UNIT 5
Type II or cuboidal alveolar cells account for ______ of the surface area of the alveoli.
5%
Identify functions of the urinary system. Select all that apply.
Excretion Homeostasis of electrolytes Blood pressure regulation Secrete erythropoietin
What type of salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands?
Extrinsic
Haustra of the colon are pouches formed by the increase in abdominal pressure
False
Hemorrhoids are permanently distended veins that protrude into the sigmoid colon.
False
The lungs are symmetrical.
False
The stomach and intestines are held rigidly to the abdominal wall by taut sheets of connective tissue mesentaries.
False
Identify the layers of connective tissue that protect the kidney. Select all that apply.
Fibrous capsule Renal fascia Fat capsule
Which structure is found where the bile and pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum?
Major duodenal papilla
The cells located at the base of each intestinal crypt that secrete antibacterial proteins are called ______ cells.
Paneth
The cells located at the base of each intestinal crypt that secrete antibacterial proteins are called cells.
Paneth
Which salivary gland is located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe?
Parotid
tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal
Dysfunction of the cardiovascular system impacts the function of the respiratory system because ______.
blood circulation distributes the respiratory gases
Within each lung is a branching system of tubes, called the _____, that conduct air to and from the respiratory division.
bronchial tree
The conducting division of the respiratory consists of passages that serve for airflow. It begins at the nostrils and ends at the ______.
bronchioles
The enzymes, found on absorptive cell surfaces in the small intestine, that carry out the final stages of enzymatic digestion are border enzymes.
brush
The term indicating the fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine is ______.
brush border
The connective tissue layer that is wrapped closely around the kidney is the fibrous
capsule
The thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney is the renal ______.
capsule
Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the initial region of the stomach, adjacent to the cardiac orifice, are called glands.
cardiac
The term "cardiopulmonary system" recognizes the close physical and anatomical relationship between the ______ and ______ systems.
cardiovascular, respiratory
The tissue which gives the nostrils flexible support is composed of ______.
cartilage
The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the
cecum
The cells in the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen throughout life and lipase during infancy are the ______ cells.
chief
The cells in the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, are the cells.
chief
The anterior openings of the nose are called the nostrils or nares. The posterior openings are called the ______.
choanae
The nose extends from the nostrils or nares to the nasal apertures or ______.
choanae
Within the muscularis externa, the _____ layer is innermost (deep).
circular
The ridges indicated in this figure are called ______.
circular folds
The 90-degree turn between the ascending and transverse colon is the right flexure.
colic
What is the large intestine that excludes the cecum, rectum and anal canal called?
colon
The extensions of renal cortical tissue into the renal medulla (between renal pyramids) are called renal
column
Longitudinal ridges within the mucosa of the anal canal are called anal
columns
The longitudinal mucosal ridges in the anal canal are called anal ______.
columns
The division of the respiratory system that includes all of the passageways through which air flows from the nostrils to the terminal bronchioles is the ______.
conducting
The process of moving water from renal tubules and returning it to the blood is called water
conservation
The lateral surface of each kidney is ______, and the medial surface is ______.
convex, concave
The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal
cortex
The organ layer at the tip of the arrow is the renal ______.
cortex
The organ layer in which arrows C and D are found is the renal
cortex
The nephrons that are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops are nephrons.
cortical
The tubular glands within the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine are called intestinal
crypts
The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the ______ colon.
descending
The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the colon.
descending
When describing the large intestine, the term "large" refers to its ______.
diameter
When describing the small intestine, the term "small" refers to its ______.
diameter
About two-thirds of pulmonary airflow is created by the work of the ______.
diaphragm
The fold of tissue at the termination of the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the major papilla.
duodenal
The glands that secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus into the duodenum are called submucosal glands.
duodenal
The duodenum runs from the pylorus to the ______ flexure.
duodenojejunal
The sharp bend found where the duodenum meets the jejunum is called the ______.
