains stationary is known as the origin muscles that decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as flexors. Muscles that increase the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as extensors muscles work in opposing pairs muscle striations point to the attachments and show the directions of pull

describe two ways blood is helped back to the heart in veins

muscular system helps with gravity nervous system sends signals to pump blood

synarthroses, amphiarthroses diarthroses and examples of each

no movement (brain) , little movement (parts of vertabrae) , free movement synovial joints are diarthroses

origin vs. insertion

origin is where the muscle stays in place, insertion is where movement starts

veins and arteries travel in _____ usually a nerve travels along with the artery and vieins too larger arteries and veins need their own _____supply

pairs blood

sympathetic nervous system

part of autonomic nervous system fight or flight response regular exercise decreases activity of sympathetic nervous system causes blood pressure to increase and heart rate to also increase, causes digestion to stop release of norephephrine (nonadrenaline) to affect the heart released by adrenal gland release of epinehrine (adrenaline) which acts similar to nonadrenaline, released by adrenal gland,

parasympathetic nervous system

part of autonomic nervous system (involuntary) rest and digest

somatic nervous system

part of voluntary movement, motor neurons and movement of skeletal muscles

actin

protein that contains troponin and tropomyosin that slides to have muscle contraction

troponin and tropomyosin

proteins tropomyosin blocks actin binding sites when ATP is present, myosin binding sites on actin form cross bridge

beats per minute is

pulse

purpose of synovial fluid

reduce friction in bones

Acetylcholine

releases the action potential for the nerve, and depolarizes and helps release calcium.

neuromuscular junction

sends signal that is part of the nervous system

how are muscles named? what are they based on?

shape, size, location, direction, action, number of divisions/ origins and insertion (bicep), number of points of attachment

how does you digestion and urinary system react when you excercise

slows down because blood flow has been directed away from it blood flow decreases to kidneys due to sympathetic nervous system, because of less blood flow, there is less fluid filtered and therefore less urine production you can lose lot of sodium in your sweat as you exercise (an exocrine gland), kidneys conserve water and sodium after exercise aldosterone is released to restore normal electrolyte levels in blood (conserves sodium and water angiosten 2 is produced by renin, a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation ADH (aldosterone) is released, conserves water to INCREASE blood pressure kidney metabolize lactic acid and secretes it to urine, restores pH and more proteins are excreted after exercise

spinal nerves

supply the rest of the body and connect directly with the spinal cord.

exocrine glands and excercise

sweat and salviary glands work hard to maintain homeostasis

how do varicose veins form

swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the surface of the skin. These veins usually occur in the legs, Veins have one-way valves that help keep blood flowing toward your heart. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can back up and pool in your veins. This causes the veins to swell, which can lead to varicose veins.

do the actin and myosin actually shorten

the actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments toward the middle of the sarcomere. The result is shortening of the sarcomere without any change in filament length.

arteriosclerosis vs. atherosclerosis how are these linked to PAD

the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age. The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls. A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

why do we never see a varicose artery

they don't get inflamed and clogged as easy as veins. Another reason is arteries are deeper under the skin then veins

myosin

thick filaments

why are arteries thinner than veins

veins have valves and have more blood than arteries

flexors vs. extensors

ventral side dorsal side

dense regular connective tissue

when the muscle has no bumps and smooth

saddle joint

where one bone is shaped like a saddle and other bone rests on it like a rider on a horse modified condloid, moves more freely thumb (provide stability)

how does the muscular and nervous system work together to cause muscle contraction

work together to get signals from neuromuscular junction and contract muscles

sympathetic nerves can cause ________

vasoconstricton

sympathetic nerves also cause ____________ which is the widening of blood vessels

vasodialation

heat has a ___________vasodialating effect (warm compresses speed up circulation in an inflamed area)

vasodilating

depression and elevation

Depression is the downward movement of structures of the body, e.g. depression of a shoulder joint lowers the corresponding arm vertically downwards. The movement of depression is the opposite of the movement of elevation.

#27 How does the movement of the electrical impulse relate to the contraction of the chambers of the heart?

Electrical impulses in the heart begin in the R.A. in the sinoatrial node and it moves in a wave across the heat so atria contract + ventricles contract together.

_____ increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction ____ and ______ cause vasodialtation and decrease blood pressure A diet low in _____ saturated fats and cholesterol can prevent hypertension

Nicotine alcohol and histamine salts

How do the chemicals in smoke relate to the development of atherosclerosis?

Nicotine causes the deposition of plaque on the hardened walls of arteries causing atherosclerosis.

when you exercise, your breathing rate increases, ____ intake and increased blood circulation is related to respiratory system, transports oxygen faster to cells and CO2 back to lungs for exchange (to what kind of tissues)

O2 alveolar tissue and capillaries

skeletal muscle picture and examples

Skeletal muscles move the body. Skeletal muscle contractions pull on tendons, which are attached to bones. If contraction of the muscle causes the muscle to shorten, the bone and, thus, the body part will move. For example, the biceps brachii is attached to the shoulder and the forearm bones.

Which structure in the heart functions as the natural pacemaker? What does this term mean?

