Unit 4: Lower Limb

medially medial side of the digits of the foot posterior surface anterior surface

During development, the lower limb rotates ______ After rotation, the big toe is located on the _____ side of the digits of the foot Lower limb flexors for the knee and ankle are located on the _______ Lower limb extensors are located on the ________

pelvic girdle

Formed by a pair of hip bones or os coxae or coxal bones that meet anteriorly at the pubic symphasis

pubis

Forms the anterior portion of the hip bone Articulates with the ischium and the illium inferior to the pubic symphysis, the inferior rami of the 2 pubic bones converge to form the pubic arch

ischium (butt bone)

Forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone The thick body articulates with ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the pubis which bone is this

hip joint and ball and socket (synovial)

Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum Allows for good range of motion but it is limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments that surround it and provide stability what joint and what type

I deep fibular nerve J tibial nerve medial: sural nerve K deep fibular nerve L superficial fibular nerve

I-L and medialmost near J

illium

Large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint which bone is this

knee joint Intermediate patellofemoral join Lateral tibiofemoral joint Medial tibiofemoral joint

Largest and most complex joint of the body Consists of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity what joint and what are the 3

femoral nerve

Largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus Deep to the inguinal ligament, lateral to the femoral artery

tibia

Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot

femur

Sole bone of the thigh Strongest and largest bone of the body Articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula which bone is this

fibula

Stick like bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges of the foot composed of 7 bones in the posterior portion

Supports body weight and act as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running

true

T/F Since the pelvic girdle has to withstand the weight of the human body, the bones that compose it are more massive than those of the pectoral girdle.

the superior extensor retinaculum and the inferior extensor retinaculum

The tendons of the muscles in the anterior compartment that move the foot and toes are held firmly to the ankle by the _______

tibia and fibula femur ankle bones

They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane They articulate with the _____ proximally and with the ______ distally which bones

bony pelvis

Together with the bones of the sacrum and the coccyx form the _____

K right fibular (peroneal) L right arcuate M right dorsalis pedis N right dorsal metatarsal O right dorsal digital

What are K-O

- Articular capsule - Acetabular labrum - Ligament of the head of the femur - Iliofemoral ligament - Pubofemoral ligament - Ischiofemoral ligament

components of the hip joint (6)

Articular capsule Tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Menisci- medial and lateral

components of the knee joint

1. abdominal aorta 2. right common illiac 3. left common illiac 4. right extenal illiac 5. right femoral 6. right internal illiac 7. right femoral 8. right deep artery of thigh (deep femoral) 9. right popliteal 10. right anterior tibial 11. right posterior tibial 12. right fibular (peroneal) 13. right dorsalis pedis 14. right arcuate 15. right lateral plantar 16. right medial plantar 17. right dorsal metatarsal 18. right dorsal digital 19. right plantar arch 20. right plantar metatarsal 21. right plantar digital

draw this out

1. inferior vena cava 2. right common illiac 3. left common illiac 4. right external illiac 5. right internal illiac 6. right femoral 7. right deep vein of the thigh (deep femoral) 8. right great saphenous 9. right femoral 10. right popliteal 11. right small saphoneous 12. right anterior tibial 13. right posterior tibial 14. right fibular 15. right dorsal arch 16. right lateral plantar 17. right medial plantar 18. right dorsal metatarsal 19. right plantar metatarsal 20. right deep venous plantar arch 21, right dorsal digital 22. right plantar digital

draw this out

Boundaries: o Superior-medial: inguinal ligament o Lateral: Sartorius o Inferior-medial: adductor longus o Floor: Iliopsoas Contents: o Medial to lateral: Femoral VAN (vein, artery, nerve), deep inguinal lymph nodes and entrance of great saphenous vein

femoral triangle boundaries and contents

weight baring and stability

function of the lower limbs

Longest vein in the body Located on the medial side of the lower limb Empties into the femoral vein subject to becoming varicose with formation of clots Used in coronary bypass surgery Often used for prolonged IV superficial vein

great saphoneous vein location, facts, and uses

- the greater pelvis is shallower - the pelvic brim (inlet) is wider and more oval - the pubic arch has a greater than 90 degree angle - the pelvic outlet is wider - the ilium is less vertical - the greater sciatic notch is wide - the iliac crest is less curved - the acetabulum is small and faces anteriorly - the obturator foramen is oval

important features of the female pelvis that are adapted for childbirth are....

Innervates gluteus maximus

inferior gluteal nerve innvervates what

Foot drop o Foot is plantar flexed o frequently from fractures of the fibula or by pressure from casts or splints over the thigh or leg.

injury to the common peroneal (fibular) nerve causes....

