Unit 5 Key Terms B

Brown v Board of Education II

Brown v. Board of Education II (often called Brown II) was a Supreme Court case decided in 1955. The year before, the Supreme Court had decided Brown v. Board of Education, which made racial segregation in schools illegal.However, many all-white schools in the United States had not followed this ruling and still had not integrated (allowed black children into) their schools. In Brown II, the Court ordered them to integrate their schools "with all deliberate speed." In Brown II, the Supreme Court also set out rules about what schools needed to do to de-segregate. Finally, it explained how the United States government would make sure the schools did de-segregate.

Gov. George Wallace

Governor of Alabama for four terms . He ran for U.S. President four times, running officially as a Democrat three times and in the American Independent Party once. He is best known for his Southern populist[1] pro-segregation attitudes during the American desegregation period, convictions he abandoned later in life.

Black Power Movement

The progress made by African Americans in the 1950s and early 1960s at achieving their civil rights was compromised by violence. Frankly, many young blacks rejected the courage and patience displayed by Dr. Martin Luther King in his non-violent response to injustice in American society.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote.

Black Panthers

Black Panther Party, original name Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party's original purpose was to patrol African American neighbourhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality.

Peace Corps

A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructire, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world

Credibility Gap

A lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc. This was the gap between the people and the government that grew as the people became disillusioned with the Vietnam war and Watergate.

Freedom Summer

A voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by the collaboration of civil rights groups, the campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists.

Barry Goldwater

A wealthy Senator from Arizona who emerged in 1960 as the leader of the Republican right and lost to Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election. He wrote "The Conscience of a Conservative"- in which he advocated an abolition of the income tax, sale of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and a drastic overhaul of Social Security.

De Jure Segregation

De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation. Ex: Jim Crow Laws

Sagebrush Rebellion

Emerged in parts of the West in the late 70s, mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development. It also portrayed the West as a victim of government control. It demanded government-owned land to be opened for development.

William F.Buckley & National Review

He launched the conservative National Review magazine in 1955, founded Young Americans for Freedom in 1960 and started a conservative tv talk show "firing line" in 1966 as part of the roots of conservative resurgence.

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII. (Africans Americans and other races were banned to live in these societies causing them to move to the city.)

James Meredith

In 1962 became the first black American to attend the Univesity of Mississippi after beign blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement, Meredith receded from public view following his brace steps toward educational integration

Urban Renewal

In San Francisco, some 4,000 residents of the Western Addition, a predominantly black neighborhood, lost out to an urban renewal program that built luxury housing, a shopping center, and an express boulevard. Between 1949 and 1967, urban renewal nationwide demolished almost 400,000 buildings and displaced 1.4 million people.

Suez Crisis

International crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. The crisis led to a British and French attack on Egypt, which failed without aid from the United States. The Suez Crisis marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs.

John Foster Dulles

John Foster Dulles served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world. (Brinkmanship)The policy associated with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that stressed that Soviet aggression would be met by massive nuclear retaliation; Dulles was opposed to simply containing the USSR and wanted to liberate the countries under Soviet control. The policy was the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin., LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employment, voting, or public accommodations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

Brown v Board of Education

On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional.. It rejected the "sep. but equal" doc. of Plessy v Ferguson. Although the decision did not succeed in fully desegregating public education in the United States, it put the Constitution on the side of racial equality and galvanized the nascent civil rights movement into a full revolution.

Military Industrial Complex

President Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke about the power of what he called the military-industrial complex, which by then employed 3.5 million Americans. Even though his administration had fostered this defense establishment, Eisenhower feared its implications: "We must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex," he said. The military-industrial complex that Eisenhower identified had its roots in the business-government partnerships of World War II. After 1945, though the country was nominally at peace, the economy and the government operated in a state of perpetual readiness for war.

The Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic agenda that was billed as a successor to the New Deal, it aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty, including programs such as the War on Poverty (expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor). Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots level

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law (de jure).

Warren Commission

Report on the assassination of Kennedy: declared that Oswald and Ruby had acted alone, not a part of any other conspiracy. Conspiracy theories still developed and exist today. (LBJ asked for this)

Jonas Salk

Salk was an American biologist and physician best known for the research and development of a killed-virus polio vaccine. Before a vaccine was discovered for polio it was one of the most feared of communicable diseases in the U.S.

Tet Offensive

Series of Communist attacks on 44 South Vietnamese cities; although the Viet Cong suffered a major defeat, the attacks ended the American view that the war was winnable and destroyed the nation's will to escalate the war further. ( Made many Americans skeptical about the war)

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. It was a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Flexible Response

The buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons. Defense Secretary McNamara pushed a strategy of "flexible response," which developed an array of military options that could match the gravity of whatever crises came to hand. One of these was the Green Berets, AKA, the "Special Forces".

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Sputnick

The first Ear-orbiting artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. This started the "space race" between the Soviets and the United States. As a result, the united states spent more money on education, math and science specifically, and created NASA.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights. Drawing on its members youthful energies, SNCC in its early years coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives. (Greensbore) SNCC grew out of the southern christian leadership conference whose goal was increasing student participation in the civil rights movement.

Immigration Act of 1965

abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Eisenhower Doctrine

refers to a speech Eisenhower made in 1957 within a "special message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East." Under it, a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from US military if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. (Singled out the Soviet threat).

Cuban Missile Crisis

standoff between JFK and Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents. (USA removed missiles in Turkey and Russian removed missiles in Cuba)