duodenojejunal flexure
The specific bend in the tube indicated by the arrow in this figure is the ______.
duodenojejunal flexure
The initial segment of the small intestine is the
duodenum
The specific region of the small intestine indicated in this figure is the
duodenum
The protective layer around the kidney that is closest to the kidney and is anchored at the hilum is the ______.
fibrous capsule
The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular ______.
filtration
The villi of the small intestine are best described as ______.
fingerlike projections of mucosa
In quiet breathing the scalene muscles act as ______ and hold the first and second rib stationary.
fixators
The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.
gallbladder
Functions of the respiratory system include ______. Select all that apply.
gas exchange blood pressure regulation olfaction
Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called glands.
gastric
In extreme starvation, the kidneys can help make glucose from amino acids through a process called ______.
gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate such as amino acids is called ______.
gluconeogenesis
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.
goblet
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called cells.
goblet
The mechanisms that promotes urine to pass down the ureter are _____. Select all that apply.
gravity peristalsis
The mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and loosely hangs over the small intestine like an apron is the omentum.
greater
The large veins that form a superficial plexus in the anal column and orifice are called veins.
hemorrhoidal
The cuboidal cells surrounding the central vein in a hepatic lobule are called ______.
hepatocytes
Increased tension on the vocal cords so that they are taut creates a sound that is ______.
higher pitched
Blood vessels, the ureter, and nerves enter through a slit on the medial surface of the kidney called the ______.
hilum
The medial surface of the kidney is the site of the ______, a depression and slit where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and leave.
hilum
Muscles that act as synergists to the diaphragm in inspiration include the ______. Select all that apply.
internal (intercartilaginous part) intercostals external intercostals
The muscular ring found at the end of the anal canal that is under involuntary control is the ______.
internal anal sphincter
Any structure located within the peritoneal cavity is described as being ______.
intraperitoneal
Taeniae coli are ribbonlike strips are present within the ______ of the large intestine.
longitudinal muscularis externa
The second segment of the renal tubule of a nephron is the nephron
loop
The airway from the trachea through the lungs is often referred to as the ______.
lower respiratory tract
The portion of the respiratory tract that is contained in the thorax as opposed to the head and neck is called the ______.
lower respiratory tract
The conical, broad-based organs that rest on the thoracic side of the diaphragm are called the ______.
lungs
Secreted in saliva, the enzyme that kills bacteria is called _______.
lysozyme
The enzyme, secreted by the salivary glands, that plays a role in killing bacteria is called
lysozyme
The bronchial tree begins at the ______ and extends to the _______.
main bronchus, terminal bronchioles
The funnel-like structures that converge to form the renal pelvis are ______.
major calyces
The renal pelvis collects urine directly from the ______.
major calyces
Several minor calyces merge to form the ______.
major calyx
The funnel-like structure indicated in the figure is a ______.
major calyx
The pharyngeal tonsil and opening of the auditory tube are both located in this region (indicated by the red arrow). This region is the ______.
nasopharynx
The region of the pharynx that houses the pharyngeal tonsil and receives the auditory tube from the middle ear is the ______.
nasopharynx
Filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule flows directly into the ______.
nephron loop
A nitrogenous waste, such as urea, is a waste product that contains the element
nitrogen
Any nitrogen-containing substance produced as a waste and excreted in the urine is classified as a(n) ______ waste.
nitrogenous
The fatty pouches of peritoneum formed by the serosa in some regions of the large intestine are called ______ appendages.
omental
The upper respiratory tract includes the ______.
organs in the head and neck
Retroperitoneal is best described as being located ______ the peritoneal cavity.
outside
The tubular glands that open into the gastric pits of the distal portion of the stomach are ______ glands.
pyloric
Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the distal portion of the stomach are called glands.
pyloric
The conical structure indicated in the figure is a renal ______.
pyramid
The conical structure indicated in the illustration is a renal
pyramid
The cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal
pyramids
The cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal ______.
