UNIT 5

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Type II or cuboidal alveolar cells account for ______ of the surface area of the alveoli.

5%

Identify functions of the urinary system. Select all that apply.

Excretion Homeostasis of electrolytes Blood pressure regulation Secrete erythropoietin

What type of salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands?

Extrinsic

Haustra of the colon are pouches formed by the increase in abdominal pressure

False

Hemorrhoids are permanently distended veins that protrude into the sigmoid colon.

False

The lungs are symmetrical.

False

The stomach and intestines are held rigidly to the abdominal wall by taut sheets of connective tissue mesentaries.

False

Identify the layers of connective tissue that protect the kidney. Select all that apply.

Fibrous capsule Renal fascia Fat capsule

Which structure is found where the bile and pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum?

Major duodenal papilla

The cells located at the base of each intestinal crypt that secrete antibacterial proteins are called ______ cells.

Paneth

The cells located at the base of each intestinal crypt that secrete antibacterial proteins are called cells.

Paneth

Which salivary gland is located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe?

Parotid

tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx

Pharyngeal

Dysfunction of the cardiovascular system impacts the function of the respiratory system because ______.

blood circulation distributes the respiratory gases

Within each lung is a branching system of tubes, called the _____, that conduct air to and from the respiratory division.

bronchial tree

The conducting division of the respiratory consists of passages that serve for airflow. It begins at the nostrils and ends at the ______.

bronchioles

The enzymes, found on absorptive cell surfaces in the small intestine, that carry out the final stages of enzymatic digestion are border enzymes.

brush

The term indicating the fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine is ______.

brush border

The connective tissue layer that is wrapped closely around the kidney is the fibrous

capsule

The thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney is the renal ______.

capsule

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the initial region of the stomach, adjacent to the cardiac orifice, are called glands.

cardiac

The term "cardiopulmonary system" recognizes the close physical and anatomical relationship between the ______ and ______ systems.

cardiovascular, respiratory

The tissue which gives the nostrils flexible support is composed of ______.

cartilage

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the

cecum

The cells in the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen throughout life and lipase during infancy are the ______ cells.

chief

The cells in the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, are the cells.

chief

The anterior openings of the nose are called the nostrils or nares. The posterior openings are called the ______.

choanae

The nose extends from the nostrils or nares to the nasal apertures or ______.

choanae

Within the muscularis externa, the _____ layer is innermost (deep).

circular

The ridges indicated in this figure are called ______.

circular folds

The 90-degree turn between the ascending and transverse colon is the right flexure.

colic

What is the large intestine that excludes the cecum, rectum and anal canal called?

colon

The extensions of renal cortical tissue into the renal medulla (between renal pyramids) are called renal

column

Longitudinal ridges within the mucosa of the anal canal are called anal

columns

The longitudinal mucosal ridges in the anal canal are called anal ______.

columns

The division of the respiratory system that includes all of the passageways through which air flows from the nostrils to the terminal bronchioles is the ______.

conducting

The process of moving water from renal tubules and returning it to the blood is called water

conservation

The lateral surface of each kidney is ______, and the medial surface is ______.

convex, concave

The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal

cortex

The organ layer at the tip of the arrow is the renal ______.

cortex

The organ layer in which arrows C and D are found is the renal

cortex

The nephrons that are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops are nephrons.

cortical

The tubular glands within the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine are called intestinal

crypts

The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the ______ colon.

descending

The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the colon.

descending

When describing the large intestine, the term "large" refers to its ______.

diameter

When describing the small intestine, the term "small" refers to its ______.

diameter

About two-thirds of pulmonary airflow is created by the work of the ______.

diaphragm

The fold of tissue at the termination of the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the major papilla.

duodenal

The glands that secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus into the duodenum are called submucosal glands.

duodenal

The duodenum runs from the pylorus to the ______ flexure.

duodenojejunal

The sharp bend found where the duodenum meets the jejunum is called the ______.

