Unit 4
1. stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex 2. causes release of the egg from the ovary 3. lowers blood calcium levels 4. stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body 5. promotes sodium uptake and potassium excretion 6. causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast-feeding (Ch 13)
1. ACTH 2. LH 3. Calcitonin 4. Insulin 5. Aldosterone 6. oxytocin
1. peak glucose levels in plasma 2. adipose tissues use glucose to produce fats storage 3. pancreas stops secretion of insulin 4. glucagon secretion is inhibited
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A
1. autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted 2. inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system 3. progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain; symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility 4. condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity 5. inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection (Ch 11)
1. Multiple sclerosis 2. Meningitis 3. Parkinson's Disease 4. Epilepsy 5. Encephalitis
1. inflammation of the middle ear; a common cause of earaches 2. condition that results from a decrease in the normal transparency of the lens 3. condition resulting from irregularities in the shape of the lens or cornea; symptoms include blurred vision 4. chronic disorder of the inner ear; symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and loss of hearing 5. condition caused by blockage of the canal of Schlemn; increased amount of aqueous humor caused increased pressure in the eye; may lead to blindness 6. distant objects appear out of focus because the eyeball is longer than normal; also known as nearsightedness 7. condition that generally occurs after age 40 as the lens stiffens; results in the inability to focus on objects that are nearby
1. Otitis Media 2. Cataracts 3. Astigmatism 4. Meniere's Syndrome 5. Glaucoma 6. Myopia 7. presbyopia
Match the following Hormones to its target organ 1. LH 2. GnRh 3. Gastrin 4. Growth hormone 5. ADH 6. Thyrotropin 7. Prolactin 8. ACTH
1. Ovary, Testis 2. Anterior Pituitary 3. Stomach 4. Muscles & Bones 5. Kidney 6. Thyroid 7. Breasts 8. Adrenal Cortex
1. postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine 2. postganglionic neurons secrete acetylchlorine 3. its effect is to prepare the body for emergencies 4. preganglionic neurons originate in the brain or sacral region of spinal cord 5. its effect results in a calm, relaxed state 6. preganglionic motor neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
1. Sympathetic nervous system 2. Sympathetic nervous system 3. Sympathetic nervous system 4. Parasympathetic nervous system 5. Parasympathetic nervous system 6. parasympathetic nervous system
1. sound waves moving through this area hit tympanic membrane 2. site of the vestibular canal and tympanic canal 3. air-filled chamber in temporal bone containing three small bones 4. location of the auditory nerve
1. outer ear 2. outer ear 3. middle ear 4. inner ear
The following is a list of structures in the eye through which light passes. Which one of the following answers best describes the order in which light passes through or hits each structure? 1. lens 2. pupil 3. cornea 4. aqueous humor 5. retina (Ch 12)
3,4,2,1,5
Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor. (Ch 12)
5, 1000
Match the events of Action Potential Propagation: Voltage threshold for membrane (Ch 11)
A (y axis)
The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?
ADH
Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential? (Ch 11)
Action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold
Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one? (Ch 11)
Action potentials are propagated by the sodium potassium pump
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control the activity of all of the following glands, EXCEPT the __________.
Adrenal medulla
The malleus and incus function to (Ch 12)
Amplify sound
In what order do the structures of the ear come into play when hearing?
Auditory Canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, cochlea, cochlear nerve
Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels: Peak glucose levels in plasma
B
Match the events of Action Potential Propagation: The membrane has repolarized (Ch 12)
B or D
Vibration of the ________ bends hairs of the hair cells, which ultimately generate impulses in ________.
Basilar Membrane, Sensory neurons
A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels (Ch 13)
Because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH
Which of the following would be triggered by a drop in blood Ca2+ levels? (Ch 13)
Both increase in PTH secretion and decrease in calcitonin secretion
Which of the following is/are involved in focusing light?
Both lens and cornea
The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?
Brain and spinal cord
Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends. (Ch 11)
Bulbs
Match the events of Action Potential Propagation: Potassium channels within the membrane are open (Ch 11)
C
During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________. (Ch 11)
Ca2+, neurotransmitter
Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?
