Unit 6 pt 1

learned helplessness example

- dogs that had been exposed to uncontrollable electric shock and subsequently did not try to escape the shock when it was possible to do so

Person associated with classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

psychologist associated with behaviorism

John B. Watson

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that has no prior association to the unconditioned response, but turns into the conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

classical conditioning

a type of associative learning that involves learned involuntary responses

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it; you don't respond anymore bc you "get used to it"

conditioned stimulus

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

example of second order conditioning

cat salivates to can opener -> squeaky cabinet proceeds can opener -> cat eventually salivates to cabinet opening

what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

classical is involuntary, operant is voluntary

Pavlov's Dog Experiment

conditioned dogs to salivate to the ringing of a bell

biological predispositions example

each species' predispositions prepare it to learn the associations that enhance its survival- an evolutionary phenomenon called preparedness

USC in pavlov's dogs

food in mouth

Generalization example

kid is afraid of white rats and white rabbits

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together

biological predispositions

more than the early behaviorists realized, an animal's capacity for conditioning is limited by biological constraints

example of biological constraints

pigeons can easily be conditioned to slap their wings to avoid being shocked, and to peck to obtain food: fleeing with their wings and eating with their beaks are natural pigeon behaviors; however, pigeons would have a hard time learning to peck to avoid a shock, or to flap their wings to obtain food

the more _______ the association, the _________ the conditioned response

predictable; stronger

behaviorism

psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

cognitive process

rescorla and wagner showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an evebt

we associate stimuli that we do not control, and we respond automatically, exhibiting _______ ____________

respondent behavior

CR in Pavlov's dogs

salivation

UCR in Pavlov's dogs

salivation

involuntary responses

salivation, blinking, sweating, cringing, gagging, fear (strong emotions), sneezing, coughing

example of habituation

sea slug

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

learned helplessness

the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events lots of stress hormones, which cause a decrease in immune system

acquisition

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

unconditioned response

the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

what did john garcia find in his studies of taste aversion?

they exposed a group of rats to a particular taste, sight, or sound and later also to radiation or drugs that led to nausea and vomiting

CS in Pavlov's dogs

tone

NS in pavlovs dogs

tone

When does extinction occur?

when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus (food no longer follows bell)