UNIT 4 HW & Quizzes

Which are characteristics of the heart when it is at rest prior to atrial contraction (atrial systole)? - AV valves are open. - All four heart chambers are at rest. - Semilunar valves are open. - Passive filling of the ventricles is under way.

- AV valves are open. - All four heart chambers are at rest. - Passive filling of the ventricles is under way.

Select all that are true regarding veins. - At rest, they contain the most blood in the body. - During exercise, they decrease in length to shift blood to the systemic circulation. -During exercise, vasoconstriction of veins brings more blood into systemic circulation. - After exercise, vasodilation of veins brings blood back into venous reservoirs.

- At rest, they contain the most blood in the body. - During exercise, vasoconstriction of veins brings more blood into systemic circulation. - After exercise, vasodilation of veins brings blood back into venous reservoirs.

Check all of the ways in which the heart chambers are involved in pulmonary circulation. - Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. - Oxygenated blood enters the right atrium. - Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium. - Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the left atrium. - Once in the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle. - Once in the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

- Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. - Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium. - Once in the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Check all of the ways in which the heart chambers are involved in pulmonary circulation. - Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. - Oxygenated blood enters the right atrium. - The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. - The left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. - Pulmonary veins pass blood into the left atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle. - Pulmonary veins pass blood into the right atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle.

- Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. - The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. - Pulmonary veins pass blood into the left atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle.

Check all that are a function of the pericardium. - Prevent the heart from bouncing in the thoracic cavity. - Prevent the heart from overfilling with blood. - Aid the heart in the strength of contractions. - Create a near-frictionless environment through the production of serous fluid.

- Prevent the heart from bouncing in the thoracic cavity. - Prevent the heart from overfilling with blood. - Create a near-frictionless environment through the production of serous fluid.

Select all the hormones that affect blood pressure. - angiotensin II - aldosterone - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

- angiotensin II - aldosterone - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which of the following would cause a temporary increase in arterial blood pressure? Check all that apply. - decreased blood volume - increased blood volume - increased cardiac output - decreased cardiac output - vasoconstriction - vasodilation

- increased blood volume - increased cardiac output - vasoconstriction

Select all that are arteries serving the pelvis and perineum. - superior gluteal artery - renal artery - middle suprarenal artery - middle rectal artery

- superior gluteal artery - middle rectal artery

What are the structures included in the heart's conduction system? Check all that apply. -Purkinje fibers -Atrioventricular bundle -atrioventricular (AV) node -Sinoatrial (SA) node

-Purkinje fibers -Atrioventricular bundle -atrioventricular (AV) node -Sinoatrial (SA) node

Put the steps of the cardiac cycle into the correct order, starting with the beginning of the cardiac cycle.

1. Atrial contraction and ventricular filling 2. Isovolumic contraction 3. Ventricular ejection 4. Isovolumic relaxation 5. Atrial relaxation and ventricular filling

Match the component of the electrocardiogram to the correct definition. 1. P wave 2. QRS complex 3. T wave 4. PQ segment 5. ST segment

1. Atrial depolarization 2. Ventricular depolarization 3. Ventricular repolarization 4. Atrial contraction or atrial systole 5. Ventricular contraction or ventricular systole

What layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers?

1. Blood from the placenta enters the umbilical vein. 2. Blood is shunted away from the liver and toward the inferior vena cava. 3. Oxygenated blood in the ductus venosus mixes with deoxygenated blood in the inferior vena cava. 4. Blood empties into the right atrium. 5. Blood is shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium via the foramen ovale. 6. Blood flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta.

Put the pattern of circulation into the correct order, beginning with the pulmonary circulation.

1. Blood leaves the right side of the heart. 2. Blood enters the pulmonary arteries and travels to the lungs. 3. Blood enters the pulmonary veins. 4. Blood enters the left side of the heart. 5. Blood enters the systemic arteries. 6. Blood delivers oxygen to the tissues, and then enters systemic veins.

