Unit 4 History Test

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What to historians often refer to powerful businessmen that were at the head of their tycoons?

"robber barons" "captains of the industry"

What is the nickname of America?

"the land of opportunity"

Nativism

belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers

Daniel Burnham

chief architect of the white city and created ferris wheel

What were examples of natural resources used?

coal, oil, and lumber

Company Towns

community whose residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and shopping

corporation

company recognized as a legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from each of its members

Trust

group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly

Columbian Exhibition

hosted the 1893 World's Fair which revealed the ideal design of a modern city (The White City)

What were corporations ultimate goals>

huge profits

America is offered reffered to as a nation of _____.

immigrants

Pullman Strike

in 1893, rail car workers struck because of wage cuts

What negative effects came from industrialization?

pollution, overcrowding, bad working conditions, unsanitary

The US was one of the most _____economic countries in the world.

powerful

Where did prior immigrants come from, and where did "new" immigrants come from?

prior- Western Europe (english, irish, german) new- italians, greeks, polish, russian)

Mass transit

public system of transportation

conspicuous consumerism

purchasing of goods and services for the purpose of impressing others

Push and pull factors

push is a force to move away from home, pull is something to compel you to move somewhere

What new inventions did they make from steel?

skyscrapers, elevators, suspension bridges, and railroads

Homested Strike

steelworkers upset with working conditions and low wages at Carnegie's plant struck and violence erupted

What communications arose and who invented them? (3)

telegraph- Samuel Morse telephone- Alexander Graham Bell radio- Guglielmo Marconi

Group ownership

the acquisition of the same type of business in more than one market area by one company

Social Darwinism

the belief held by some in the late 19th century that certain nations and races were superior to others and were destined to rule over them

Westinghouse

the first in-house PR department. Campaign promoted electrical current for AC instead of Edison's DC and won

rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Mass production

the production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

steerage

the worst accommodations on board

How did business owners abuse their workers?

they made them work long hours and payed them low wages

Where did immigrants go when they came to the US?

to northern industrial cities to get labor jobs

Social doctrine

used to justify everything from capitalism to the wealth of robber barons

Who invented electricity?

Thomas Edison

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

___ % of cities were immigrants

40

What was Pittsburgh know for?

Carnegie steel mill

Henry Frick

Chairman of Carnegie Steel (1889) during the Homestead Strike, brutal, anti-union, hired a violence group and killed many workers

Laissez-Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Where did one of the most significant strikes take place?

In Chicago, Haymarket Square

What were the new shops?

Macy's, Sears and Roebuck, Marshall's field

What was a huge form of familt entertainment? specific example

amusement parks- Coney Island circuses- Barnum and Bailey and Ringling Brothers

Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce (used to break up big businesses into smaller parts)

Interstate Commerce Commission

an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

Cartel

an association of producers of a good or service that process and controls stocks in order to monopolize the market

Monopoly

an exclusive control by one company over an entire industry

Jacob Riis

photo journalist who documented people living in tenements, "How the other half lives"

By 1900, there were ___ different newspaers around the US.

1600

Sweatshops

A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions

J.P Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel.

WHat was the most popular sport, and who was most famous for playing it?

Baseball, Ty cobbs

Americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

Who made the elevator?

Elisha Otis

What was the most significant process station, and where?

Ellis Island, NY

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the largest monopoly in US history. Rockefeller was the America's first billionaire.

The American Federation of Labor

Formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, to fight for the rights of skilled laborers

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

What was the first form government regulation?

Railroad rates

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroads

Stocks and bonds

Securities, monetary units that can be exchanged.

Where did new immigrants come from?

Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia

Protective tarrifs

Taxes that made imported goods cost more than those made in the US

Who did Henry Frick hire?

The Pinkertons, they were a highly skilled gunman

American society nickname

The great melting pot

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage.

Andrew Carnegie

U.S steel

robber baron

a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods

capitalism

a free enterprise system in which individuals own their own businesses and strive to produce profit

patent

a grant by the government giving an inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention

Bessemer Process

a method developed in the mid 1800s for making steel more efficiently

Entrepreneur

a person who invests money in a product or business with the goal of turning a profit

collective bargaining

a process in whcih employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions

mass culture

a similiar pattern in a society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising

What was baseball called?

a spectator sport

Haymarket square

a strike for 8hr workdays, bomb went off and killed an officer, many were hurt

Vertical Integration

a system of consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture

Horizontal Integration

a system of consolidating many firms in the same business

socialism

a system or theory under which the means of production are publicly controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals

Vaudeville

a type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches

What benefit did industrialization have on our economy?

it linked us to the international markets

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

Frederick Law Olmsted

landscape architect who designed Central Park in New York City

What challenges did new immigrants face?

language barrier, disease, poor

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

Tenement

multistory building divided into crowded apartments

What helped spread the word of mass culture?

newspapers

Horatio Alger, most famous works?

novelist who influenced many immigrants "Rags to Riches" "Pulling oneself up by your own bootsrap"

Mark Twain

novelist, coined the term "Gilded Age," refer to new era of america


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