Inability to extend the leg Loss of sensation in the skin over the anteromedial thigh May result from stab or gunshot wounds

injury to the femoral nerves causes......

paralysis of the adductor muscles of the thigh loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the thigh It may result from pressure on the nerve by the fetal head during pregnancy.

injury to the obturator nerve causes.......

Sciatica • Type of neuritis characterized by severe pain along path of the sciatic nerve and its branches • May be a result of inflammation due to a herniated disc

injury to the sciatic nerve causes......

patella

is a large sesamoid bone that forms within the quadriceps femoris tendon cartilaginous at birth and ossifies once walking begins glides along knee articulation in a superior - inferior direction which bone is this

Consists of muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot Peroneus (fibularis) longus Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

lateral compartment of the muscles that move the leg and toes is made up of what and what do they have in common

sciatic nerve

longest and thickest nerve of the body

Involves the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 Supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower extremity

lumbar plexus involves the rami of which spinal nerves and supplies what (3)

1. sciatic nerve 2. superior gluteal nerve 3. inferior gluteal nerve

major nerve branches of the sacral plexus are

femoral nerve and obturator nerve

major nerves from the lumbar plexus are

- are larger and heavier - have thicker articular ends - have larger surface markings for muscle attachment (due to larger muscles)

male pelvis is different than the female pelvis in what ways (3)

gracilis

medialmost muscle of the lower limb

Iliopsoas

most powerful flexor of the thigh

sartorius, quadriceps femoris quads are: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius extend the leg quads: insertion at patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

muscles in the anterior compartment of thigh and and collectively what do they have in common

intrinsic muscles of the foot because they originate and insert within the foot Help with support and locomotion

muscles that move the toes are called _____ and what do they do

femoral nerve

nerve that innervates the very anterior muscles on the lower limb

obturator nerve

nerve that runs through the obturator foramen

Diamond shaped space on the posterior aspect of the knee Boundaries o Superior: Medial: Semitendinosis, semimembranosus Lateral: Biceps femoris o Inferior: Gastrocnemius Contents: o popliteal artery and vein o Bifurcation of sciatic nerve into tibial and fibular nerves o Entrance of small saphenous vein

popliteal fossa shape boundaries and contents

Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus (more noticeable tendon) Semimembranosus flex leg and extend the thigh

posterior compartment of the femur tibia and fibula is made of what muscles and what do they collectively do

Arises from L4-S4 Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum

sacral plexus arises from what and supplies what

o Supplies the buttock, perineum, lower extremities Hamstrings and Adductor magnus

sciatic nerve supplies and innervates what

Located on the lateral side Empties into the popliteal veins in the popliteal fossa superficial vein

small saphoneous vein empty into where and location

Innervates: Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae

superior gluteal nerve innervates what

false

t/f there is a muscle directly medial to the tibia

truee

t/f the insertion moves toward the origin during contraction

Obturator internus Obturator externus Inferior gemellus Superior gemellus Quadratus femoris

the 5 muscles that make up the muscle group below the piriformis that laterally rotate and abduct the thigh

gluteus maximus

the biggest and superficialmost muscle on the posterior part of the lower body

1. superficial fibular nerve 2. deep fibular nerve

the common peroneal (fibular) nerve branches into 2 major nerves. what are they

Anterior compartment o Tibialis anterior o extensor hallucis longus o extensor digitorum longus (and brevis) o skin on adjacent sides of great and second toes

the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve supplies and innervates what

Divided into two groups: dorsal muscles of the foot extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis plantar muscles of the foot 4 layers

the intrinsic muscles of the foot are divided into how many groups and what are they

Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis mostly adduct and flex the femur at the hip and originate around the pubis

the medial compartment of the thigh are made up of what muscles and what do they collectively all have in common?

Consists of muscles that plantar flex the foot and innervate by tibial nerve Popliteus tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus

the posterior deep compartment of the foot and toes is made up of what muscles and they commonly do what

piriformis

the small triangular muscle that lays right over the sciatic nerve and above a small muscle group

Achilles or calcaneal tendon

the strongest tendon of the body.