pyramids
The portions of the large intestine that are located in the pelvic cavity are the and anal canal.
rectum
The function of surfactant in the lungs is to ______.
reduce surface tension
Cells in the gastric glands that divide rapidly to produce a continuous supply of new cells are called cells.
regenerative
The components of a nephron include the ______ and ______.
renal corpuscle, renal tubule
Major calyces drain into the funnel-like structure called the ______.
renal pelvis
The division of the respiratory system where gas exchange actually occurs includes the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs and is called the ______.
respiratory
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the system.
respiratory
The barrier between the air in the alveoli and the blood, consisting of two layers of squamous epithelial cells and their fused membranes, is called the ______.
respiratory membrane
The function of transverse rectal folds is to ______.
retain feces while passing gas
The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum. The term that describes that location is ______.
retroperitoneal
lung has three lobes and two fissures
right
The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called
saliva
Bacterial growth is inhibited by immunoglobulin A, which is secreted by the glands in the mouth.
salivary
Moving substances from the peritubular capillaries back to fluid in the tubules is a process called ______.
secretion
A thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous cells on the exterior of the digestive tract is known as the ______.
serosa
The layer of the digestive tract consisting of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium is known as the ______.
serosa
The layer of the digestive tract wall indicated in the figure is the ______.
serosa
The outermost layer of the digestive tract wall, indicated in this figure, is called the ______.
serosa
The pleurae are ______.
serous membranes that cover the lungs
The S-shaped portion of the large intestine, located in the lower left quadrant, is the colon.
sigmoid
The specific type of epithelium lining the small intestine is columnar epithelium.
simple
The stomach is lined with columnar epithelium.
simple
The stomach is lined with ______ epithelium.
simple columnar
Squamous or type I alveolar cells allow for rapid gas exchange because they are ______.
thin
The mesentery that hangs freely in the abdominal cavity or might attach to the the anterior abdominal wall or other organs is the mesentery.
ventral
To prevent choking, the larynx is closed during swallowing by the ______.
vestibular folds
The vestibular folds that close the glottis are supported by fibrous tissues that stretch across the larynx called the ______.
vestibular ligaments
The glottis includes the _____ and the opening between them.
vocal cords
The vocal cords that vibrate to create sound are supported by the ______.
vocal ligaments
Saliva is composed of 97.0% to 99.5% _______.
water
Immobile cilia in the olfactory epithelium serve to ______.
bind odor molecules
The tube conveying urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body is the .
urethra
An organ that is described as a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity is the ______.
urinary bladder
In a cadaver, the large intestine is about ______ long.
1.5 meters
Each kidney measures about _____ cm long, _____ cm wide, and _____ cm thick.
11, 6, 3
Each kidney weighs about ______ grams.
150
The digestive tract in a living person is about _____ feet long.
16
By _____, the larynx has descended to a lower position in the throat thereby making it impossible to breath and swallow at the same time without choking.
2 years old
The human left lung has _____ lobes with _____ fissures(s) between the lobes.
2, 1
The right lung has _____ lobes and _____ fissure(s).
3, 2
Identify the functions of the large intestine. Select all that apply.
Absorption of water and salts Eliminating feces
The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage is also known as the ______.
Adam's apple
What are the final three centimeters of the large intestine called?
Anal canal
Identify the regions of the large intestine. Select all that apply.
Anal canal Colon Rectum Cecum
Identify the phrases that accurately describe the position of the kidneys. Select all that apply.
At the level of T12 - L3 vertebrae Retroperitoneal
Identify the letter that indicates the circular folds.
B
The regions of the small intestine are the , , and jejunum.
Blank 1: ileum Blank 2: duodenum
The three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach are the , , and longitudinal layers.
Blank 1: oblique Blank 2: circular
The segment of the digestive tract indicated in the figure is the
Blank 1: small Blank 2: intestine
Which enzymes are located within the plasma membrane of enterocytes in the small intestine?
