Unit 6 concept checks

The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared which of the following? A The idea that wealthy people had some obligation to help people living in poverty B Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system C Support for United States expansionism D Advocacy of individual rights

B Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a similarity between White's and Hahn's overall arguments in the excerpts about interactions between American Indians and the United States in the late 1800s? A Both argue that the United States government desired to recognize the sovereignty of American Indians. B Both claim that United States officials sought to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals. C Both assert that American Indian community connections strengthened because of United States assistance. D Both contend that new United States laws caused American Indians to abandon their tribal identities.

B Both claim that United States officials sought to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals.

Which of the following best accounts for the curve on the graph above depicting immigration to the United States from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900? A Rapid expansion of the British Empire into the Southern Hemisphere B Restrictive congressional legislation C Immigration to less-settled areas of the world D Improved worldwide economic conditions E Reduction of potential immigrant populations by widespread epidemics

B Restrictive congressional legislation

Which of the following helps to explain the development of railroad transportation as depicted in the graph? A Growth of support from farmers for the business practices of railroads B Forced relocation of American Indians to work as railroad laborers C Distribution of federal government subsidies to railroad corporations D Increase of competition between different railroad companies

C Distribution of federal government subsidies to railroad corporations

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 The claims made by White and Hahn about United States policies toward American Indians in the late nineteenth century are similar in that they both support which of the following arguments? A The federal government sought to grant members of American Indian tribes United States citizenship. B The United States Congress saw treaties as the best way to promote American Indian economic development. C Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians. D The United States wanted to force American Indians to provide labor for agriculture and mining.

C Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians.

Which of the following was a response to both immigration in the 1850s and the immigration depicted in the graph? A Immigrants were provided social support in settlement houses. B Immigrants were restricted from gaining the right to vote in elections. C Nativists advocated against the continued arrival of immigrants. D Reformers helped immigrants to maintain their traditional cultures.

C Nativists advocated against the continued arrival of immigrants.

"We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads ... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible ... We demand a graduated income tax ... We demand a free ballot." Which of the following groups included the passage above in its platform? A American Federation of Labor B Union-Labor Party C People's Party (Populists) D National Grange E Democratic Party

C People's Party (Populists)

"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren.'' These sentiments are most characteristic of A transcendentalism B pragmatism C the Gospel of Wealth D the Social Gospel E Reform Darwinism

C the Gospel of Wealth

"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following? A Sharecropping or tenant farming B Gang labor on the railways C Mining and other extractive industries D Manufacturing in urban factories

A Sharecropping or tenant farming

William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image? A The rapid growth of cities B The dismantling of the national bank C The acquisition of territory in the West D The rise of the People's (Populist) Party

A The rapid growth of cities

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s? A White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment. B White argues that federal supervision of American Indians decreased, while Hahn argues that the United States came to control all aspects of their lives on reservations. C White asserts that American Indians came to be governed directly by the United States, while Hahn asserts that they remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States. D White contends that American Indians retained possession of much land, while Hahn contends that they lost possession of most of their land to United States settlers.

A White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

The developments depicted on the map most strongly affected American Indians by A increasing armed conflict with United States citizens and threatening traditional ways of life B promoting economic growth through new lines of trade with previously isolated communities C encouraging the federal government to recognize American Indian sovereignty D reducing contact with White settlers due to the abandonment of old overland routes to the Pacific

A increasing armed conflict with United States citizens and threatening traditional ways of life

"Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, 'Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased.' [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, 'For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?'" — Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1890 Lease's views best reflect the influence of which of the following developments in social and political movements in the 1890s? A Increased calls for radical overthrow of the federal government B Rising grassroots challenges to the dominant economic system C Greater support for corporate power in agriculture D Emerging ideological justifications for inequities of wealth

