Unit 4

The rupture of the eardrum can lead to

conduction hearing loss

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures the sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?

eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

People who carry a gene that boost the availability of ____ are less bothered by pain.

endorphins

Many researchers believe that pleasing tastes attracted our ancestors to energy- or protein-rich foods that enabled their survival. Such researchers are mostly likely

evolutionary psychologists

When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of

feature detection

Cones and rods are to vision as ____ are to audition

hair cells

The discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane supports the ____ theory

place

Alex tickles his brother by stroking adjacent ____ spots on his skin

pressure

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

Selective attention

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called

Sensation

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ___ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ___.

Sensation; perception

The pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger

selective inattention

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of

sensory interaction

Almost half of the birds in the yard were brown cardinals and the rest were bright red cardinals, so Jimmy perceived them as two distinct groups of birds. This best illustrates the importance of

similarity

Supercell clusters are

teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns, such as the human face

Opponent-process cells have been located in the

thalamus

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?

vivid memories

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ___ light are inhibited by exposure to ___ light.

yellow; blue

Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in

nerve deafness

Which of the following sensory receptors detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals?

nociceptors

A gestalt is best described as a(n)

organized whole

Perceiving the color, motion, and form of a bird in flight illustrates

parallel processing

The human ability to speedily recognize familiar objects best illustrates the value of

parallel processing

The tendency to hear the steady drip of a leaky sink faucet as if it were a repeating rhythm of two or more beats best illustrates

perceptual organization

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

dilation of the pupil

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates

Change blindness

Researchers found that 40% of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. This best illustrates

Change deafness

Patient's negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of

Top-down processing

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

Weber's law

Which of the following best explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly overhead?

When the sound is directly overhead, it reaches both ears simultaneously.

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ____ theory.

Young-Helmholtz

An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach

Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ___ for skunk odor than his parents have.

absolute threshold

Hair cells line the surface of the

basilar membrane

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the

joints, tendons, bones, and ear

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the

lens

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the

middle ear

The axons of ganglion cells converge to form

the optic nerve

The impact of top-down processing on the sense of touch is best illustrated by

the rubber-hand illusion

The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate the importance of

top-down processing