Brush border enzymes
Which tubular glands open into the gastric pits of the initial region of the stomach?
Cardial
The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as ______.
Chyme
The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called . The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.
Cilia
Which structures of the nasal cavity are indicated by the arrows in this sagittal view of the head?
Conchae
Which are functions of the nose? Select all that apply.
Detects odors Warms, cleans, humidifies air Resonance for voice
Identify the two anatomical subdivisions of the digestive system.
Digestive tract Accessory organs
Which are functions of saliva? Select all that apply.
Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Aids in swallowing Cleanses mouth and teeth
Name the first 25 cm (10 in) of the small intestine.
Duodenum
Identify the regions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Duodenum Ileum Jejunum
Identify the components of saliva.
Electrolytes Water Amylase Lysozyme
Identify the functions of the stomach. Select all that apply.
Food storage Mechanical digestion
In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?
From the tubular fluid into the blood
Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? Select all that apply.
Goblet cells Cilia Mucous Pseudostratified columnar cells
Which mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and loosely hangs over the small intestine like an apron?
Greater omentum
Which valve is found at the junction of the small and large intestines?
Ileocecal
Contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following?
Inspiration
What are the salivary glands dispersed among the oral tissues referred to as?
Intrinsic
What type of salivary glands are the lingual glands, labial glands, and buccal glands?
Intrinsic
Which of these are true of pleural fluid? Select all that apply.
It is a slippery film in the pleural cavity. It reduces friction during breathing.
Which best describes the mesocolon?
It suspends the transverse colon.
Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in which specific segment of the digestive tract?
Jejunum
Identify the principal organs of the urinary system. Select all that apply.
Kidneys Ureters Urethra Bladder
Identify the segment of the digestive tract that functions in defecation.
Large intestine
Which extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Lesser omentum
Which enzyme in saliva is activated by the stomach acid and digests fats?
Lingual lipase
Of the structural adaptations in the small intestine that increase surface area, which one increases the surface area the most?
Microvilli
What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer.
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for only the respiratory system?
Nasopharynx
Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
Which segment of the renal tubules of a nephron extends into the medulla?
Nephron loop
Which of the following comprise the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?
Oblique Circular Longitudinal
Identify the statements that describe the urinary bladder. Select all that apply.
Posterior to the pubic symphysis On the floor of the pelvic cavity
What are haustra?
Pouches along the length of the colon
Identify the tissue that lines the nasopharynx.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular
Reabsorption
Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?
Respiratory division
A structure that is located against the posterior body wall and only covered with peritoneum on its anterior side is said to be what?
Retroperitoneal
Which flexure is found between the ascending and transverse colon?
Right colic
The liver is located in which abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac and epigastric
The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric
Rugae
Where is lingual lipase first mixed with food?
Saliva
Name the enzyme the begins starch digestion in the mouth.
Salivary amylase
Which brainstem nuclei that receive signals from receptors in the mouth and, in turn, stimulate salivation?
Salivatory
Indicate the choice that lists the pathway of air flow from the more proximal to the more distal passageway.
Secondary bronchus --> tertiary bronchus --> terminal bronchiole --> respiratory bronchiole
Name the function of the liver related to the digestive system.
Secretion of bile
What is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine in the lower left quadrant called?
Sigmoid colon
Name the segment of the digestive tract indicated in the figure.
Small intestine
Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?
Smell
Which tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which salivary gland is located halfway along the body of the mandible, medial to its margin?
Submandibular
Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung.
Superior and inferior
What are the strips of longitudinal muscle fibers in the colon called?
Taenia coli
The larynx is located ______.
between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
The only substance the liver secretes for the digestive system is
bile
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system influences calcium metabolism.
Identify the correct descriptions of the tissue layers of the stomach.
Three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa Mucosa and submucosa fold into gastric rugae
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage
What is the function of the duodenal glands?
To secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus to neutralize stomach acid
Identify the accessory organs of the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Tongue Pancreas Gallbladder Teeth Liver
Air passes from the vestibule to the internal nares (choanae) via the superior, middle and inferior meatuses.
