Unit 5 AP Euro

Lord Byron

A British poet, politician, and leading figure in the Romantic Movement. He produced many emotional and stirring works. His poems discuss national debt and his love life. When he was 21, he was elected into the House of Lords He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and his work is widely read and influential. Some of his best known works are "Don Juan" and "Childe Harold".

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French statesman and military leader who gained prominence during the French Revolution. He lead several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814. Bonaparte dominated European and global affairs while leading France against a series of coalitions in Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars making a vast empire that ruled over continental Europe until its fall in 1815.

Sir Walter Scott

A Scottish novelist, poet, and biographer. Wrote many classic books of English and Scottish literature. provided a Romanticised view of country and people within his works.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A document created by the national Assembly that declared universal principles; many ideas from philosophers-Rousseau's general will and others; also proclaimed progressive taxation and that the army is for the state not one person; educated about liberty. This paper explains a list of rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. It is considered to be a major precursor to international human rights instruments It started a wave of better treatment for the lower class with more equality and recognition.

Girondists

A group of Jacobins that came from the department of the Gironde in southwest France that assumed leadership of the Assembly. They were determined to oppose the forces of counterrevolution. Many of their measures were vetoed by the king.

Methodism

A group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity who derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. Started out as an 18th Century movement by John Wesley, that sought to reform the Church of England from within. The movement became separate from its parent body and developed into an autonomous church.

John Constable

A major figure in English landscape painting in the early 19th century. He was fascinated by changing patterns of clouds, weather, and light and he tried to capture these moments in his oil sketches. He influenced the Barbizon School and the French Romantic movement.

Estates General

A meeting that was called because of the political deadlock between the French monarchy and the vested interests of aristocratic institutions and the church. It consisted of all men and it took place in the year 1789. It consisted of three estates; the first being the clergy; the second being the nobility; and the third being all other adult men in the kingdom, but primarily from the wealthy. This gave voting an unbalanced shift always going in favor of the wealthy and not the poor, causing more uproar.

Great Fear

A movement where things were simultaneous with the popular urban disturbances. Rumors that royal troops would be sent into the rural districts intensified the peasant disturbances that had begun during the spring. The fear in within the peasants made them determined to take possession of food supplies and land that they considered right-rights and property they lost through administrative tightening of the collection of feudal dues during the past century. Causing more uproar from the peasants.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

An Australian diplomat who was at the center of European affairs for four decades as the Australian Empire's Foreign Minister and Chancellor until the Revolutions of 1848 forced him to resign. He signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau which sent Napoleon into exile and led the Australian delegation to divide post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers. He led major European powers into a period of long lasting peace and a strong balance of power.

Sir Arthur Wellesley

First Duke of Wellington. A famous soldier who was victorious at Waterloo during the Napoleonic Wars. a key figure in weakening Napoleon and eventually to his defeat.

Louis XVI

He was the last King of France in the line of Bourbon monarchs due to the French Revolution. The monarchy was abolished on Sept. 21, 1792, and later Louis and his wife Marie-Antoinette were guitienned under charges of counterrolution. He wanted to reform the French government in accordance to Enlightenment ideas. The French nobility reacted with hostility towards these reforms. Increased bread prices and food shortages would lead to mass revolts by middle and lower classes who disliked the French monarchy. Increased tensions lead to the storming of the Bastille which forced Louis to recognize the authority of the National Assembly.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Led a slave revolt against French plantation owners in Hispaniola a significant figure during the Haitian Revolution.

Third Estate

Order comprised of the commoners of society, which made up the vast majority of the French population; this order was divided by important differences in level of education, occupation, and wealth one of the main causes of the entire French Revolution.

Treaty of Tilsit

Signed by Emperor Napoleon I of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia The treaty focused on the peace between Russia and France, handling a war that had erupted between Russia and Turkey and the status of the defeated kingdom of Prussia

Cahiers de Doleances

The Cahiers de doléances were the lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789, the year in which a revolutionary situation began. The political discussions that raged throughout France were a direct challenge to the current system as they gave the people a voice, and the cahiers were used to guide elected representatives in their discussions at the Estates General (like our Congress). They added greatly to the revolutionary air of expectation of the Estates General

Continental System

The Continental System or Continental Blockade was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France against the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars It was created to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce. However, Russia turned on the Continental System and opened trade with Britain. This led to Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia, and his downfall.

Revolution of 1789

The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799 and during it the people of France overthrew the monarchy and took control of the government. The Revolution came to an end when Napoleon overthrew the Revolutionary government and established the French Consulate. The Revolution was sparked by increased taxes of the 3rd estate, food shortages, and increased prices of bread. The 3rd estate made the National Assembly and they wanted King Louis XVI to give them certain rights. This group soon took over the country. The French Revolution completely changed the social and political structure of Europe. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political power over the Catholic Church. It brought ideas such as liberty, freedom, the abolishment of slavery, and women's rights to French citizens.

