Unit 4: Lower Limb
medially medial side of the digits of the foot posterior surface anterior surface
During development, the lower limb rotates ______ After rotation, the big toe is located on the _____ side of the digits of the foot Lower limb flexors for the knee and ankle are located on the _______ Lower limb extensors are located on the ________
pelvic girdle
Formed by a pair of hip bones or os coxae or coxal bones that meet anteriorly at the pubic symphasis
pubis
Forms the anterior portion of the hip bone Articulates with the ischium and the illium inferior to the pubic symphysis, the inferior rami of the 2 pubic bones converge to form the pubic arch
ischium (butt bone)
Forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone The thick body articulates with ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the pubis which bone is this
hip joint and ball and socket (synovial)
Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum Allows for good range of motion but it is limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments that surround it and provide stability what joint and what type
I deep fibular nerve J tibial nerve medial: sural nerve K deep fibular nerve L superficial fibular nerve
I-L and medialmost near J
illium
Large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint which bone is this
knee joint Intermediate patellofemoral join Lateral tibiofemoral joint Medial tibiofemoral joint
Largest and most complex joint of the body Consists of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity what joint and what are the 3
femoral nerve
Largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus Deep to the inguinal ligament, lateral to the femoral artery
tibia
Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
femur
Sole bone of the thigh Strongest and largest bone of the body Articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula which bone is this
fibula
Stick like bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges of the foot composed of 7 bones in the posterior portion
Supports body weight and act as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running
true
T/F Since the pelvic girdle has to withstand the weight of the human body, the bones that compose it are more massive than those of the pectoral girdle.
the superior extensor retinaculum and the inferior extensor retinaculum
The tendons of the muscles in the anterior compartment that move the foot and toes are held firmly to the ankle by the _______
tibia and fibula femur ankle bones
They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane They articulate with the _____ proximally and with the ______ distally which bones
bony pelvis
Together with the bones of the sacrum and the coccyx form the _____
K right fibular (peroneal) L right arcuate M right dorsalis pedis N right dorsal metatarsal O right dorsal digital
What are K-O
- Articular capsule - Acetabular labrum - Ligament of the head of the femur - Iliofemoral ligament - Pubofemoral ligament - Ischiofemoral ligament
components of the hip joint (6)
Articular capsule Tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Menisci- medial and lateral
components of the knee joint
1. abdominal aorta 2. right common illiac 3. left common illiac 4. right extenal illiac 5. right femoral 6. right internal illiac 7. right femoral 8. right deep artery of thigh (deep femoral) 9. right popliteal 10. right anterior tibial 11. right posterior tibial 12. right fibular (peroneal) 13. right dorsalis pedis 14. right arcuate 15. right lateral plantar 16. right medial plantar 17. right dorsal metatarsal 18. right dorsal digital 19. right plantar arch 20. right plantar metatarsal 21. right plantar digital
draw this out
1. inferior vena cava 2. right common illiac 3. left common illiac 4. right external illiac 5. right internal illiac 6. right femoral 7. right deep vein of the thigh (deep femoral) 8. right great saphenous 9. right femoral 10. right popliteal 11. right small saphoneous 12. right anterior tibial 13. right posterior tibial 14. right fibular 15. right dorsal arch 16. right lateral plantar 17. right medial plantar 18. right dorsal metatarsal 19. right plantar metatarsal 20. right deep venous plantar arch 21, right dorsal digital 22. right plantar digital
draw this out
Boundaries: o Superior-medial: inguinal ligament o Lateral: Sartorius o Inferior-medial: adductor longus o Floor: Iliopsoas Contents: o Medial to lateral: Femoral VAN (vein, artery, nerve), deep inguinal lymph nodes and entrance of great saphenous vein
femoral triangle boundaries and contents
weight baring and stability
function of the lower limbs
Longest vein in the body Located on the medial side of the lower limb Empties into the femoral vein subject to becoming varicose with formation of clots Used in coronary bypass surgery Often used for prolonged IV superficial vein
great saphoneous vein location, facts, and uses
- the greater pelvis is shallower - the pelvic brim (inlet) is wider and more oval - the pubic arch has a greater than 90 degree angle - the pelvic outlet is wider - the ilium is less vertical - the greater sciatic notch is wide - the iliac crest is less curved - the acetabulum is small and faces anteriorly - the obturator foramen is oval
important features of the female pelvis that are adapted for childbirth are....
Innervates gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal nerve innvervates what
Foot drop o Foot is plantar flexed o frequently from fractures of the fibula or by pressure from casts or splints over the thigh or leg.
injury to the common peroneal (fibular) nerve causes....