duodenojejunal flexure

The specific bend in the tube indicated by the arrow in this figure is the ______.

duodenojejunal flexure

The initial segment of the small intestine is the

duodenum

The specific region of the small intestine indicated in this figure is the

duodenum

The protective layer around the kidney that is closest to the kidney and is anchored at the hilum is the ______.

fibrous capsule

The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular ______.

filtration

The villi of the small intestine are best described as ______.

fingerlike projections of mucosa

In quiet breathing the scalene muscles act as ______ and hold the first and second rib stationary.

fixators

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.

gallbladder

Functions of the respiratory system include ______. Select all that apply.

gas exchange blood pressure regulation olfaction

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called glands.

gastric

In extreme starvation, the kidneys can help make glucose from amino acids through a process called ______.

gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate such as amino acids is called ______.

gluconeogenesis

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called cells.

goblet

The mechanisms that promotes urine to pass down the ureter are _____. Select all that apply.

gravity peristalsis

The mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and loosely hangs over the small intestine like an apron is the omentum.

greater

The large veins that form a superficial plexus in the anal column and orifice are called veins.

hemorrhoidal

The cuboidal cells surrounding the central vein in a hepatic lobule are called ______.

hepatocytes

Increased tension on the vocal cords so that they are taut creates a sound that is ______.

higher pitched

Blood vessels, the ureter, and nerves enter through a slit on the medial surface of the kidney called the ______.

hilum

The medial surface of the kidney is the site of the ______, a depression and slit where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and leave.

hilum

Muscles that act as synergists to the diaphragm in inspiration include the ______. Select all that apply.

internal (intercartilaginous part) intercostals external intercostals

The muscular ring found at the end of the anal canal that is under involuntary control is the ______.

internal anal sphincter

Any structure located within the peritoneal cavity is described as being ______.

intraperitoneal

Taeniae coli are ribbonlike strips are present within the ______ of the large intestine.

longitudinal muscularis externa

The second segment of the renal tubule of a nephron is the nephron

loop

The airway from the trachea through the lungs is often referred to as the ______.

lower respiratory tract

The portion of the respiratory tract that is contained in the thorax as opposed to the head and neck is called the ______.

lower respiratory tract

The conical, broad-based organs that rest on the thoracic side of the diaphragm are called the ______.

lungs

Secreted in saliva, the enzyme that kills bacteria is called _______.

lysozyme

The enzyme, secreted by the salivary glands, that plays a role in killing bacteria is called

lysozyme

The bronchial tree begins at the ______ and extends to the _______.

main bronchus, terminal bronchioles

The funnel-like structures that converge to form the renal pelvis are ______.

major calyces

The renal pelvis collects urine directly from the ______.

major calyces

Several minor calyces merge to form the ______.

major calyx

The funnel-like structure indicated in the figure is a ______.

major calyx

The pharyngeal tonsil and opening of the auditory tube are both located in this region (indicated by the red arrow). This region is the ______.

nasopharynx

The region of the pharynx that houses the pharyngeal tonsil and receives the auditory tube from the middle ear is the ______.

nasopharynx

Filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule flows directly into the ______.

nephron loop

A nitrogenous waste, such as urea, is a waste product that contains the element

nitrogen

Any nitrogen-containing substance produced as a waste and excreted in the urine is classified as a(n) ______ waste.

nitrogenous

The fatty pouches of peritoneum formed by the serosa in some regions of the large intestine are called ______ appendages.

omental

The upper respiratory tract includes the ______.

organs in the head and neck

Retroperitoneal is best described as being located ______ the peritoneal cavity.

outside

The tubular glands that open into the gastric pits of the distal portion of the stomach are ______ glands.

pyloric

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the distal portion of the stomach are called glands.

pyloric

The conical structure indicated in the figure is a renal ______.

pyramid

The conical structure indicated in the illustration is a renal

pyramid

The cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal

pyramids

The cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal ______.