Lateral compartment o Peroneus (fibularis) longus and Peroneus (fibularis) brevis o skin over distal third of anterior aspect of leg and dorsum of foot

the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve supplies and innervates what

Innervates the flexor muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Tibialis posterior • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallucis longus

the tibial nerves innervates what

A internal illiac artery B external illiac artery C superior gluteal artery D inferior gluteal artery E obturator artery

what A-E

F deep fibular nerve G anterior tibial artery H femoral nerve I femoral artery J femoral vein K external illiac artery

what F-K

U pubic tubercle V superior ramus of pubis W acetabular notch

what U-W

A illiohypogastric nerve B illioinguinal nerve C obturator nerve group near it is the scaral plexus D lumbar plexus

what are A-D and plexus near C

A Inferior Vena Cava B right common illiac vein C right internal illiac vein D right external illiac vein E left common illiac vein

what are A-E

A abdominal aorta B left common illiac C right common illiac D right internal illiac E right external illiac

what are A-E

A arucate line B anterior inferior illiac spine C illiac fossa D anterior superior illiac spine E illiac crest

what are A-E

A intercondylar eminence B medial condyle C lateral condyle D head E fibula

what are A-E

A posterior inferior illiac spine B posterior superior illiac spine C superior gluteal line D inferior gluteal line E anterior gluteal line

what are A-E

A tensor fasciae latae (TFL) B sartorious C iliotibial tract D rectus femoris E vastus lateralis

what are A-E

A greater trochanter B intertrochanteric crest C head and hole is favea capitus D neck E lesser trochanter F greater trochanter

what are A-F

A inferior vena cava B abdominal aorta C left common illiac artery and vein D left external illiac artery and vein E left femoral artery F left popliteal artery

what are A-F

A internal illiac artery B internal illiac artery C femoral vein D great saphenous vein E anterior tibial artery F external illiac artery

what are A-F

A psoas major B illiacus C tensor fasciae latae D adductor magnus E sartorious F gracilis

what are A-F

E ischial tuberosity F lesser sciatic notch G ischial spine H greater sciatic notch

what are E-H

E femoral nerve F femoral nerve lateralmost: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve G sciatic nerve H common fibular nerve

what are E-H and latermost near E and F

F anterior illiac crest G tubercle of the illiac crest H ala I anterior superior illiac spine J anterior inferior illiac spine

what are F-J

F fibular notch G lateral malleolus H medial malleolus I lateral malleolus J anterior border

what are F-J

F illiac tuberosity G sacral articular surface H posterior superior illiac spine I posterior inferior illiac spine J greater sciatic notch

what are F-J

F right deep artery of the thigh G right femoral artery H right popliteal artery I right anterior tibial J right posterior tibial

what are F-J

F vastus medialis G tibialis anterior H extensor digitorum longus I fibularis (peroneus) longus J extensor hallicus longus

what are F-J

F right deep vein of the thigh (deep femoral vein) G right femoral vein H SKIP I right great saphenous vein J right popliteal vein k right anterior tibial

what are F-K

G left posterior tibial artery H left anterior tibial artery I right small saphenous vein J right great saphenous vein K right anterior tibial artery

what are G-K

G rectus femoris H adductor longus I vastus lateralis J sartorious K vastus medialis

what are G-K

G external illiac vein H femoral artery I popliteal artery J deep fibular artery K posterior tibial artery L anterior tibial artery

what are G-L

G intertrochanteric crest H gluteal tuberosity I body J linea aspera K intercondylar fossa L lateral epicondyle

what are G-L

K tibia L fibula M head N lateral condyle

what are K-N

K body of illium L acetabulum M greater sciatic notch N body of ischium O ischial spine

what are K-O

L right posterior tibial vein M right great saphenous vein N right anterior tibial vein O right small saphenous v P right dorsal venous arch

what are L-P

L right great saphenous vein M right femoral artery and vein N right external illiac artery and vein O right internal illiac artery and vein P right common illiac artery and vein Q right gonadal artery

what are L-Q

M sciatic nerve N femoral vein O femoral artery P common fibular nerve Q tibial nerve R posterior tibial artery

what are M-R

M lateral condyle N/Q medial condyle O/R medial epicondyle P/S adductor tubercle T lateral condyle U lateral epicondyle V patellar surface

what are M-V

P ischial tuberosity Q ramus of ischium R inferior ramus of pubis S pubic symphysis T pubic crest

what are P-T

P lesser sciatic notch Q ischial tuberosity R ramus of the ischium S inferior ramus of pubis T obturator foramen

what are P-T

P right lateral plantar Q right medial plantar R right plantar arch S right plantar metatarsal T right plantar digital

what are P-T

Q gluteus medius R piriformis S adductor magnus T biceps femoris

what are Q-T

Q right dorsal metatarsal v R right dorsal digital v S right medial plantar v T right deep plantar venous arch U right plantar digital v

what are Q-U

U ligament of femoral head V illiofemoral ligament W obturator membrane X ischiofemoral ligament