Inability to extend the leg Loss of sensation in the skin over the anteromedial thigh May result from stab or gunshot wounds
injury to the femoral nerves causes......
paralysis of the adductor muscles of the thigh loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the thigh It may result from pressure on the nerve by the fetal head during pregnancy.
injury to the obturator nerve causes.......
Sciatica • Type of neuritis characterized by severe pain along path of the sciatic nerve and its branches • May be a result of inflammation due to a herniated disc
injury to the sciatic nerve causes......
patella
is a large sesamoid bone that forms within the quadriceps femoris tendon cartilaginous at birth and ossifies once walking begins glides along knee articulation in a superior - inferior direction which bone is this
Consists of muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot Peroneus (fibularis) longus Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
lateral compartment of the muscles that move the leg and toes is made up of what and what do they have in common
sciatic nerve
longest and thickest nerve of the body
Involves the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 Supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower extremity
lumbar plexus involves the rami of which spinal nerves and supplies what (3)
1. sciatic nerve 2. superior gluteal nerve 3. inferior gluteal nerve
major nerve branches of the sacral plexus are
femoral nerve and obturator nerve
major nerves from the lumbar plexus are
- are larger and heavier - have thicker articular ends - have larger surface markings for muscle attachment (due to larger muscles)
male pelvis is different than the female pelvis in what ways (3)
gracilis
medialmost muscle of the lower limb
Iliopsoas
most powerful flexor of the thigh
sartorius, quadriceps femoris quads are: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius extend the leg quads: insertion at patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
muscles in the anterior compartment of thigh and and collectively what do they have in common
intrinsic muscles of the foot because they originate and insert within the foot Help with support and locomotion
muscles that move the toes are called _____ and what do they do
femoral nerve
nerve that innervates the very anterior muscles on the lower limb
obturator nerve
nerve that runs through the obturator foramen
Diamond shaped space on the posterior aspect of the knee Boundaries o Superior: Medial: Semitendinosis, semimembranosus Lateral: Biceps femoris o Inferior: Gastrocnemius Contents: o popliteal artery and vein o Bifurcation of sciatic nerve into tibial and fibular nerves o Entrance of small saphenous vein
popliteal fossa shape boundaries and contents
Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus (more noticeable tendon) Semimembranosus flex leg and extend the thigh
posterior compartment of the femur tibia and fibula is made of what muscles and what do they collectively do
Arises from L4-S4 Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum
sacral plexus arises from what and supplies what
o Supplies the buttock, perineum, lower extremities Hamstrings and Adductor magnus
sciatic nerve supplies and innervates what
Located on the lateral side Empties into the popliteal veins in the popliteal fossa superficial vein
small saphoneous vein empty into where and location
Innervates: Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae
superior gluteal nerve innervates what
false
t/f there is a muscle directly medial to the tibia
truee
t/f the insertion moves toward the origin during contraction
Obturator internus Obturator externus Inferior gemellus Superior gemellus Quadratus femoris
the 5 muscles that make up the muscle group below the piriformis that laterally rotate and abduct the thigh
gluteus maximus
the biggest and superficialmost muscle on the posterior part of the lower body
1. superficial fibular nerve 2. deep fibular nerve
the common peroneal (fibular) nerve branches into 2 major nerves. what are they
Anterior compartment o Tibialis anterior o extensor hallucis longus o extensor digitorum longus (and brevis) o skin on adjacent sides of great and second toes
the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve supplies and innervates what
Divided into two groups: dorsal muscles of the foot extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis plantar muscles of the foot 4 layers
the intrinsic muscles of the foot are divided into how many groups and what are they
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis mostly adduct and flex the femur at the hip and originate around the pubis
the medial compartment of the thigh are made up of what muscles and what do they collectively all have in common?
Consists of muscles that plantar flex the foot and innervate by tibial nerve Popliteus tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus
the posterior deep compartment of the foot and toes is made up of what muscles and they commonly do what
piriformis
the small triangular muscle that lays right over the sciatic nerve and above a small muscle group
Achilles or calcaneal tendon
the strongest tendon of the body.
