Unit 6 Objectives - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

*Calvin cycle

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*Krebs cycle

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*cuticle

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*electron transport

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*glucose

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*glycolysis

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*stomata

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*vascular bundles

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*high-energy sugars and oxygen

*What are the products of photosynthesis?

*water and carbon dioxide

*What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

*

*What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?

*Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light absorbs energy; light energy can produce a steady supply of high-energy electrons, which is what makes photosynthesis work.

*What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

*Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments.

*What is the role of pigments in photosynthesis?

*6CO2 + 6H2O >>>>>light>>>>> C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water >>>>>light>>>>> sugars + oxygen

*What is the summary equation of photosynthesis?

*electron carrier (or electron carrier molecule)

*a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule

*pigment

*light-absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun's energy

*chloroplast

*organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy; it is where photosynthesis takes place; it contains an abundance of thylakoids and a fluid portion known as the stroma

*photosynthesis

*process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches *the process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy that all organisms can use directly, or indirectly, to carry out life functions

*thylakoid

*saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts that are interconnected and arranged in stacks known as grana; pigments such as chlorophyll are located in these membranes

*granum (plural form: grana)

*stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts

*stroma

*the fluid portion of the chloroplast located outside of the thylakoids

basic energy source

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a _______________ _______________ _______________ for all cells.

movement

ATP powers _______________, providing the energy for motor proteins that contract muscles and power the wavelike movement of cilia and flagella.

ADP

ATP's energy is released by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate group, which then converts ATP back into _______________.

carry

After the electrons have been transferred, NADPH is converted back to NADP+, so it can be used to _______________ electrons again.

make their own food from carbon dioxide and water.

Autotrophs differ from heterotrophs because they.....

food

Cells are not "born" with a supply of ATP—they must somehow produce it. So, where do living things get the energy they use to produce ATP? The simple answer is that it comes from the chemical compounds that we call _______________.

breaking; efficient

Cells can release the energy stored in ATP by the controlled _______________ of the chemical bonds between the second and third phosphate groups; because a cell can add or subtract these phosphate groups, it has an _______________ way of storing and releasing energy as needed.

A single molecule of the sugar glucose stores more than 90 times the energy stored by ATP. However, ATP, which transfers energy quickly, is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy.

Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy?

An ATP molecule consists of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. adenine - a chemical compound in ATP ribose - a 5-carbon sugar molecule 3 phosphate groups - the key to ATP's ability to store and supply energy

Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule.

chemical

Energy can be stored in _______________ compounds.

light; heat; electricity

Energy comes in many forms, including _______________, _______________, and _______________.

light

Energy from ATP powers other important events in the cell. The energy from ATP can even be used to produce _______________. In fact, the blink of a firefly on a summer night comes from an enzyme that is powered by ATP!

synthesis; responses

Energy from ATP powers the _______________ of proteins and _______________ to chemical signals at the cell surface.

light

Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of _______________.

ATP; ADP

Energy is released upon the conversion of _____ to _____.

building blocks

Food provides living things with the chemical _______________ _______________ they need to grow and reproduce.

The energy to make ATP from ADP comes from food. Organisms get food in one of two ways: Heterotrophs get food by consuming (eating) other organisms. Autotrophs use the energy in sunlight to make their own food.

How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?

Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. Other organisms, by consuming plants and other autotrophs, ultimately benefit from that energy.

How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun?

captured

In order for photosynthesis to occur, light energy from the sun must somehow be _______________.

Think of a high-energy electron as being similar to a hot potato straight from the oven. If you wanted to move the potato from one place to another, you wouldn't pick it up in your hands. You would use an oven mitt—a carrier—to transport it.

In the book, what do they compare high-energy electrons to and why?

reflect

Leaves _______________ green light, which is why plants look green.

balance

Many cell membranes contain sodium-potassium pumps, membrane proteins that pump sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into it; ATP provides the energy that keeps this pump working, maintaining a carefully regulated ______________ of ions on both sides of the cell membrane.

storing; as needed

Most cells have only a small amount of ATP—enough to last for a few seconds of activity. Even though ATP is a great molecule for transferring energy, it is not a good one for _______________ large amounts of energy over the long term. It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP _____ __________ by using the energy in foods like glucose.

1 - plants, like grass 2 - algae 3 - some bacteria

Name three examples of autotrophs mentioned in the book.

1 - eating plants (gazelle) 2 - feeding on plant-eating animals (cheetah) 3 - absorbing nutrients from decomposing organisms in the environment (mushrooms)

Name three examples of heterotrophs either mentioned or shown in the book and three ways heterotrophs can get their food.

active transport

One way cells use the energy provided by ATP is to carry out _______________ _______________.

carry out active transport.

One way cells use the energy provided by ATP is to.....

autotrophs.