B Rising grassroots challenges to the dominant economic system

"The [political] machine represented the dominant urban political institution of the late nineteenth century. . . . Bosses purchased voter support with individual economic inducements such as offers of public jobs. . . . The machine sustained itself by exchanging material benefits for political support. . . . "By 1890 Irish bosses ran most of the big-city Democratic machines constructed in the 1870s and 1880s. . . . By 1886, the Irish held 58 percent of the seats on the San Francisco Democratic party central committee. . . . 61 percent of the Tammany Society [political machine in New York City] were Irish in 1890. ". . . What accounts for their unusually high group political participation rates? The Irish capture of the urban Democratic party depended on a large Irish voting bloc. In city after city the Irish mobilized politically much more quickly than other ethnic groups. Irish naturalization and voter registration rates were the highest of all the immigrant groups. "[In the 1860s] Radical Republicans captured control of the New England and Middle Atlantic states. . . . [They] pursued a program of electoral and institutional reform in the eastern states with urban Democratic (and Irish) strongholds. Rather than weakening the embryonic Democratic city organizations, the Radical attack succeeded in strengthening these machines. The election of pro-machine Democratic governors in states such as New York, New Jersey, and California further aided Irish machine building." Steven P. Erie, historian, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985, published in 1990 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence would best modify the overall argument of the excerpt? A Political machines engaged in active campaigns to naturalize new Irish immigrants as citizens. B Some urban areas with large Irish populations did not develop Irish-dominated political machines. C Irish people received a significant percent of new patronage jobs created in New York City in the 1890s. D The Irish in San Francisco were more likely to vote than other ethnic groups in the late 1890s and early 1900s.

B Some urban areas with large Irish populations did not develop Irish-dominated political machines.

"One by one the southern states have legally disfranchised the Afro-American, and since the repeal of the Civil Rights Bill nearly every southern state has passed separate [railroad] car laws with a penalty against their infringement. The race, regardless of advancement, is penned into filthy, stifling partitions cut off from smoking cars." The author of the statement above was A a Scalawag in the 1870s B an African American journalist in the 1890s C a White segregationist in the 1910s D a White southern Democrat in the 1930s E an African American Civil Rights worker in the 1970s

B an African American journalist in the 1890s

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing A styles of farming B claims to land C forms of government D family structures

B claims to land

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world—yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to the A decrease in tariffs for manufactured goods B growth of an organized labor movement C expansion of government regulation of industry D loss of class distinctions in the United States

B growth of an organized labor movement

"When [Robert E.] Lee surrendered . . . the South became, and has since been, loyal to this Union. We fought hard enough to know that we were whipped, and in perfect frankness accept as final the [arbitration] of the sword to which we had appealed. . . . "The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core—a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace—and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age. "The new South is enamored of her new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten." Henry W. Grady, Georgia newspaper editor and Democratic political activist, speech in New York City, 1886 Evidence in the excerpt can best be used to support which of the following arguments about the historical situation of South after the Civil War? A Some elite Southerners opposed the growth of sharecropping. B Elections in the South were more democratic than in the North. C Some Southern leaders promoted industrialization as progress. D Northern politicians hindered the economic recovery of the South.

C Some Southern leaders promoted industrialization as progress.

By the 1870s, which of the following most reflected the continuation of the trend depicted on the maps? A The purchase of automobiles by most households in the United States B The extension of electrical power to most homes in the United States C The completion of transcontinental railroads D The development and use of the cotton gin in the South

C The completion of transcontinental railroads

"Probably no other individual [than Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794-1877] made an equal impact over such an extended period on America's economy and society. . . . He vastly improved and expanded the nation's transportation infrastructure, contributing to a transformation of the very geography of the United States. . . . Far ahead of many of his peers, he grasped one of the great changes in American culture: the abstraction of economic reality, as the connection faded between the tangible world and the new devices of business, such as paper currency, corporations, and securities. . . . One person cannot move the national economy single-handedly—but no one else kept his hands on the lever for so long or pushed so hard." T. J. Stiles, historian, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 2009 Which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries most directly represented a continuation of the pattern described in the excerpt? A The growth of international immigration to the United States B The expansion of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South C The consolidation of corporations into large trusts and holding companies D The organization of workers into local and national unions

C The consolidation of corporations into large trusts and holding companies

"Economically speaking, aggregated [accumulated] capital will be more and more essential to the performance of our social tasks. Furthermore, it seems to me certain that all aggregated capital will fall more and more under personal control. Each great company will be known as controlled by one master mind. The reason for this lies in the great superiority of personal management over management by boards and committees. This tendency is in the public interest, for it is in the direction of more satisfactory responsibility. The great hindrance to the development of this continent has lain in the lack of capital. The capital which we have had has been wasted by division and dissipation, and by injudicious applications. The waste of capital, in proportion to the total capital, in this country between 1800 and 1850, in the attempts which were made to establish means of communication and transportation, was enormous. The waste was chiefly due to ignorance and bad management, especially to State control of public works. We are to see the development of the country pushed forward at an unprecedented rate by an aggregation of capital, and a systematic application of it under the direction of competent men. This development will be for the benefit of all, and it will enable each one of us, in his measure and way, to increase his wealth. We may each of us go ahead to do so, and we have every reason to rejoice in each other's prosperity. . . . Capital inherited by a spendthrift [person who spends money freely] will be squandered and re-accumulated in the hands of men who are fit and competent to hold it. So it should be, and under such a state of things there is no reason to desire to limit the property which any man may acquire." William Graham Sumner, university professor, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 1883 The excerpt best reflects which of the following economic developments in the late 1800s? A The rise in demand for immigrant labor in factories B The political advocacy for seeking overseas markets C The increase in wealth inequality in United States society D The reduction in conflict between managers and workers