Lateral compartment o Peroneus (fibularis) longus and Peroneus (fibularis) brevis o skin over distal third of anterior aspect of leg and dorsum of foot
the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve supplies and innervates what
Innervates the flexor muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Tibialis posterior • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallucis longus
the tibial nerves innervates what
A internal illiac artery B external illiac artery C superior gluteal artery D inferior gluteal artery E obturator artery
what A-E
F deep fibular nerve G anterior tibial artery H femoral nerve I femoral artery J femoral vein K external illiac artery
what F-K
U pubic tubercle V superior ramus of pubis W acetabular notch
what U-W
A illiohypogastric nerve B illioinguinal nerve C obturator nerve group near it is the scaral plexus D lumbar plexus
what are A-D and plexus near C
A Inferior Vena Cava B right common illiac vein C right internal illiac vein D right external illiac vein E left common illiac vein
what are A-E
A abdominal aorta B left common illiac C right common illiac D right internal illiac E right external illiac
what are A-E
A arucate line B anterior inferior illiac spine C illiac fossa D anterior superior illiac spine E illiac crest
what are A-E
A intercondylar eminence B medial condyle C lateral condyle D head E fibula
what are A-E
A posterior inferior illiac spine B posterior superior illiac spine C superior gluteal line D inferior gluteal line E anterior gluteal line
what are A-E
A tensor fasciae latae (TFL) B sartorious C iliotibial tract D rectus femoris E vastus lateralis
what are A-E
A greater trochanter B intertrochanteric crest C head and hole is favea capitus D neck E lesser trochanter F greater trochanter
what are A-F
A inferior vena cava B abdominal aorta C left common illiac artery and vein D left external illiac artery and vein E left femoral artery F left popliteal artery
what are A-F
A internal illiac artery B internal illiac artery C femoral vein D great saphenous vein E anterior tibial artery F external illiac artery
what are A-F
A psoas major B illiacus C tensor fasciae latae D adductor magnus E sartorious F gracilis
what are A-F
E ischial tuberosity F lesser sciatic notch G ischial spine H greater sciatic notch
what are E-H
E femoral nerve F femoral nerve lateralmost: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve G sciatic nerve H common fibular nerve
what are E-H and latermost near E and F
F anterior illiac crest G tubercle of the illiac crest H ala I anterior superior illiac spine J anterior inferior illiac spine
what are F-J
F fibular notch G lateral malleolus H medial malleolus I lateral malleolus J anterior border
what are F-J
F illiac tuberosity G sacral articular surface H posterior superior illiac spine I posterior inferior illiac spine J greater sciatic notch
what are F-J
F right deep artery of the thigh G right femoral artery H right popliteal artery I right anterior tibial J right posterior tibial
what are F-J
F vastus medialis G tibialis anterior H extensor digitorum longus I fibularis (peroneus) longus J extensor hallicus longus
what are F-J
F right deep vein of the thigh (deep femoral vein) G right femoral vein H SKIP I right great saphenous vein J right popliteal vein k right anterior tibial
what are F-K
G left posterior tibial artery H left anterior tibial artery I right small saphenous vein J right great saphenous vein K right anterior tibial artery
what are G-K
G rectus femoris H adductor longus I vastus lateralis J sartorious K vastus medialis
what are G-K
G external illiac vein H femoral artery I popliteal artery J deep fibular artery K posterior tibial artery L anterior tibial artery
what are G-L
G intertrochanteric crest H gluteal tuberosity I body J linea aspera K intercondylar fossa L lateral epicondyle
what are G-L
K tibia L fibula M head N lateral condyle
what are K-N
K body of illium L acetabulum M greater sciatic notch N body of ischium O ischial spine
what are K-O
L right posterior tibial vein M right great saphenous vein N right anterior tibial vein O right small saphenous v P right dorsal venous arch
what are L-P
L right great saphenous vein M right femoral artery and vein N right external illiac artery and vein O right internal illiac artery and vein P right common illiac artery and vein Q right gonadal artery
what are L-Q
M sciatic nerve N femoral vein O femoral artery P common fibular nerve Q tibial nerve R posterior tibial artery
what are M-R
M lateral condyle N/Q medial condyle O/R medial epicondyle P/S adductor tubercle T lateral condyle U lateral epicondyle V patellar surface
what are M-V
P ischial tuberosity Q ramus of ischium R inferior ramus of pubis S pubic symphysis T pubic crest
what are P-T
P lesser sciatic notch Q ischial tuberosity R ramus of the ischium S inferior ramus of pubis T obturator foramen
what are P-T
P right lateral plantar Q right medial plantar R right plantar arch S right plantar metatarsal T right plantar digital
what are P-T
Q gluteus medius R piriformis S adductor magnus T biceps femoris
what are Q-T
Q right dorsal metatarsal v R right dorsal digital v S right medial plantar v T right deep plantar venous arch U right plantar digital v
what are Q-U
U ligament of femoral head V illiofemoral ligament W obturator membrane X ischiofemoral ligament
what are U-X
U pubic tubercle V body of pubis W superior ramus of pubis X pectineal line
what are U-X
U semitendinosus V semimembranosus W gracilis X gastrocnemius
what are U-X
V right small saphenous v W right fibular v X right lateral plantar v Y right plantar metatarsal v Z SKIP
what are V-Z
A illiofemoral ligament B greater trochanter C lesser trochanter D ischiofemoral ligament
what are a-d
K body of illium L body of ischium M ischial spine N lesser sciatic notch O obturator foramen
what are k-o
M tibialis posterior N gastrocnemius O flexor hallicus longus P flexor digitorum longus Q fibularis (peroneus) longus R soleus S calcaneal/achilles tendon