what are U-X

U pubic tubercle V body of pubis W superior ramus of pubis X pectineal line

what are U-X

U semitendinosus V semimembranosus W gracilis X gastrocnemius

what are U-X

V right small saphenous v W right fibular v X right lateral plantar v Y right plantar metatarsal v Z SKIP

what are V-Z

A illiofemoral ligament B greater trochanter C lesser trochanter D ischiofemoral ligament

what are a-d

K body of illium L body of ischium M ischial spine N lesser sciatic notch O obturator foramen

what are k-o

M tibialis posterior N gastrocnemius O flexor hallicus longus P flexor digitorum longus Q fibularis (peroneus) longus R soleus S calcaneal/achilles tendon

what are m-s

Origin: lumbar vertebrae Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur Action: flex thigh, laterally rotate thigh Innervation: Lumbar spinal nerves L2-L3, Femoral nerve made up of illiacus and psoas major

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of Iliopsoas

O: Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx Ins: iliotibial band and linea aspera (gluteal tuberosity) A: extends and laterally rotates thigh Inn: Inferior gluteal nerve

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of gluteus maximus

Origin: superior ramus of pubis Ins: pectineal line A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: femoral nerve (seen anteriorly mostly) medial compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of pectineus and what compartment is it in

O: head and body of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia Ins: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform A: plantarflex and evert foot Inn: Supeficial fibular (peroneal) nerve lateral compartment of the foot and toes

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the Peroneus (fibularis) brevis and what compartment is it in

O: head and body of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia Ins: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform A: plantarflex and evert foot Inn: Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve lateral compartment of foot and toes

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the Peroneus (fibularis) longus and what compartment is it in

Origin: inferior ramus of pubis Ins: superior half of linea aspera A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: Obturator nerve (cant see on cadaver) medial compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the adductor brevis and what compartment is it in

Origin: pubic symphysis Ins: linea aspera A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: Obturator nerve (seen anteriorly) medial compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the adductor longus and what compartment is is in

Origin: inferior ramus of pubis and ischium Ins: pectineal line A: adducts and flexes the thigh Inn: Obturator and sciatic nerves (seen posteriorly) medial compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the adductor magnus and what compartment is it in

O: long head- ischial tuberosity short head- linea aspera Ins: head of fibula A: flex leg, extend thigh Inn: Tibial and common fibial nerves from the sciatic nerve posterior compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the biceps femoris and what compartment is it in

O: Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Ins: middle and distal phalanges of toes II- V A: dorsiflexes foot and extends distal and middle phalanges of toes Inn: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle is part of the extensor digitorum longus anterior of the foot compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the extensor digitorum longus and what compartment is it in

O: anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Ins: distal phalanx of big toe A: dorsiflexes foot and extends proximal phalanx of big toe Inn: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve anterior of the foot compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the extensor hallicus longus and what compartment is it in

O: Posterior surface of tibia Ins: Distal phalanges of toes II-V A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes phalanges Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the flexor digitorum longus and what compartment is it in

O: Inferior two-thirds of fibula Ins: Distal phalanx of great toe A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes big toe Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the flexor hallicus longus and what compartment is it in

O: Lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee Ins: Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint Inn: Tibial nerve posterior superficial compartment of the toes and foot

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the gastrocnemius and what compartment is it in

O: Ilium Ins: Greater trochanter of femur A: abducts and medially rotates thigh Inn: Superior gluteal nerve

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the gluteus medias and gluteus minimis

Origin: inferior ramus of pubis Ins: medial body surface of tibia A: adducts thigh at the hip, medially rotates thigh, flexes leg at the knee joint Inn: Obturator nerve (medialmost, passes 2 joints so act on both)

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the gracilis and what compartment is it in

O: Anterior sacrum Ins: Greater trochanter of femur A: Abducts and laterally rotates thigh Inn: Sacral spinal nerves S1 or S2, mainly S1

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the piriformis

O Lateral condyle of femur Ins: Proximal tibia A: Flexes leg at knee joint and medially rotates tibia to unlock the extended knee Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the popliteus and what compartment is it in

O: Anterior inferior iliac spine Ins: patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament A: extend the leg at the knee and flexes thigh Inn: Femoral nerve anterior compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the rectus femoris and what compartment is it in

O: Anterior superior iliac spine Ins: Medial surface of tibia A: Flexes leg at knee; flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh Inn: Femoral nerve anterior compartment (diagonal muscle)

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the sartorius and what compartment is it in

O: Ischial tuberosity Ins: Medial condyle of tibia A: flex leg, extend thigh Inn: Tibial nerve from sciatic nerve posterior compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the semimembranosus and what compartment is it in