True
An infant is able to breathe continually while swallowing.
True
Pleural (serous) fluid decreases friction between pleural membrane layers during breathing.
True
Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes?
Tubular secretion
The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are organs of the system.
Urinary
Which mesentery either hangs freely in the abdominal cavity or attaches to the the anterior abdominal wall?
Ventral
Measuring about 1 millimeter in height, the fingerlike extensions of mucosa that help increase surface area in the small intestine are called
Villi
Identify the structural adaptations that increase surface area in the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Villi Microvilli Circular folds
The primary pigment in bile is ______.
bilirubin
The respiratory membrane is composed of ______.
a layer of squamous alveolar cells, a layer of squamous endothelial cell, and their fused basement membranes
The columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine are called cells.
absorptive
The digestive system can be categorized into two major subdivisions, the digestive tract and organs.
accessory
The tongue, salivary glands, and liver are categorized as ______ organs.
accessory
The fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding the pharynx, most of the esophagus, and rectum is called the ______.
adventitia
The fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding the pharynx, most of the esophagus, and rectum is the
adventitia
The alar cartilages and the dense connective tissue at the end of the nose shape the structure called the ______.
ala nasi
The flared portion at the lower end of the nose is called the ______.
ala nasi
The kidneys influence blood pressure by ______.
altering the volume of urine output
Each lung contains about 150 million little sacs called ______.
alveoli
Gas exchange between the inspired air and the blood occurs at the ______ of the lungs.
alveoli
The enzyme salivary begins starch digestion in the mouth.
amylase
The final three centimeters of the large intestine is called the canal.
anal
Hemorrhoids are permanently distended veins that protrude into the ______.
anal canal
The depressions between the anal columns are called ______.
anal sinuses
The blind tube at the end of the cecum filled with lymphocytes and immune cells is the ______.
appendix
The blind tube at the end of the cecum, filled with lymphocytes and immune cells, is the
appendix
The structure indicated in the figure is the
appendix
The part of the colon that begins at the cecum and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the colon.
ascending
The part of the colon that begins at the ileocecal junction and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the ______ colon.
ascending
When the kidneys are not functioning properly, levels of urea can build up in the blood, causing a condition called ______.
azotemia
When the kidneys are not functioning properly, levels of urea can build up in the blood, initially causing a condition called
azotemia
To conserve energy, expiration is a passive process achieved by ______.
elasticity of the lungs and thorax
The respiratory system plays a major role in acid-base balance because _____.
elimination of carbon dioxide results in decreased acid in the body
The major role of the bile acids in bile is the ______.
emulsification of fats
The pancreatic islets are the ______ portion of the pancreas, while the majority of the pancreas is an ______ gland secreting enzymes and sodium bicarbonate.
endocrine, exocrine
The columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine that function in absorption are called ______.
enterocytes
The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hormones and paracrines that aid in digestion are the _______ cells.
enteroendocrine
The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hormones and paracrines that aid in digestion are the cells.
enteroendocrine
An elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing is the ______.
epiglottis
A hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia that stimulates red blood cell production is called
erythropoietin
A hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia that stimulates red blood cell production is called ______.
erythropoietin
The laryngopharynx begins at the epiglottis and ends where the ______ begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage.
esophagus
The primary function of the urinary system is ______.
excretion
The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called
excretion
The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called ______.
excretion
The muscular layer of the digestive tract found between the submucosa and serosa (or adventitia) is the muscularis
externa
The muscular ring found at the end of the anal canal that is under voluntary control is the ______.
external anal sphincter
The muscularis externa is best defined as the ______.
external smooth muscle layers within the wall of the digestive tract
As a group, the salivary glands located outside of the oral mucosa are categorized as glands.
extrinsic
The junction between the distal portion of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine is the ______ junction.