what are m-s
Origin: lumbar vertebrae Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur Action: flex thigh, laterally rotate thigh Innervation: Lumbar spinal nerves L2-L3, Femoral nerve made up of illiacus and psoas major
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of Iliopsoas
O: Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx Ins: iliotibial band and linea aspera (gluteal tuberosity) A: extends and laterally rotates thigh Inn: Inferior gluteal nerve
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of gluteus maximus
Origin: superior ramus of pubis Ins: pectineal line A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: femoral nerve (seen anteriorly mostly) medial compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of pectineus and what compartment is it in
O: head and body of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia Ins: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform A: plantarflex and evert foot Inn: Supeficial fibular (peroneal) nerve lateral compartment of the foot and toes
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the Peroneus (fibularis) brevis and what compartment is it in
O: head and body of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia Ins: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform A: plantarflex and evert foot Inn: Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve lateral compartment of foot and toes
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the Peroneus (fibularis) longus and what compartment is it in
Origin: inferior ramus of pubis Ins: superior half of linea aspera A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: Obturator nerve (cant see on cadaver) medial compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the adductor brevis and what compartment is it in
Origin: pubic symphysis Ins: linea aspera A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: Obturator nerve (seen anteriorly) medial compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the adductor longus and what compartment is is in
Origin: inferior ramus of pubis and ischium Ins: pectineal line A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: Obturator and sciatic nerves (seen posteriorly) medial compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the adductor magnus and what compartment is it in
O: long head- ischial tuberosity short head- linea aspera Ins: head of fibula A: flex leg, extend thigh Inn: Tibial and common fibial nerves from the sciatic nerve posterior compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the biceps femoris and what compartment is it in
O: Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Ins: middle and distal phalanges of toes II- V A: dorsiflexes foot and extends distal and middle phalanges of toes Inn: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle is part of the extensor digitorum longus anterior of the foot compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the extensor digitorum longus and what compartment is it in
O: anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Ins: distal phalanx of big toe A: dorsiflexes foot and extends proximal phalanx of big toe Inn: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve anterior of the foot compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the extensor hallicus longus and what compartment is it in
O: Posterior surface of tibia Ins: Distal phalanges of toes II-V A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes phalanges Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the flexor digitorum longus and what compartment is it in
O: Inferior two-thirds of fibula Ins: Distal phalanx of great toe A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes big toe Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the flexor hallicus longus and what compartment is it in
O: Lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee Ins: Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint Inn: Tibial nerve posterior superficial compartment of the toes and foot
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the gastrocnemius and what compartment is it in
O: Ilium Ins: Greater trochanter of femur A: abducts and medially rotates thigh Inn: Superior gluteal nerve
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the gluteus medias and gluteus minimis
Origin: inferior ramus of pubis Ins: medial body surface of tibia A: adducts thigh at the hip, medially rotates thigh, flexes leg at the knee joint Inn: Obturator nerve (medialmost, passes 2 joints so act on both)
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the gracilis and what compartment is it in
O: Anterior sacrum Ins: Greater trochanter of femur A: Abducts and laterally rotates thigh Inn: Sacral spinal nerves S1 or S2, mainly S1
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the piriformis
O Lateral condyle of femur Ins: Proximal tibia A: Flexes leg at knee joint and medially rotates tibia to unlock the extended knee Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the popliteus and what compartment is it in
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine Ins: patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament A: extend the leg at the knee and flexes thigh Inn: Femoral nerve anterior compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the rectus femoris and what compartment is it in
O: Anterior superior iliac spine Ins: Medial surface of tibia A: Flexes leg at knee; flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh Inn: Femoral nerve anterior compartment (diagonal muscle)
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the sartorius and what compartment is it in
O: Ischial tuberosity Ins: Medial condyle of tibia A: flex leg, extend thigh Inn: Tibial nerve from sciatic nerve posterior compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the semimembranosus and what compartment is it in