pyramids

The portions of the large intestine that are located in the pelvic cavity are the and anal canal.

rectum

The function of surfactant in the lungs is to ______.

reduce surface tension

Cells in the gastric glands that divide rapidly to produce a continuous supply of new cells are called cells.

regenerative

The components of a nephron include the ______ and ______.

renal corpuscle, renal tubule

Major calyces drain into the funnel-like structure called the ______.

renal pelvis

The division of the respiratory system where gas exchange actually occurs includes the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs and is called the ______.

respiratory

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the system.

respiratory

The barrier between the air in the alveoli and the blood, consisting of two layers of squamous epithelial cells and their fused membranes, is called the ______.

respiratory membrane

The function of transverse rectal folds is to ______.

retain feces while passing gas

The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum. The term that describes that location is ______.

retroperitoneal

lung has three lobes and two fissures

right

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called

saliva

Bacterial growth is inhibited by immunoglobulin A, which is secreted by the glands in the mouth.

salivary

Moving substances from the peritubular capillaries back to fluid in the tubules is a process called ______.

secretion

A thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous cells on the exterior of the digestive tract is known as the ______.

serosa

The layer of the digestive tract consisting of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium is known as the ______.

serosa

The layer of the digestive tract wall indicated in the figure is the ______.

serosa

The outermost layer of the digestive tract wall, indicated in this figure, is called the ______.

serosa

The pleurae are ______.

serous membranes that cover the lungs

The S-shaped portion of the large intestine, located in the lower left quadrant, is the colon.

sigmoid

The specific type of epithelium lining the small intestine is columnar epithelium.

simple

The stomach is lined with columnar epithelium.

simple

The stomach is lined with ______ epithelium.

simple columnar

Squamous or type I alveolar cells allow for rapid gas exchange because they are ______.

thin

The mesentery that hangs freely in the abdominal cavity or might attach to the the anterior abdominal wall or other organs is the mesentery.

ventral

To prevent choking, the larynx is closed during swallowing by the ______.

vestibular folds

The vestibular folds that close the glottis are supported by fibrous tissues that stretch across the larynx called the ______.

vestibular ligaments

The glottis includes the _____ and the opening between them.

vocal cords

The vocal cords that vibrate to create sound are supported by the ______.

vocal ligaments

Saliva is composed of 97.0% to 99.5% _______.

water

Immobile cilia in the olfactory epithelium serve to ______.

bind odor molecules

The tube conveying urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body is the .

urethra

An organ that is described as a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity is the ______.

urinary bladder

In a cadaver, the large intestine is about ______ long.

1.5 meters

Each kidney measures about _____ cm long, _____ cm wide, and _____ cm thick.

11, 6, 3

Each kidney weighs about ______ grams.

150

The digestive tract in a living person is about _____ feet long.

16

By _____, the larynx has descended to a lower position in the throat thereby making it impossible to breath and swallow at the same time without choking.

2 years old

The human left lung has _____ lobes with _____ fissures(s) between the lobes.

2, 1

The right lung has _____ lobes and _____ fissure(s).

3, 2

Identify the functions of the large intestine. Select all that apply.

Absorption of water and salts Eliminating feces

The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage is also known as the ______.

Adam's apple

What are the final three centimeters of the large intestine called?

Anal canal

Identify the regions of the large intestine. Select all that apply.

Anal canal Colon Rectum Cecum

Identify the phrases that accurately describe the position of the kidneys. Select all that apply.

At the level of T12 - L3 vertebrae Retroperitoneal

Identify the letter that indicates the circular folds.

B

The regions of the small intestine are the , , and jejunum.

Blank 1: ileum Blank 2: duodenum

The three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach are the , , and longitudinal layers.

Blank 1: oblique Blank 2: circular

The segment of the digestive tract indicated in the figure is the

Blank 1: small Blank 2: intestine

Which enzymes are located within the plasma membrane of enterocytes in the small intestine?