Place the following vessels in the order of blood flow through them.

1. Elastic Arteries 2. muscular arteries 3. arterioles 4. capillaries 5. venules 6. small veins 7. large veins

When blood that is low in oxygen is pumped out of the right ventricle, what is the order of vessels in its path?

1. Enters the pulmonary trunk 2. Enters either the left or right pulmonary arteries 3. Enters arterioles 4. enters capillaries 5. enters venules 6. enters pulmonary veins 7. enters the left atrium

Place the heart wall structures in the order you would find them, beginning with the most superficial one first.

1. Fibrous layer of the pericardial sac 2. Serous layer of the pericardial sac 3. Pericardial cavity 4. Epicardium 5. Myocardium 6. Endocardium

Please match the event in the cardiac cycle with the corresponding component of an ECG. 1. Ventricles depolarize and contract 2. Atria depolarize and contract 3. Ventricles repolarize and relax

1. QRS complex 2. P wave 3. T wave

Place the steps of angiotensin II formation in the correct sequence.

1. low blood pressure in kidney 2. renin released into the blood 3. conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I 4. ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II 5. vasoconstriction occurs and thirst center is stimulated

Match the vessel with its associated chamber. 1. Inferior and superior vena cava 2. Pulmonary trunk 3. Pulmonary veins 4. Aorta

1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle

A patient's systolic pressure is 130 and diastolic pressure is 90. What is the pulse pressure? (a) 103 (b) 40 (c) 60 (d) 220

40

What might happen if the fibrous skeleton was missing? (a) All four heart chambers would contract nearly simultaneously. (b) Ventricles would contract before the atria. (c) Left heart chambers would contract before right heart chambers. (d) No heart chambers would contract.

All four heart chambers would contract nearly simultaneously.

Match the heart valve with its description.

Between left ventricle and ascending aorta -- Aortic semilunar valve Between right atrium and right ventricle -- Tricuspid valve Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk -- Pulmonary semilunar valve Between left atrium and left ventricle -- Bicuspid valve

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

During EXERCISE, there is an increase in TOTAL BLOOD FLOW due to a faster and stronger heartbeat and because blood is removed from the "reservoirs" of the veins to the ACTIVE CIRCULATION. There is also a REDISTRIBUTION of blood. In contrast, LESS total blood flow is distributed to the abdominal organs, SLOWING digestive processes; less is transported to the kidneys, which DECREASES urine output to maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

At which point on an ECG is the second heart sound, "dupp," heard? (a) PR segment (b) QRS complex (c) End of T wave (d) P wave

End of T wave

TRUE OR FALSE: Four main arterial branches emerge from the aortic arch.

False

True or False: Functional end arteries terminate in capillary beds only.

False

True or false: Cardiac muscle tissue contains fewer mitochondria than are found in skeletal muscle tissue.

False

True or false: In modifying cardiac activity, the parasympathetic innervation comes from the cardioacceleratory center in the brain and the sympathetic innervation comes from the cardioinhibitory center in the brain.

False

True or false: The audible heart sounds are caused by the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

False

True or false: We are always able to predict the net effect on cardiac output from changes in SV and HR.

False

Which of the following does not contribute to the ability of cardiac muscle to meet it's energy demands? (a) Glycolytic enzymes (b) numerous large mitochondria (c) extensive blood supply (d) myoglobin

Glycolytic enzymes

Given that cardiac output equals ____________, there are only two ways to change it: change the heart rate or change the stroke volume. (a) HR X SV (b) HR + SV (c) HR/SV (d) None of the choices are correct

HR X SV

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Hydrostatic pressure: - can promote filtration from a capillary - physical force exerted by a fluid on a structure - mainly pushes material out of a capillary Colloid Osmotic pressure: - pull of water back into a tissue - typically promotes reabsorption

Indicate whether the given condition would increase or decrease blood flow with all other factors being equal.