O: Ischial tuberosity Ins: Medial surface of tibia A: flex leg, extend thigh Inn: Tibial nerve from sciatic nerve posterior compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the semitendinosus and what compartment is it in
O: head of fibula and medial border of tibia Ins: Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint Inn: Tibial nerve posterior superficial compartment of the toes and foot
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the soleus and what compartment is it in
O: Iliac crest Ins: tibia by way of iliotibial band A: Flexes and abducts thigh at hip joint Inn: Superior gluteal nerve
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the tensor fasciae lata (TFL)
O: lateral condyle and body of tibia Ins: 1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal A: dorsiflexes and inverts the foot Inn: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve anterior of the foot compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the tibialis anterior and what compartment is it in
O: Tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane Ins: Metatarsals II-V; navicular; all three cuneiforms; and cuboid A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the tibialis posterior and what compartment is it in
Vastus lateralis O: Greater trochanter and linea aspera Vastus medialis O: Linea aspera Vastus intermedius O: Anterior femur Ins: patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament A: extend the leg at the knee Inn: Femoral nerve anterior compartment
what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the vastus lateralis, intermedias, and medias and what compartment are they in
Metatarsals
what are these
cuniforms (1,2,3)
what are these
tarsals
what are these
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
what component of the knee is this Limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
Tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments
what component of the knee is this Prevent side-to-side movement
Posterior cruciate ligament
what component of the knee is this Prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
Supplies flexors of the thigh and extensors of the leg Also supplies skin on front and medial thigh, medial leg and foot supplies Flexors of the hip • Iliacus, Psoas major, pectineus Extensors of the knee • Quadriceps femoris, sartorius
what does the femoral nerve supply and innvervate
Supplies adductor muscles of the leg Also supplies skin over the medial thigh supplies Adductors of the hip • Adductor longus, magnus, brevis and gracilis
what does the obturator nerve supply and innervate
error in the tracking of the knee articulation in a superior to inferior direction
what is runner's knee
athletes in football when plant one foot to run and another person runs into the knee from the side causing separation and twisting of the knee As a result of a blow from the lateral side while the foot is fixed on the ground ■ Involves 3 structures: Rupture of the medial collateral ligament Tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament Tearing of the medial meniscus
what is the unhappy triad and how does it often happen and to what demographic and what 3 structures are involved
calcaneus
what is this
cuboid
what is this
navicular
what is this
talus
what is this
hip joint triaxial synovial, ball and socket femur and pelvis Q obturator membrane R pubofemoral ligament S iliofemoral ligament T inguinal ligament
what joint is this what type what bones are involved what are the labeled parts
knee joint synovial hinge joint (flexion, extension) femur and tibia A lateral meniscus B lateral (fibular) collateral ligament C interosseous membrane D patellar ligament
what joint is this what type of joint what bones are involved and what are these parts
knee joint synovial hinge joint femur and tibia E medial meniscus F posterior cruciate ligament G anterior cruciate ligament H medial (tibial) collateral ligament I patella
what joint is this what type of joint what bones are involved and what are these
knee joint synovial hinge joint (flexion, extension) femur and tibia J medial (tibial) collateral ligament K lateral meniscus L medial meniscus M patellar ligament N lateral (fibular) collateral ligament O posterior cruciate ligament P anterior cruciate ligament
what joint is this what type of joint what bones are involved and what are these
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus dorsiflex the foot
what makes up the anterior part of the muscles that move the toes and foot and what do they collectively have in common
popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
what makes up the posterior deep part of the muscles that move the toes and foot and what do they collectively have in common
Consists of muscles that plantar flex the foot Share a common tendon of insertion, the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. inv by tibial nerve Known as calf muscles Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris- sometimes absent sometimes 2 present The large size of these muscles is directly related to the characteristic upright stance of humans
what makes up the posterior superficial part of the muscles that move the toes and foot and what do they collectively have in common
Menisci (medial and lateral)
- Two pads of fibrocartilaginous tissue - Disperse friction in the knee joint between the femur and thigh what component of the knee is this
1. tibial nerve 2. common fibular (peroneal) nerve
2 nerves that make up the sciatic nerve
deep veins
Accompany arteries and have the same names Subject to deep vein thrombosis
illium, ishchium, pubis
At birth, there are 3 separate bones in the pelvic girdle and they are _______
talus and calcaneus tibia and fibula calcaneus
Body weight is carried primarily on the ______and _____ of the foot The talus articulates with the _____ superiorly, and the ________ inferiorly