Brush border enzymes

Which tubular glands open into the gastric pits of the initial region of the stomach?

Cardial

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as ______.

Chyme

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called . The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

Cilia

Which structures of the nasal cavity are indicated by the arrows in this sagittal view of the head?

Conchae

Which are functions of the nose? Select all that apply.

Detects odors Warms, cleans, humidifies air Resonance for voice

Identify the two anatomical subdivisions of the digestive system.

Digestive tract Accessory organs

Which are functions of saliva? Select all that apply.

Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Aids in swallowing Cleanses mouth and teeth

Name the first 25 cm (10 in) of the small intestine.

Duodenum

Identify the regions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Duodenum Ileum Jejunum

Identify the components of saliva.

Electrolytes Water Amylase Lysozyme

Identify the functions of the stomach. Select all that apply.

Food storage Mechanical digestion

In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?

From the tubular fluid into the blood

Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? Select all that apply.

Goblet cells Cilia Mucous Pseudostratified columnar cells

Which mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and loosely hangs over the small intestine like an apron?

Greater omentum

Which valve is found at the junction of the small and large intestines?

Ileocecal

Contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following?

Inspiration

What are the salivary glands dispersed among the oral tissues referred to as?

Intrinsic

What type of salivary glands are the lingual glands, labial glands, and buccal glands?

Intrinsic

Which of these are true of pleural fluid? Select all that apply.

It is a slippery film in the pleural cavity. It reduces friction during breathing.

Which best describes the mesocolon?

It suspends the transverse colon.

Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in which specific segment of the digestive tract?

Jejunum

Identify the principal organs of the urinary system. Select all that apply.

Kidneys Ureters Urethra Bladder

Identify the segment of the digestive tract that functions in defecation.

Large intestine

Which extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Lesser omentum

Which enzyme in saliva is activated by the stomach acid and digests fats?

Lingual lipase

Of the structural adaptations in the small intestine that increase surface area, which one increases the surface area the most?

Microvilli

What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for only the respiratory system?

Nasopharynx

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

Nasopharynx

Which segment of the renal tubules of a nephron extends into the medulla?

Nephron loop

Which of the following comprise the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

Oblique Circular Longitudinal

Identify the statements that describe the urinary bladder. Select all that apply.

Posterior to the pubic symphysis On the floor of the pelvic cavity

What are haustra?

Pouches along the length of the colon

Identify the tissue that lines the nasopharynx.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular

Reabsorption

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

Respiratory division

A structure that is located against the posterior body wall and only covered with peritoneum on its anterior side is said to be what?

Retroperitoneal

Which flexure is found between the ascending and transverse colon?

Right colic

The liver is located in which abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac and epigastric

The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric

Rugae

Where is lingual lipase first mixed with food?

Saliva

Name the enzyme the begins starch digestion in the mouth.

Salivary amylase

Which brainstem nuclei that receive signals from receptors in the mouth and, in turn, stimulate salivation?

Salivatory

Indicate the choice that lists the pathway of air flow from the more proximal to the more distal passageway.

Secondary bronchus --> tertiary bronchus --> terminal bronchiole --> respiratory bronchiole

Name the function of the liver related to the digestive system.

Secretion of bile

What is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine in the lower left quadrant called?

Sigmoid colon

Name the segment of the digestive tract indicated in the figure.

Small intestine

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

Smell

Which tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which salivary gland is located halfway along the body of the mandible, medial to its margin?

Submandibular

Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior

What are the strips of longitudinal muscle fibers in the colon called?

Taenia coli

The larynx is located ______.

between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

The only substance the liver secretes for the digestive system is

bile

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system influences calcium metabolism.

Identify the correct descriptions of the tissue layers of the stomach.

Three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa Mucosa and submucosa fold into gastric rugae

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid cartilage

What is the function of the duodenal glands?

To secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus to neutralize stomach acid

Identify the accessory organs of the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Tongue Pancreas Gallbladder Teeth Liver

Air passes from the vestibule to the internal nares (choanae) via the superior, middle and inferior meatuses.

True

An infant is able to breathe continually while swallowing.

True

Pleural (serous) fluid decreases friction between pleural membrane layers during breathing.

True

Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes?

Tubular secretion

The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are organs of the system.

Urinary

Which mesentery either hangs freely in the abdominal cavity or attaches to the the anterior abdominal wall?

Ventral

Measuring about 1 millimeter in height, the fingerlike extensions of mucosa that help increase surface area in the small intestine are called

Villi

Identify the structural adaptations that increase surface area in the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Villi Microvilli Circular folds

The primary pigment in bile is ______.

bilirubin

The respiratory membrane is composed of ______.

a layer of squamous alveolar cells, a layer of squamous endothelial cell, and their fused basement membranes

The columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine are called cells.

absorptive

The digestive system can be categorized into two major subdivisions, the digestive tract and organs.

accessory

The tongue, salivary glands, and liver are categorized as ______ organs.

accessory

The fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding the pharynx, most of the esophagus, and rectum is called the ______.

adventitia

The fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding the pharynx, most of the esophagus, and rectum is the

adventitia

The alar cartilages and the dense connective tissue at the end of the nose shape the structure called the ______.

ala nasi

The flared portion at the lower end of the nose is called the ______.

ala nasi

The kidneys influence blood pressure by ______.

altering the volume of urine output

Each lung contains about 150 million little sacs called ______.

alveoli

Gas exchange between the inspired air and the blood occurs at the ______ of the lungs.

alveoli

The enzyme salivary begins starch digestion in the mouth.

amylase

The final three centimeters of the large intestine is called the canal.

anal

Hemorrhoids are permanently distended veins that protrude into the ______.

anal canal

The depressions between the anal columns are called ______.

anal sinuses

The blind tube at the end of the cecum filled with lymphocytes and immune cells is the ______.

appendix

The blind tube at the end of the cecum, filled with lymphocytes and immune cells, is the

appendix

The structure indicated in the figure is the

appendix

The part of the colon that begins at the cecum and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the colon.

ascending

The part of the colon that begins at the ileocecal junction and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the ______ colon.

ascending

When the kidneys are not functioning properly, levels of urea can build up in the blood, causing a condition called ______.

azotemia

When the kidneys are not functioning properly, levels of urea can build up in the blood, initially causing a condition called

azotemia

To conserve energy, expiration is a passive process achieved by ______.

elasticity of the lungs and thorax

The respiratory system plays a major role in acid-base balance because _____.

elimination of carbon dioxide results in decreased acid in the body

The major role of the bile acids in bile is the ______.

emulsification of fats

The pancreatic islets are the ______ portion of the pancreas, while the majority of the pancreas is an ______ gland secreting enzymes and sodium bicarbonate.

endocrine, exocrine

The columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine that function in absorption are called ______.

enterocytes

The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hormones and paracrines that aid in digestion are the _______ cells.

enteroendocrine

The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hormones and paracrines that aid in digestion are the cells.

enteroendocrine

An elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing is the ______.

epiglottis

A hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia that stimulates red blood cell production is called

erythropoietin

A hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia that stimulates red blood cell production is called ______.

erythropoietin

The laryngopharynx begins at the epiglottis and ends where the ______ begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage.

esophagus

The primary function of the urinary system is ______.

excretion

The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called

excretion

The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called ______.

excretion

The muscular layer of the digestive tract found between the submucosa and serosa (or adventitia) is the muscularis

externa

The muscular ring found at the end of the anal canal that is under voluntary control is the ______.

external anal sphincter

The muscularis externa is best defined as the ______.

external smooth muscle layers within the wall of the digestive tract

As a group, the salivary glands located outside of the oral mucosa are categorized as glands.

extrinsic

The junction between the distal portion of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine is the ______ junction.