Increase Flow: - increasing vessel radius - aldosterone hyper secretion Decrease flow: - increasing vessel length - increasing red blood cell count - erythropoietin hyper secretion (or injection)

Match the appropriate description with the fetal remnant listed.

Located between the pulmonary trunk and aorta -- Ligamentum arteriosum Located between the right and left atria -- Fossa ovalis Remnant of the ductus arteriosis -- Ligamentum arteriosum Remnant of the foramen ovale -- Fossa ovalis

Place the vessels of fetal blood circulation in the correct sequence.

Oxygentated blood: - umbilical vein - ductus venosus - inferior vena cava - right atrium - foramen ovale - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - umbilical arteries Nutrient and gas exchange at the placenta:

Indicate whether each structure is part of the systemic or pulmonary circuit.

Pulmonary circuit: - Pulmonary veins - Pulmonary Trunk - Right ventricle - lungs Systemic circuit: - aorta - vena cavae - brachial veins - left atrium

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Pulmonary circuit: - shorter vessels - lower overall blood pressure - wider lumen in arteries Systemic circuit: - longer vessels - more elastic tissue in arteries - higher overall blood pressure

Indicate whether each structure is part of the systemic or pulmonary circuit. (a) P-Q segment (b) P-R interval (c) S-T segment (d) Q-T interval

Q-T interval

The first heart sound, "lubb," is heard when the AV valves close, and this is related to the _________ on an ECG. (a) P wave (b) PQ interval (c) PR segment (d) QRS complex

QRS complex

Which ECG component corresponds to the repolarization of the ventricles? (a) QRS complex (b) P wave (c) T wave (d) ST segment

T wave

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. Not all terms will be used.

The SA node SPONTANEOUSLY fires at regular intervals. This is because the cells of the SA node do not have a stable RESTING membrane potential like skeletal muscles or neurons. Their membrane potential starts at about -60 mV and drifts upward. This upward drift towards a gradual DEPOLARIZATION is called the pacemaker potential. This results from a slow inflow of Na⁺ without a compensating outflow of K⁺.

What is the function of the four heart valves? (a) They create electrical impulses that can be recorded on an ECG. (b) They make sure that blood from the right and left sides of the heart isn't mixed. (c) To allow the blood to flow in only one direction through the heart.

To allow the blood to flow in only one direction through the heart.

TRUE OR FALSE: In the upper limb, the deep veins are named similarly to the supplying arteries.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The cerebral arteries dilate when the systemic BP drops and constrict when it rises.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The superior and inferior epigastric arteries anastamose extensively.

True

True or false: An atrial septal defect leads to enlargement of the right side of the heart.

True

True or false: Serous fluid secreted by both the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, and released into the pericardial cavity, lubricates the membranes and facilitates the almost frictionless movement of the heart when it beats.

True

True or false: The P wave of the ECG coincides with ventricular filling.

True

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

Typically fluid filters OUT the arterial end of a capillary. Fluid will then osmotically reenter at the VENOUS end. This fluid delivers materials to the cells and removes its WASTE. This shift in fluid balance at the arterial end is referred to as HYDROSTATIC pressure. This is the physical force exerted by a LIQUID against a surface like a capillary wall.

Referred pain, often down the left shoulder and arm, in response to myocardial ischemia is called (a) myocardial infarction (b) ischemic pain (c) angina pectoris (d) traveling pain

angina pectoris

Tendinous cords in the sheep heart tether the cusps of __________ valves to prevent the backflow of blood. (a) atrioventricular (b) semilunar (c) venous

atrioventricular

Which valves are located between the atria and the ventricles? (a) atrioventricular (AV) valves (b) semilunar valves

atrioventricular (AV) valves

How are the sounds of a heartbeat in a healthy heart created? (a) by atria moving against ventricles (b) by heart valves closing (c) by heart valves opening

by heart valves closing

The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called (a) cardiac reserve (b) preload (c) stroke volume (d) after load (e) contractility