Organisms that make their own food are called.....

sun

Originally, the energy in nearly all food molecules comes from the _______________.

white; mixture

Our eyes perceive sunlight as a "_______________" light, but it is actually a _______________ of different wavelengths.

red; orange; yellow; green; blue; indigo; violet

Our eyes see the different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: shades of __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________.

sun; photosynthesis

Our lives, and the lives of nearly every living thing on the surface of Earth, are made possible by the _______________ and the process of _______________.

light; putting together

Photosynthesis comes from the Greek words photo, meaning "_______________," and synthesis, meaning "_______________ _______________."

water; carbon dioxide

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert _______________ and _______________ _______________ into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

6

Photosynthesis usually produces _____-carbon sugars as the final product.

carbon dioxide; carbon

Plants absorb _______________ _______________ from the atmosphere and complete the process of photosynthesis by producing _______________-containing sugars and other carbohydrates.

carotene

Plants also contain red and orange pigments such as _______________ that absorb light in other regions of the spectrum. Most of the time, the intense green color of chlorophyll overwhelms the accessory pigments, so we don't notice them. As temperatures drop late in the year, however, chlorophyll molecules break down first, leaving the reds and oranges of the accessory pigments for all to see. The beautiful colors of fall in some parts of the country are the result of this process.

pigments

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called _______________.

synthesis

Plants then use the sugars to produce complex carbohydrates such as starches, and to provide energy for the _________________ (or production) of other compounds, including proteins and lipids.

hot potato; electron carrier

So, the high-energy electrons are like a _______________ _______________; the oven mitt is like an _______________ _______________.

less.

The amount of energy stored in a molecule of ATP compared to the amount stored in a molecule of glucose is.....

Calvin

The electrons energy can be used in chemical reactions elsewhere in the chloroplast, such as the _______________ cycle; the electrons provide the energy needed to run this cycle and produce sugars and other compounds.

water

The energy from sunlight splits _______________ molecules, providing a steady supply of electrons for the reactions of photosynthesis.

chlorophyll

The high-energy electrons produced by _______________ are highly reactive and require a special "carrier".

blue-violet; red; green

The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b', absorb light very well in the _______________ and _______________ regions of the visible spectrum. However, chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the _______________ region of the spectrum.

spectrum

The wavelengths that are visible to our eyes make up what is known as the visible _______________.

carbohydrates

These high-energy electron carriers are used to help build a variety of molecules the cell needs, including _______________ like glucose.

True

True or False: The two sets of reactions work together to capture the energy of sunlight and transform it into energy-rich compounds such as carbohydrates.

autotrophs

Ultimately, nearly all life on Earth, including ourselves, depends on the ability of _______________ to capture the energy of sunlight and store it in the molecules that make up food.

water, NADP+, ADP oxygen, NADPH, ATP

What are the reactants for light-dependent reactions? What are the products for light-dependent reactions?

carbon dioxide, NADPH, ATP sugars, NADP+, ADP

What are the reactants for light-independent reactions? What are the products for light-independent reactions?

light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

adenosine triphosphate; it consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

What does ATP stand for?

In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

What happens during the process of photosynthesis?

ADP is a compound that looks almost like ATP, except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three. (adenosine diphosphate) It is like a rechargeable battery that powers the machinery of the cell. It is like a partially charged battery that can be fully charged by the addition of a phosphate group.

What is ADP?

the ability to do work

What is the definition of energy?

ATP has three phosphates; ADP has two.

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

cellular

When NADPH releases the electrons and H+ ion, the energy from the electrons can be used to power _______________ processes.

light and heat.

When a candle burns, energy is released in the form of.....

ATP

When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by adding phosphate groups to ADP molecules, producing what?

Organisms get the energy they need from food. For all organisms, food molecules contain chemical energy that is released when their chemical bonds are broken. Energy stored in food is expressed in units of calories.

Where do organisms get energy?

plants

Which of the below are autotrophs?: deer, plants, leopards, and mushrooms

ATP

Which of the below are used by cells to store and release the energy needed to power cellular processes?: DNA, ATP, H2O, CO2

the phosphate groups

Which parts of ATP are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy?

Mushrooms feed by absorbing decomposing nutrients from organisms.

Why are mushrooms considered heterotrophs?

ATP is a compound used by cells to store and release energy, and without the ability to obtain and use energy, life would cease to exist. It is the basic energy source used by all types of cells. ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups; this characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic source for all cells.

Why is ATP useful to cells?

food

You feel weak when you are hungry because _______________ serves as a source of energy; weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low.

energy; work

You need _______________ to do _______________.

Weakness

_______________ is a feeling triggered by a lack of energy.

NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

a carrier protein in photosynthesis; a carrier molecule/compound that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules; it accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion (H+); this converts the carrier molecule into NADPH; the conversion of it into NADPH is one way in which some of the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form; the NADPH can then carry the high-energy electrons that were produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell

Calorie

a kilocalories -equivalent to 1000 calories; is used on food labels

autotroph

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer; they make their own food through photosynthesis

heterotroph

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer

chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; it absorbs visible light especially well; when it absorbs light, a large fraction of that light energy is transferred directly to the electrons here; produces high-energy electrons

homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

light-independent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar from carbon dioxide; also called the Calvin cycle; these reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma

light-dependent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from sunlight to produce energy-rich compounds such as ATP and NADPH; they require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments; these reactions take place within the thylakoids, specifically, in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast; water is required in these reactions as a source of electrons and hydrogen ions; oxygen is released as a byproduct

calorie

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius; the measure of heat energy in food