C The increase in wealth inequality in United States society

1908 photograph by Lewis Hine of Sadie Pfeifer, one of many children working in a South Carolina cotton mill The conditions shown in the photograph emerged most directly as a result of which of the following? A Overpopulation that forced farming families to migrate to urban centers B The movement to promote child labor to instill values of hard work and frugality C The preference of factory owners for a cheap labor force D The need for increased family income during the Great Depression

C The preference of factory owners for a cheap labor force

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Which of the following was typical of agreements such as the Fort Laramie Treaty between the United States government and American Indians in the post-Civil War West? A They frequently led to the formation of a common interest between the United States government and American Indians in controlling the activities of White settlers. B They generally led to the formation of strong, independent American Indian nations. C They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations. D They led to the abandonment of most reservations as American Indian families sought economic opportunities in urban areas.

C They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations.

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts." Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported? A The use of federal power to redistribute wealth B Government creation of jobs for unemployed people C Increased regulation of corporations D Laissez-faire economics

D Laissez-faire economics

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? A The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast B The building of new roads and canals C Increased immigration from eastern Europe D Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

D Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above? A Urban workers B Railroad executives C New York City financiers D Midwestern farmers E White-collar and professional workers

D Midwestern farmers

Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers? A Widespread movement to suburban neighborhoods B Groups that advocated for women's voting rights C Alternative visions of a good society offered through utopianism D Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

D Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

"The necessities of our altered relationship to the Pacific Ocean [after the late 1840s] found expression in a comprehensive treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the sovereign kingdom of Hawaii. . . . "[The line] from San Francisco to Honolulu [in Hawaii] marks the natural limit of the ocean belt within which our trade with [eastern Asia] must flow. . . . When we survey the stupendous progress made by the western coast during the thirty years of its national life as a part of our dominion, . . . it is not easy to set a limit to its commercial activity or foresee a check to its maritime supremacy in the waters of [eastern Asia], so long as those waters afford, as now, a free and neutral scope for our peaceful trade. . . . "[The United States] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific demands their neutrality, to which end it will earnestly cooperate with the native government. And if, through any cause, the maintenance of such a position of neutrality should be found by Hawaii to be impracticable, this government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an avowedly American solution for the grave issues presented." Secretary of State James G. Blaine, letter to James M. Comly, United States ambassador to Hawaii, 1881 The discussion of economic neutrality featured in the excerpt is best situated within which of the following historical contexts? A Continued restrictions on the organization of labor B Decreased industrial output following economic crises C Increasing demand to export southern cotton D Rising support for laissez-faire economic policies

D Rising support for laissez-faire economic policies

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt? A Know-Nothings B Machine politicians C Southern Democrats D Settlement house workers

D Settlement house workers

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt? A The growth of political tensions between the United States and Mexico B A conflict with Great Britain over the northern border of the United States C A large-scale African American migration to the region D The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

D The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 Which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? A The rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands B A decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations C The implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land D The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

D The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

"We are just now making a great pretense of anxiety to civilize the [American] Indians. . . . As we have taken into our national family seven millions of Negroes . . . it would seem that the time may have arrived when we can very properly make at least the attempt to assimilate our two hundred and fifty thousand Indians. . . . "The school at Carlisle is an attempt on the part of the government to do this. . . . Carlisle fills young Indians with the spirit of loyalty to the stars and stripes, and then moves them out into our communities to show by their conduct and ability that the Indian is no different from the white or the colored, that he has the inalienable right to liberty and opportunity that the white and the negro have." Richard H. Pratt, founder, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, "The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites," 1892 Many American Indians of the 1890s responded to policies such as those of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School by A creating new political organizations B migrating to unsettled territories C engaging in large-scale armed resistance D seeking to preserve their cultural and tribal identities

D seeking to preserve their cultural and tribal identities

All of the following account for nativist sentiment against the "new immigrants" of the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that the immigrants A practiced different religions B had different languages and cultures C were willing to work for lower wages than were native-born workers D were not familiar with the United States political system E dominate the professions of law, medicine, and engineering

E dominate the professions of law, medicine, and engineering