Unit 4 History Test
What to historians often refer to powerful businessmen that were at the head of their tycoons?
"robber barons" "captains of the industry"
What is the nickname of America?
"the land of opportunity"
Nativism
belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers
Daniel Burnham
chief architect of the white city and created ferris wheel
What were examples of natural resources used?
coal, oil, and lumber
Company Towns
community whose residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and shopping
corporation
company recognized as a legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from each of its members
Trust
group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly
Columbian Exhibition
hosted the 1893 World's Fair which revealed the ideal design of a modern city (The White City)
What were corporations ultimate goals>
huge profits
America is offered reffered to as a nation of _____.
immigrants
Pullman Strike
in 1893, rail car workers struck because of wage cuts
What negative effects came from industrialization?
pollution, overcrowding, bad working conditions, unsanitary
The US was one of the most _____economic countries in the world.
powerful
Where did prior immigrants come from, and where did "new" immigrants come from?
prior- Western Europe (english, irish, german) new- italians, greeks, polish, russian)
Mass transit
public system of transportation
conspicuous consumerism
purchasing of goods and services for the purpose of impressing others
Push and pull factors
push is a force to move away from home, pull is something to compel you to move somewhere
What new inventions did they make from steel?
skyscrapers, elevators, suspension bridges, and railroads
Homested Strike
steelworkers upset with working conditions and low wages at Carnegie's plant struck and violence erupted
What communications arose and who invented them? (3)
telegraph- Samuel Morse telephone- Alexander Graham Bell radio- Guglielmo Marconi
Group ownership
the acquisition of the same type of business in more than one market area by one company
Social Darwinism
the belief held by some in the late 19th century that certain nations and races were superior to others and were destined to rule over them
Westinghouse
the first in-house PR department. Campaign promoted electrical current for AC instead of Edison's DC and won
rural-urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to the city
Mass production
the production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines
steerage
the worst accommodations on board
How did business owners abuse their workers?
they made them work long hours and payed them low wages
Where did immigrants go when they came to the US?
to northern industrial cities to get labor jobs
Social doctrine
used to justify everything from capitalism to the wealth of robber barons
Who invented electricity?
Thomas Edison
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
___ % of cities were immigrants
40
What was Pittsburgh know for?
Carnegie steel mill
Henry Frick
Chairman of Carnegie Steel (1889) during the Homestead Strike, brutal, anti-union, hired a violence group and killed many workers
Laissez-Faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Where did one of the most significant strikes take place?
In Chicago, Haymarket Square
What were the new shops?
Macy's, Sears and Roebuck, Marshall's field
What was a huge form of familt entertainment? specific example
amusement parks- Coney Island circuses- Barnum and Bailey and Ringling Brothers
Sherman Antitrust Act
an 1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce (used to break up big businesses into smaller parts)
Interstate Commerce Commission
an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines
Cartel
an association of producers of a good or service that process and controls stocks in order to monopolize the market
Monopoly
an exclusive control by one company over an entire industry
Jacob Riis
photo journalist who documented people living in tenements, "How the other half lives"
By 1900, there were ___ different newspaers around the US.
1600
Sweatshops
A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
J.P Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel.
WHat was the most popular sport, and who was most famous for playing it?
Baseball, Ty cobbs
Americanization
Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
Who made the elevator?
Elisha Otis
What was the most significant process station, and where?
Ellis Island, NY
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the largest monopoly in US history. Rockefeller was the America's first billionaire.
The American Federation of Labor
Formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, to fight for the rights of skilled laborers
Eugene Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
What was the first form government regulation?
Railroad rates
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroads
Stocks and bonds
Securities, monetary units that can be exchanged.
Where did new immigrants come from?
Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia
Protective tarrifs
Taxes that made imported goods cost more than those made in the US
Who did Henry Frick hire?
The Pinkertons, they were a highly skilled gunman
American society nickname
The great melting pot
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage.
Andrew Carnegie
U.S steel
robber baron
a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods
capitalism
a free enterprise system in which individuals own their own businesses and strive to produce profit
patent
a grant by the government giving an inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention
Bessemer Process
a method developed in the mid 1800s for making steel more efficiently
Entrepreneur
a person who invests money in a product or business with the goal of turning a profit
collective bargaining
a process in whcih employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions
mass culture
a similiar pattern in a society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising
What was baseball called?
a spectator sport
Haymarket square
a strike for 8hr workdays, bomb went off and killed an officer, many were hurt
Vertical Integration
a system of consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture
Horizontal Integration
a system of consolidating many firms in the same business
socialism
a system or theory under which the means of production are publicly controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals
Vaudeville
a type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches
What benefit did industrialization have on our economy?
it linked us to the international markets
Knights of Labor
labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms
Frederick Law Olmsted
landscape architect who designed Central Park in New York City
What challenges did new immigrants face?
language barrier, disease, poor
Terence Powderly
led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor
Tenement
multistory building divided into crowded apartments
What helped spread the word of mass culture?
newspapers
Horatio Alger, most famous works?
novelist who influenced many immigrants "Rags to Riches" "Pulling oneself up by your own bootsrap"
Mark Twain
novelist, coined the term "Gilded Age," refer to new era of america