ileocecal
The valve at the junction of the small intestine and large intestines is the valve
ileocecal
The final portion of the small intestine is the
ileum
The specific region of the small intestine indicated in this illustration is the
ileum
The antibody secreted in saliva that inhibits bacterial growth is ______.
immunoglobin A
In deep breathing the scalene muscles ______.
increase the dimension of the thorax
The function of the brush border is best described as ______.
increasing surface area for absorption
Accessory muscles aid inspiration by ______.
increasing the volume of the thorax
Enlargement of the thoracic cavity with a consequent drop in thoracic pressure leads to ______.
inspiration
The second segment of the small intestine is the
jejunum
The specific region of the small intestine indicated in the given figure is the
jejunum
The location of the stomach can best be described as ______.
just inferior to the diaphragm; in the upper left abdominal cavity
The nephrons that are located close to the renal medulla and have nephron loops that extend very deep into the medulla are ______ nephrons.
juxtamedullary
The organ indicated in this figure is the ______.
kidney
The adrenal glands are located adjacent to the ______.
kidneys
A lymphatic capillary within the core of an intestinal villus, necessary for the absorption of lipids, is called a ______.
lacteal
A lymphatic capillary within the core of an intestinal villus, necessary for the absorption of lipids, is called a(n)
lacteal
The layer of loose connective tissue located adjacent to the epithelial layer in the mucosa is called the propria.
lamina
The structure that begins at the tip of the epiglottis and ends at the cricoid cartilage is the ______.
laryngopharynx
Inspired air travels from the oropharynx through the ______ before entering the trachea.
larynx
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
Which lung contains a cardiac notch?
left
The 90 degree turn between the transverse and descending colon is the ______ flexure.
left colic
The mesentery that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach is the omentum.
lesser
The structure indicated by the arrow is called the ______.
lesser omentum
The organ indicated in the image is the
liver
The reddish brown organ of the right upper abdominal quadrant and inferior to the diaphragm that is the body's largest gland is the ______.
liver
The right kidney is displaced slightly by the ______, an organ located just superior to the right kidney.
liver
Juxtamedullary nephrons have ______ nephron loops that are situated primarily in the renal ______.
long, medulla
Within the muscularis externa, the _____ layer is outermost (superficial).
longitudinal
The gastric rugae are best described as ______.
longitudinal folds in stomach lining
The nasal conchae are separated from each other by narrow air passages referred to as the superior, middle and inferior ______.
meatus
The inner region of the kidney, divided into pyramids, is the renal
medulla
The inner region of the kidney, facing the renal sinus, is the renal ______.
medulla
The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place, provide passage for blood vessels and nerves, and contain lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels are the ______.
mesenteries
A serous membrane that suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall is called a(n) ______.
mesentery
The mesentery that runs from the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall is the
mesocolon
The structure at the arrow is called the ______.
mesocolon
The accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum at the
minor duodenal papilla
The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in the figure shown is called the ______.
mucosa
The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in the given figure is the
mucosa
The tissue layer that forms the innermost lining of an anatomical tract that is open to the exterior of the body is a ______.
mucosa
The muscle layer indicated in the image is the muscularis
mucosae
The cells in the cardiac and pyloric glands that secrete mucus are called ______ cells.
mucous
The component of saliva that binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing is
mucus
The component of saliva that binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing is the ______.
mucus
The specific layer indicated in the image is the ______.
muscularis mucosae
The thin muscular layer of the mucosa is known as the ______.
muscularis mucosae
The group of nerves indicated in this figure is called the ______ plexus.
myenteric
Incoming air is conditioned (warmed and humidified) much more effectively by the nasal cavity thanks in part to the presence of ______.
nasal conchae
The is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach.
pancreas
The minor duodenal papilla receives fluid from the accessory duct.
pancreatic
The blunt tip of a renal pyramid through which urine drains into a minor calyx is the renal
papilla
The blunt tip of a renal pyramid through which urine drains into a minor calyx is the renal _____.