100 Days

The Hundred Days marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris Napoleon's return from exile was him going against the forces against him. It showed the people of France that they can stand up to those oppressing them, which set a tone for the French Revolution. Napoleon's 'Hundred Days' would be brought to an end only by the battle of Waterloo in June, which forced his abdication and subsequently ensured the restoration of Louis to the French throne in July.

Thermidorian Reaction

The conservative period after the Reign of Terror in the powers of the Committee of Public Safety were curtailed by the National Convention and the Jacobin club shut down

The Directory

The five-man executive authority of the French government after the Constitution of 1795 a result of the new constitution regarding the new French government.

Marie Antoinette

The last Queen of France before the French Revolution. She was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and was executed by guillotine. Most of the population disliked her because the country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and opposition to the social reforms of Turgot and Necker. Due to her and the King's difficulty with conceiving a child, she was accused of having an affair with a cardinal ("Affair of the Diamond Necklace")

Jacques Necker

The new royal director-general of finances who did not want to admit that the situation was as bad as was feared. Necker was a Swiss banker who produced a public report in 1781 that used a financial sleight of hand to downplay France's financial difficulties. Necker helped with the downfall of King Louis XVI by not actually helping him with the financial debt of France at the time. Instead he made it worst, causing more uproar within the common folk in Paris.

Reign of Terror

The period of the French Revolution from Sept. 5, 1793 to July 27, 1794. The Terror had an economic side embodied in the Maximum, a price control measure demanded by the lower class. It was a very violent part of the French Revolution because radicals took control of the Revolutionary government and arrested and executed many people.

Jacobins

The radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondins. They met in a former Dominican priority dedicated to St. Jacques in Paris. They also established a network of local clubs throughout the provinces. They had been the most advanced political group in the National Constituent Assembly and had pressed fora republic rather than a constitutional monarchy. They drew their political language from the most radical thought of the Enlightenment. (republican ideals)

Sturm und Drang

This was what the early German Romantics called themselves means "storm and stress" a proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music that occurred between the late 1760s and early 1780s

Declaration of Pillnitz

Was a statement declared in 1791 by Emperor Leopold II and King Frederick William II. It expressed concern over flight of French monarchy and it was made to see order restored in France. It led to renewed demands for a republic in France after the emergence of the Jacobins. It said that Austria and Prussia would intervene militarily force in France if any harm came to Louis XVI.

William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature helped to launch the romantic age, a large artistic point of Napoleon's rule.

Caspar David Fredrich

a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. Fredrich was able to communicate his ideas through his artwork, not just through actions or words. With this he was showing that people should have the right to freedom of expression, not just freedom of speech or religion. Many nations in the present day uphold these ideals.

Charles Calonne

a French statesman, best known for his involvement in the French Revolution. Realizing that the Parlement of Paris would never agree to reform, Calonne handpicked an Assembly of Notables in 1787 to approve new taxes His attempts to reform the nation's fiscal system in the late 1780s helped trigger the revolution, which one of the most events in France's history. His fall had important significance to the fate of the monarchy in France.

Concordat

a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both, i.e. the recognition and privileges of the Catholic Church in a particular country and with secular matters that impact on church interests An agreement was reached, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution.

Conspiracy of Equals

a failed surprise attack during the French Revolution. It was led by François-Noël Babeuf, who wanted to overthrow the Directory and replace it with an egalitarian (all people are equal and deserve rights) and proto-socialist republic, inspired by Jacobin ideals (democracy) People standing up to their government is a part of the shifting of thinking we know as the Enlightenment. It dates way back to the ideas of humanism, and is seen in the French Revolution in our unit of study

Cult of the Supreme Being

a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival, the Cult of Reason People were suggesting new ideas about religion and that maybe they didn't have to follow the teachings of the Catholic Church and that they could have their own beliefs and opinions without the influence of the leaders of the church.

Bastille

a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government. This law caused one of the greatest powers in the world at the time, the Catholic Church, to step down to the government. This shows the reform that was taking place during the French Revolution in government.

Scorched Earth Policy

a military policy involving deliberate and usually widespread destruction of property and resources (such as housing and factories) so that an invading enemy cannot use them it is a tactic that the Russians used on Napoleon's army.