Chemically grated channels for sodium open
Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the number of
Cones
Each of the following statements about cones is TRUE, EXCEPT which one?
Cones are evenly distributed throughout the retina, accounting for visual acuity
Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of rods and cones in the retina? (Ch 12)
Cones are more highly concentrated in the fovea centralis
pancreas stops secretion of insulin
D
Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in
Dwarfism
The vestibule contains two fluid-filled chambers, called the utricle and saccule, which are alike in that
Each has a gel-like substance on the inside
T/F Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system. (Ch 13)
False
T/F Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (Ch 11)
False
During eye examinations, a test is done to monitor the pressure within the eye. This test is done to detect (Ch 12)
Glaucoma
Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?
Glucagon
Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?
Glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.
FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.
GnRH
Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Which one of the following parts of the brain links to the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following are incorrectly paired?
Insulin: diabetes insipidus
Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
LH
Which of the following statements explains why vision is less sharp in dim light than in bright light?
Many rods converge on a single ganglion
Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the ______________. (Ch 11)
Medulla Oblongata
The pineal gland secretes ________, also known as the "hormone of darkness." (Ch 13)
Melatonin
Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are
Neuroglial cells
The "blind spot" is associated with which one of the following?
Optic disk
Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?
Parasympathetic Division
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur? (Ch 13)
Production of natural cortisol may decrease
All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?
Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata
During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron? (Ch 11)
Repolarization
A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential (Ch 11)
Resting
Which one of the following structures is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body? (Ch 12)
Semicircular canals
An individual never developed otoliths in the inner ear due to a genetic defect. Which one of the following will be impaired as a result? (Ch 12)
Sense of head position
The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information to all of the following EXCEPT which one? (Ch 11)
Sensory Division
Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via __________, while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via __________. (Ch 11)
Sensory neurons; motor neurons
All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?
The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.
Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?
The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.
Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels? (Ch 13)
Thyroid and parathyroid
T/F Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels. (Ch 13)
True
T/F Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.
True
T/F Pain receptors and receptors that monitor and maintain homeostasis typically do not adapt. (Ch 12)
True
T/F Taste hairs contain chemoreceptors that are specific for specific chemicals or tastants. (Ch 12)
True
T/F The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.
True
T/F When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases (Ch 13)
True
Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
The thymus produces two peptides that function to
aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes
Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they (Ch 11)
are a type of neuroglial cell
Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?
automatic
Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they (Ch 13)
bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane
There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following?
blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane
Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases?
cataracts
Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?
cerebral cortex
The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the (Ch 11)
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
During periods of stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates.
false
T/F LASIK surgery involves reshaping the lens to correct for vision problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. (Ch 12)
false
T/F The vestibular apparatus located in the middle ear is a system of fluid-filled chambers that is essential to the sense of hearing.
false
From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?
hindbrain
During times of stress, which one of the following structures releases CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ACTH? (Ch 13)
hypothalamus
Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?
increased blood pressure
A student noticed that when he closed his eyes, he could still determine the position of his arms and legs. This is largely due to the activity of
mechanoreceptors
All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one? (Ch 13)
neural disorders?
Within the cochlea, higher-frequency sounds are converted to electrical impulses near the
oval window
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by (Ch 13)
promoting the entry of glucose into cells
Some sensory receptors stop sending action potentials even though the original stimulus persists. This is known as which one of the following?
receptor adaptation
Slow pain originating from an internal organ is often perceived as coming from an area of the body totally unrelated to the source. This is known as
referred pain
Which one of the following parts of the eye is continuous with the cornea and forms the outer surface of the back of the eye?
sclera
Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?
sensory division
Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential? (Ch 11)
sodium-potassium pump
__________ hormones enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas __________ hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and never enter the target cells.
steroid; nonsteroid
As humans age, their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result of
stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability
Hormones act upon specific target tissues because
target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone
Conduction deafness would most likely be caused by damage to __________. (Ch 12)
the malleus, incus, and/or stapes
T/F Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.
true
T/F The number of cases of Type 2 diabetes is increasing mainly due to an increase in three major risk factors: obesity, insufficient exercise, and unhealthy diets.
true
Olfactory receptors are located in which one of the following?
upper part of nasal passages
When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the
uterus