cardiac reserve

When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle, the bicuspid valve is __________ and the aortic semilunar valve is __________. (a) closed; closed (b) open; open (c) closed; open (d) open; closed

closed; open

Because the ventricular myocardium is compressed during ventricular _______, most coronary flow occurs during ventricular _______. (a) contraction; relaxation (b) relaxation; contraction (c) relaxation; relaxation (d) contraction; contraction

contraction; relaxation

Excess potassium ions in cardiac tissue will cause the heart rate and stroke volume to (a) decrease (b) increase

decrease

The second heart sound, "dupp," is heard when the semilunar valves close, and this is related to the _________ on an ECG. (a) QRS complex (b) P wave (c) PQ interval (d) end of the T wave

end of the T wave

The external layer of the heart wall is the (a) endocardium (b) myocardium (c) epicardium

epicardium

Once the femoral vein passes superior to the inguinal ligament, it is renamed the ______________ vein. (a) external iliac (b) internal iliac (c) inguinal (d) deep femoral

external iliac

Left and right coronary arteries are considered ________ end arteries. (a) anastomotic (b) true (c) shunt (d) functional

functional

The _____ rate can be determined by counting the number of QRS complexes on the ECG during one minute.

heart

The dural venous sinuses drain primarily into the (a) external jugular vein (b) internal jugular vein (c) brachiocephalic vein (d) subclavian vein

internal jugular vein

During which event of the cardiac cycle are all four valves closed while both the atria and ventricles relax? (a) ventricular ejection (b) ventricular filling (c) isovolumic contraction (d) isovolumic relaxation

isovolumic relaxation

The sinoatrial (SA) node is referred to as the _____________ of the heart. (a) conductor (b) pacemaker (c) cardioinhibitor (d) purkinje

pacemaker

Which vessel drains capillaries? (a) postcapillary venules (b) metarterioles (c) capillary arteries (d) sinusoids

postcapillary venules

A long-term response to an increase in blood pressure would involve (a) kidneys detect the increase and increase renin secretion. (b) the lungs increase the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. (c) stimulation of the hypothalamus increases ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary. (d) stimulation of the atrial myocardium increases atrial natriuretic hormone.

stimulation of the atrial myocardium increases atrial natriuretic hormone.

The numerator (upper number) of the blood pressure ratio represents the (a) systolic pressure (b) diastolic pressure

systolic pressure

Which heart sound is louder and longer? (a) the first heart sound (b) heart valves opening (c) the second heart sound (d) the third heart sound

the first heart sound

The ventricles relax leading to (a) the second heart sound (b) heart valves opening (c) the first heart sound (d) atria moving against ventricles

the second heart sound

Which heart sound is shorter and crisper? (a) the second heart sound (b) the third heart sound (c) the first heart sound (d) heart valves opening

the second heart sound

A coronal section of the heart reveals that the left ventricular wall is significantly __________________ that the right ventricular wall. (a) redder (b) thinner (c) thicker

thicker

The __________ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle. (a) tricuspid (b) bicuspid (c) pulmonary semilunar (d) aortic semilunar

tricuspid

The right atrioventicular valve is also known as the _________________ valve, whereas the left atrioventricular valve is also known as the __________________ valve.

tricuspid; bicuspid

What layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers? (a) tunica media (b) tunica intima (c) tunica externa

tunica externa

What layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue? (a) tunica media (b) tunica intima (c) tunica externa

tunica intima

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary _________________. (a) arteries (b) veins (c) capillaries

veins

During which event of the cardiac cycle do the atria both relax and contract? (a) ventricular ejection (b) ventricular filling (c) isovolumic contraction (d) isovolumic relaxation

ventricular filling

The serous pericardium that adheres directly to the heart is the __________ pericardium. (a) endothelial (b) fibrous (c) visceral (d) parietal

visceral

During the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle (a) voltage-gated sodium channels open. (b) voltage-gated potassium channels open. (c) ligand-gated calcium channels open.

voltage-gated sodium channels open.