O: Ischial tuberosity Ins: Medial surface of tibia A: flex leg, extend thigh Inn: Tibial nerve from sciatic nerve posterior compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the semitendinosus and what compartment is it in

O: head of fibula and medial border of tibia Ins: Calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint Inn: Tibial nerve posterior superficial compartment of the toes and foot

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the soleus and what compartment is it in

O: Iliac crest Ins: tibia by way of iliotibial band A: Flexes and abducts thigh at hip joint Inn: Superior gluteal nerve

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the tensor fasciae lata (TFL)

O: lateral condyle and body of tibia Ins: 1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal A: dorsiflexes and inverts the foot Inn: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve anterior of the foot compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the tibialis anterior and what compartment is it in

O: Tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane Ins: Metatarsals II-V; navicular; all three cuneiforms; and cuboid A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot Inn: Tibial nerve posterior deep compartment of the toes and foot

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the tibialis posterior and what compartment is it in

Vastus lateralis O: Greater trochanter and linea aspera Vastus medialis O: Linea aspera Vastus intermedius O: Anterior femur Ins: patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament A: extend the leg at the knee Inn: Femoral nerve anterior compartment

what are the origin, action, insertion, and innervation of the vastus lateralis, intermedias, and medias and what compartment are they in

Metatarsals

what are these

cuniforms (1,2,3)

what are these

tarsals

what are these

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

what component of the knee is this Limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur

Tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments

what component of the knee is this Prevent side-to-side movement

Posterior cruciate ligament

what component of the knee is this Prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur

Supplies flexors of the thigh and extensors of the leg Also supplies skin on front and medial thigh, medial leg and foot supplies Flexors of the hip • Iliacus, Psoas major, pectineus Extensors of the knee • Quadriceps femoris, sartorius

what does the femoral nerve supply and innvervate

Supplies adductor muscles of the leg Also supplies skin over the medial thigh supplies Adductors of the hip • Adductor longus, magnus, brevis and gracilis

what does the obturator nerve supply and innervate

error in the tracking of the knee articulation in a superior to inferior direction

what is runner's knee

athletes in football when plant one foot to run and another person runs into the knee from the side causing separation and twisting of the knee As a result of a blow from the lateral side while the foot is fixed on the ground ■ Involves 3 structures: Rupture of the medial collateral ligament Tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament Tearing of the medial meniscus

what is the unhappy triad and how does it often happen and to what demographic and what 3 structures are involved

calcaneus

what is this

cuboid

what is this

navicular

what is this

talus

what is this

hip joint triaxial synovial, ball and socket femur and pelvis Q obturator membrane R pubofemoral ligament S iliofemoral ligament T inguinal ligament

what joint is this what type what bones are involved what are the labeled parts

knee joint synovial hinge joint (flexion, extension) femur and tibia A lateral meniscus B lateral (fibular) collateral ligament C interosseous membrane D patellar ligament

what joint is this what type of joint what bones are involved and what are these parts

knee joint synovial hinge joint femur and tibia E medial meniscus F posterior cruciate ligament G anterior cruciate ligament H medial (tibial) collateral ligament I patella

what joint is this what type of joint what bones are involved and what are these

knee joint synovial hinge joint (flexion, extension) femur and tibia J medial (tibial) collateral ligament K lateral meniscus L medial meniscus M patellar ligament N lateral (fibular) collateral ligament O posterior cruciate ligament P anterior cruciate ligament

what joint is this what type of joint what bones are involved and what are these

Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus dorsiflex the foot

what makes up the anterior part of the muscles that move the toes and foot and what do they collectively have in common

popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

what makes up the posterior deep part of the muscles that move the toes and foot and what do they collectively have in common

Consists of muscles that plantar flex the foot Share a common tendon of insertion, the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. inv by tibial nerve Known as calf muscles Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris- sometimes absent sometimes 2 present The large size of these muscles is directly related to the characteristic upright stance of humans

what makes up the posterior superficial part of the muscles that move the toes and foot and what do they collectively have in common

Menisci (medial and lateral)

- Two pads of fibrocartilaginous tissue - Disperse friction in the knee joint between the femur and thigh what component of the knee is this

1. tibial nerve 2. common fibular (peroneal) nerve

2 nerves that make up the sciatic nerve

deep veins

Accompany arteries and have the same names Subject to deep vein thrombosis

illium, ishchium, pubis

At birth, there are 3 separate bones in the pelvic girdle and they are _______

talus and calcaneus tibia and fibula calcaneus

Body weight is carried primarily on the ______and _____ of the foot The talus articulates with the _____ superiorly, and the ________ inferiorly