Constitution of Year VIII

a national constitution of France, adopted on December 24, 1799 (during the Year VIII of the French Revolutionary Calendar), which established the form of government known as the Consulate This was a big step for the people of France. They finally were receiving recognition from the government that maybe some things needed to change in order to more evenly benefit all social classes

September Massacres

a wave of killings in Paris and other cities from 2-7 September 1792, during the French Revolution. There was a fear that foreign and royalist armies would attack Paris and that the inmates of the city's prisons would be freed and join them (mass killing of prisoners)

Treaty of Basel

an agreement between France and Spain that restored to Spain peninsular territory lost during the Franco-Spanish War and gave France Santo Domingo. a peace agreement over land between France and Spain.

Categorical Imperative

an unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose. It may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for actions. Moral obligations played a large role during the French revolution, especially with Louis XVI. He tried to do what was best for his people, but unfortunately made everything much worse by making no decision at all.

Committee of Public Safety

created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793, formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror, a stage of the French Revolution. The Committee of Public Safety succeeded the previous Committee of General Defence (established in January 1793) and assumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion.

Goethe

he greatest German writer of modern times who defies easy classification. Part of his literary production fits into the Romantic mold, and part of it was condemnation of Romantic excess. He was most known for The Sorrows of Young Werther, which was published in 1774. He wrote about the world outside of politics giving people an escape from what was going on in their country. He broke the tension between politics and the common people through his writings.

Jacques Danton

provided heroic national leadership in dark days of September 1792 and who had later served briefly on the Committee of Public Safety before Robespierre joined the group. Danton and others were accused of being insufficiently militant on the war, profited monetarily from the revolution, and rejecting the link between politics and moral virtue. He was executed in April 1794.

Convention

the first government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether It was the first step to abolish the monarchy within France.

Consulate

the top level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804

Edmund Burke

An Irish-born writer and British statesman who argued a different position in Reflections on the Revolution in France. He was born is 1729 and died in 1799. He also forecasted further turmoil as people without political experience tried to govern France. Burke was a proponent of underpinning virtues with manners in society and of the importance of religious institutions for the moral stability and good of the state. These views were expressed in his A Vindication of Natural Society. He was extremely important in the history of political theory. That is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority.

Quadruple Alliance

An alliance first formed in 1813 during the final phase of Napoleonic Wars by Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Their purpose was to defeat Napoleon. The alliance was renewed to prevent the recurrence of French aggression and provide machinery to enforce the peace settlement made at the Congress of Vienna. They occasionally met to discuss European problems. They helped defeat Napoleon and maintain relations between European nations.

Romanticism

An artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. It was characterized by its emphasis on emotion, individualism, and the glorification of nature. It was formed as a reaction of the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment. It had an impact on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism.

Johann Gottfried Herder

An early leader who was a critic of European colonialism. He vigorously rejected the Enlightenment's mechanical explanation of nature. He saw human being and societies as developing organically, like plants, over time.

Levee en Masse

An emergency measure to raise manpower that the generals believed they needed if they were to throw off the danger of invasion and save the patrie en danger. Ordered on August 23, 1793. It occurred during the French Revolutionary Wars and men age 18 to 25 were drafted into the army.

Tennis Court Oath

An oath taken by the members of the new National Assembly on June 20, 1789; declared they would continue to meet until they had written a French constitution

De-Christianization

An unsuccessful aggressive campaign by radical revolutionaries between 1793 and 1794 for the reclamation of the massive amounts of land, power, and money held by the Catholic Church in France to the termination of Catholic religious practice and of the religion itself.

Saint Helena

Island that Napoleon was exiled to after his defeat at Waterloo (and where he died in 1821). An island located in the Atlantic Ocean.

Emigres

Any of the Frenchmen, at first mostly aristocrats, who fled France in the years following the French Revolution of 1789. They were considered traitors by Revolutionary leaders in France because they were fearful of their activities outside of the country.

Olympe de Gouges

Born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political advicist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience. She was enraged about the situation in France and became an outspoken advocate against slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. In her Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, she challenged the power of male authority and male-female inequality. Executed by guillotine during Reign of Terror for the regime of the revolutionary government.

Maximilien Robespierre

He was a French lawyer and politician who was one of the best known figures of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. As a member of the Estates General he advocated for the poor and for democratic institutions. He campaigned for universal male suffrage, price controls on basic foods, and the abolition of slavery in French colonies. Played an important role in execution of Louis XVI, which led to the establishment of the French Republic.

Sans - Culottes

Name of the radical urban working classes of Paris; their name was based of their style of dress

Immanuel Kant

wrote the two greatest philosophical works of the late eighteenth century. He sought to accept the rationalism of the Enlightenment and to sill preserve a belief in human freedom, immortality, and the existence of God. The internal sense of moral duty or awareness possessed by all human beings, also known as categorical imperative, was found and analysed by Kant.