Sino means near sinus venousus. Atrial means near atrium.

characteristics of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle (multinucleated, Voluntary vs. involuntary, Striated, Branching Longest muscle fibers function of each!!! And examples of each)

Skeletal muscle = striated, voluntary, shaped like long fibers, multinucleated. Smooth muscle = nonstriated, involuntary, shaped like almonds (tapered ends), one nucleus per cell. Cardiac muscle = striated, involuntary, branched, shaped like fibers cross-linked to one another, typically one nucleus per cell.

What conclusion can you draw about the number of individual muscle fibers that fired in the last 10 seconds as compared with the first 10 seconds?

The longer the time less muscle fibers are firing

smooth muscle picture and examples

The smooth muscle in the uterus helps a woman to push out her baby. In the bladder, smooth muscle helps to push out urine. Smooth muscle determines the flow of blood in the arteries. Smooth muscles move food through the digestive tract.

What do you notice about the width of an artery wall versus the width of a vein wall? Why does this make sensor given the function of the vessels?

Vein - big lumen and not a lot of muscle tissue. Artery - A lot of muscle tissue and small lumen. `

#48 What role does the nervous system play in muscle fatigue?

When a motor neuron is at a state of continuous stimulation where Ca++ is always present in the muscle tissue it reaches full force until ATP cannot produced or nervous system tires + cannot.

carpal tunnel (anatomy, cause of this injury, and the reason this condition falls under the category of repetitive motion injuries)

causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm. The condition occurs when one of the major nerves to the hand — the median nerve — is squeezed or compressed as it travels through the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist, about an inch wide. The floor and sides of the tunnel are formed by small wrist bones called carpal bones. The roof of the tunnel is a strong band of connective tissue called the transverse carpal ligament. Because these boundaries are very rigid, the carpal tunnel has little capacity to "stretch" or increase in size. The median nerve is one of the main nerves in the hand. It originates as a group of nerve roots in the neck. These roots come together to form a single nerve in the arm. The median nerve goes down the arm and forearm, passes through the carpal tunnel at the wrist, and goes into the hand. The nerve provides feeling in the thumb and index, middle, and ring fingers. The nerve also controls the muscles around the base of the thumb. The nine tendons that bend the fingers and thumb also travel through the carpal tunnel. These tendons are called flexor tendons. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the tunnel becomes narrowed or when tissues surrounding the flexor tendons swell, putting pressure on the median nerve.

CNS vs. PNS afferent vs. efferent nerves

central nervous- brain and spinal peripheral nervous system- nerves that lead to and from the brain and spinal cord afferent- sends a message to the CNS, neuron is located in the body (not brain or spinal cord) efferent- sends a message to the body from the brain, neuron is located in the CNS

circumduction and rotation

cobo of flexion, extension, aduction and abduction commonly seen in ball and socket joints (rpoximal is stationary, distal moves in a circle movement of bone around longitudinal axis (shaking your head no)

hinge joint

formed between 2 bones where bone can only move along one axis bends in one plane (uniaxial) examples include your elbows and knee

capilaries are the site of ____.

gas and nutrient exchange

arterioles

resistance vessels...help control systemic blood pressure contract or relax to decrease and increase blood pressure helps to decrease blood pressure before blood moves from arterioles to capillaries

parasymoathetic vs. sympathetic

rest and digest fight or flight

rigor mortis and muscle contraction

rigor mortis is the third stage of death and it invovles the stiffening of muscles. the muscles remain in the contracted state until ATP binds to myosin, releasing the myosin and actin filaments from one another. . Unable to release contraction, all the muscles of the body remain tense, causing rigor mortis because you are not breating, ATP is not in your body

what is the order of muscle contraction

skeletal muscle has muscle fiber that receives signals to expand and contract from the nervous system (neuromuscular junction) there is myosin and actin , where the actin slides along myosin myosin filaments attach and bind to actin causing them to move ATP is hydrolyzed into ATP and causes myosin head to form cross bridge with actin ATP moves myosin back and start again CALCIUM CONTROLS CONTRACTION tropomyosin blocks actin binding sites when ATP is present, myosin binding sites on actin form cross bridge calcium binds on troponin and opens up tropomyosin to bind with myosin to cause contraction

how is blood helped in its return back to the heart

the nervous system sends signals to pump blood to other parts of the body and t helped with valves, lumens, and respiratory pump

Epimysium

the outermost layer of muscle helps to form tendons

vascular wall tunics and will all blood vessels have the same amount of blood

tunica intima-endothelium, inside of vessel tunica media-smooth muscle cells, elastin and collagen tunica adventitia- elastin and collagen vasa vasorum (aorta and vena cava) nervi vasorum (nerves) outer side of vessel tunica media- smooth muscle cells, elastin an collagen (proteins) no

flexion and extension

type of hinge joint and ball and socket movement that decrease the angle of the joint and brings two bones close together extension- opposite of flexion increases the angle between two bones or part of the body

different in cow elbow vs human and what kind of joint is the cow elbow

ulna, radius, and humerus aren't fused together in a human hinge joint

cold has a ________ effect (why cold compresses prevent swelling of bruises

vasoconstricting