ileocecal

The valve at the junction of the small intestine and large intestines is the valve

ileocecal

The final portion of the small intestine is the

ileum

The specific region of the small intestine indicated in this illustration is the

ileum

The antibody secreted in saliva that inhibits bacterial growth is ______.

immunoglobin A

In deep breathing the scalene muscles ______.

increase the dimension of the thorax

The function of the brush border is best described as ______.

increasing surface area for absorption

Accessory muscles aid inspiration by ______.

increasing the volume of the thorax

Enlargement of the thoracic cavity with a consequent drop in thoracic pressure leads to ______.

inspiration

The second segment of the small intestine is the

jejunum

The specific region of the small intestine indicated in the given figure is the

jejunum

The location of the stomach can best be described as ______.

just inferior to the diaphragm; in the upper left abdominal cavity

The nephrons that are located close to the renal medulla and have nephron loops that extend very deep into the medulla are ______ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

The organ indicated in this figure is the ______.

kidney

The adrenal glands are located adjacent to the ______.

kidneys

A lymphatic capillary within the core of an intestinal villus, necessary for the absorption of lipids, is called a ______.

lacteal

A lymphatic capillary within the core of an intestinal villus, necessary for the absorption of lipids, is called a(n)

lacteal

The layer of loose connective tissue located adjacent to the epithelial layer in the mucosa is called the propria.

lamina

The structure that begins at the tip of the epiglottis and ends at the cricoid cartilage is the ______.

laryngopharynx

Inspired air travels from the oropharynx through the ______ before entering the trachea.

larynx

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

Which lung contains a cardiac notch?

left

The 90 degree turn between the transverse and descending colon is the ______ flexure.

left colic

The mesentery that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach is the omentum.

lesser

The structure indicated by the arrow is called the ______.

lesser omentum

The organ indicated in the image is the

liver

The reddish brown organ of the right upper abdominal quadrant and inferior to the diaphragm that is the body's largest gland is the ______.

liver

The right kidney is displaced slightly by the ______, an organ located just superior to the right kidney.

liver

Juxtamedullary nephrons have ______ nephron loops that are situated primarily in the renal ______.

long, medulla

Within the muscularis externa, the _____ layer is outermost (superficial).

longitudinal

The gastric rugae are best described as ______.

longitudinal folds in stomach lining

The nasal conchae are separated from each other by narrow air passages referred to as the superior, middle and inferior ______.

meatus

The inner region of the kidney, divided into pyramids, is the renal

medulla

The inner region of the kidney, facing the renal sinus, is the renal ______.

medulla

The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place, provide passage for blood vessels and nerves, and contain lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels are the ______.

mesenteries

A serous membrane that suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall is called a(n) ______.

mesentery

The mesentery that runs from the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall is the

mesocolon

The structure at the arrow is called the ______.

mesocolon

The accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum at the

minor duodenal papilla

The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in the figure shown is called the ______.

mucosa

The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in the given figure is the

mucosa

The tissue layer that forms the innermost lining of an anatomical tract that is open to the exterior of the body is a ______.

mucosa

The muscle layer indicated in the image is the muscularis

mucosae

The cells in the cardiac and pyloric glands that secrete mucus are called ______ cells.

mucous

The component of saliva that binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing is

mucus

The component of saliva that binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing is the ______.

mucus

The specific layer indicated in the image is the ______.

muscularis mucosae

The thin muscular layer of the mucosa is known as the ______.

muscularis mucosae

The group of nerves indicated in this figure is called the ______ plexus.

myenteric

Incoming air is conditioned (warmed and humidified) much more effectively by the nasal cavity thanks in part to the presence of ______.

nasal conchae

The is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach.

pancreas

The minor duodenal papilla receives fluid from the accessory duct.

pancreatic

The blunt tip of a renal pyramid through which urine drains into a minor calyx is the renal

papilla

The blunt tip of a renal pyramid through which urine drains into a minor calyx is the renal _____.