papilla
The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are the ______ cells.
parietal
The salivary gland located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe is the salivary gland.
parotid
Typically, expiration is a(n) ______ process.
passive
The segment (area) of the digestive tract indicated in the figure is the
pharynx
The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the
pharynx
The structure commonly referred to as the throat is the ______.
pharynx
In addition to air movement, the larynx also functions in ______.
phonation
Surfactant is a mixture of ______.
phospholipids and proteins
The depressions into the gastric mucosa are called gastric ______.
pits
Each lung is wrapped in a double layered serous membrane called the ______.
pleura
Establishment of a pressure gradient necessary for inspiration is one of the functions of the ______.
pleurae and pleural space
The membrane called the parietal lines the thoracic cavity.
plura
The two-layered membrane extending from the midline of the posterior abdominal wall to the digestive tract is the mesentery.
posterior
A hollow area within the kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and urine-collecting structures is called the renal
sinus
A hollow area within the kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and urine-collecting structures is called the renal ______.
sinus
Mucus that helps ease the passage of feces through the anal canal is secreted by the anal
sinuses
The primary organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the
small intestine
As air passes through the glottis between adducted vocal cords ______.
sounds are produced
The 90-degree turn between the transverse and descending colon is the ______ flexure.
splenic
Forced inspiration utilizes accessory muscles of respiration including the ______. Select all that apply.
sternocleidomastoid serratus anterior erector spinae
The organ that is a muscular sac located just inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left abdominal cavity is the
stomach
The portion of the digestive tract with three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa is the ______.
stomach
The primary food storage organ is the ______.
stomach
The salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth just under the tongue are the ______ salivary glands.
sublingual
The salivary gland located halfway along the body of the mandible, medial to its margin, is the salivary gland.
submandibular
The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the
submucosa
The thick layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscularis externa in the wall of the digestive tract is the ______.
submucosa
The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in the figure shown is the ______.
submucosa
The tissue layer of the stomach indicated by the letter A in this figure is the
submucosa
The left adrenal gland is found on the ______ of the left kidney, and the right adrenal gland is located on the ______ of the right kidney.
superior pole, superomedial surface
Type II or cuboidal alveolar cells repair damaged epithelium and produce ______.
surfactant
The internal (intercartilaginous part) and external intercostal muscles aid the diaphragm in inspiration and are therefore referred to as ______.
synergists
The pleurae, mediastinum and pericardium compartmentalize the thoracic organs and prevent ______.
the spread of infection
The lower respiratory tract includes the ______.
the trachea and the bronchi the lungs
Lower pitched sounds result when ______.
the vocal folds are relaxed and vibrate more slowly
The prominent laryngeal cartilage which is often larger in males than females is the cartilage.
thyroid
The lower respiratory tract extends from the ______ to the ______.
trachea, pulmonary alveoli
The ureters are lined with ______ epithelium.
transitional
The urinary bladder is lined with epithelium.
transitional
The portion of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity is the ______ colon.
transverse
The structures within the rectum that enable it to retain feces while passing gas are the ______.
transverse rectal folds
The intestinal crypts are best described as ______.
tubular glands within mucosa and submucosa
Bony scrolls covered by mucous membrane located in the nasal cavity are referred to as ______.
turbinates conchae
The narrow bony shelves (conchae) located within the nasal cavity create ______ to ensure that most incoming air contacts the mucous membrane on its way through.
turbulence
The airway from the nose through the larynx is generally referred to as the ______.
upper respiratory tract
During swallowing muscles of the larynx pull the larynx _____ and the epiglottis moves ______ closing the airway
upward, downward
Convulsions and death can result from a condition called uremia, which is caused by a build-up of ______ in the blood.
urea
The most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine is
urea
The most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine is ______.
urea
Severe renal failure can lead to a condition called ______, with symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmia.
uremia
Intraperitoneal is best described as being located ______ the peritoneal cavity.
within