papilla

The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are the ______ cells.

parietal

The salivary gland located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe is the salivary gland.

parotid

Typically, expiration is a(n) ______ process.

passive

The segment (area) of the digestive tract indicated in the figure is the

pharynx

The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the

pharynx

The structure commonly referred to as the throat is the ______.

pharynx

In addition to air movement, the larynx also functions in ______.

phonation

Surfactant is a mixture of ______.

phospholipids and proteins

The depressions into the gastric mucosa are called gastric ______.

pits

Each lung is wrapped in a double layered serous membrane called the ______.

pleura

Establishment of a pressure gradient necessary for inspiration is one of the functions of the ______.

pleurae and pleural space

The membrane called the parietal lines the thoracic cavity.

plura

The two-layered membrane extending from the midline of the posterior abdominal wall to the digestive tract is the mesentery.

posterior

A hollow area within the kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and urine-collecting structures is called the renal

sinus

A hollow area within the kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and urine-collecting structures is called the renal ______.

sinus

Mucus that helps ease the passage of feces through the anal canal is secreted by the anal

sinuses

The primary organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the

small intestine

As air passes through the glottis between adducted vocal cords ______.

sounds are produced

The 90-degree turn between the transverse and descending colon is the ______ flexure.

splenic

Forced inspiration utilizes accessory muscles of respiration including the ______. Select all that apply.

sternocleidomastoid serratus anterior erector spinae

The organ that is a muscular sac located just inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left abdominal cavity is the

stomach

The portion of the digestive tract with three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa is the ______.

stomach

The primary food storage organ is the ______.

stomach

The salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth just under the tongue are the ______ salivary glands.

sublingual

The salivary gland located halfway along the body of the mandible, medial to its margin, is the salivary gland.

submandibular

The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the

submucosa

The thick layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscularis externa in the wall of the digestive tract is the ______.

submucosa

The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in the figure shown is the ______.

submucosa

The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in this figure is the

submucosa

The left adrenal gland is found on the ______ of the left kidney, and the right adrenal gland is located on the ______ of the right kidney.

superior pole, superomedial surface

Type II or cuboidal alveolar cells repair damaged epithelium and produce ______.

surfactant

The internal (intercartilaginous part) and external intercostal muscles aid the diaphragm in inspiration and are therefore referred to as ______.

synergists

The pleurae, mediastinum and pericardium compartmentalize the thoracic organs and prevent ______.

the spread of infection

The lower respiratory tract includes the ______.

the trachea and the bronchi the lungs

Lower pitched sounds result when ______.

the vocal folds are relaxed and vibrate more slowly

The prominent laryngeal cartilage which is often larger in males than females is the cartilage.

thyroid

The lower respiratory tract extends from the ______ to the ______.

trachea, pulmonary alveoli

The ureters are lined with ______ epithelium.

transitional

The urinary bladder is lined with epithelium.

transitional

The portion of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity is the ______ colon.

transverse

The structures within the rectum that enable it to retain feces while passing gas are the ______.

transverse rectal folds

The intestinal crypts are best described as ______.

tubular glands within mucosa and submucosa

Bony scrolls covered by mucous membrane located in the nasal cavity are referred to as ______.

turbinates conchae

The narrow bony shelves (conchae) located within the nasal cavity create ______ to ensure that most incoming air contacts the mucous membrane on its way through.

turbulence

The airway from the nose through the larynx is generally referred to as the ______.

upper respiratory tract

During swallowing muscles of the larynx pull the larynx _____ and the epiglottis moves ______ closing the airway

upward, downward

Convulsions and death can result from a condition called uremia, which is caused by a build-up of ______ in the blood.

urea

The most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine is

urea

The most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine is ______.

urea

Severe renal failure can lead to a condition called ______, with symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmia.

uremia

Intraperitoneal is best described as being located ______ the peritoneal cavity.

within


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