Unit 6 pt 1
learned helplessness example
- dogs that had been exposed to uncontrollable electric shock and subsequently did not try to escape the shock when it was possible to do so
Person associated with classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
psychologist associated with behaviorism
John B. Watson
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that has no prior association to the unconditioned response, but turns into the conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
classical conditioning
a type of associative learning that involves learned involuntary responses
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it; you don't respond anymore bc you "get used to it"
conditioned stimulus
an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
example of second order conditioning
cat salivates to can opener -> squeaky cabinet proceeds can opener -> cat eventually salivates to cabinet opening
what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning
classical is involuntary, operant is voluntary
Pavlov's Dog Experiment
conditioned dogs to salivate to the ringing of a bell
biological predispositions example
each species' predispositions prepare it to learn the associations that enhance its survival- an evolutionary phenomenon called preparedness
USC in pavlov's dogs
food in mouth
Generalization example
kid is afraid of white rats and white rabbits
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
biological predispositions
more than the early behaviorists realized, an animal's capacity for conditioning is limited by biological constraints
example of biological constraints
pigeons can easily be conditioned to slap their wings to avoid being shocked, and to peck to obtain food: fleeing with their wings and eating with their beaks are natural pigeon behaviors; however, pigeons would have a hard time learning to peck to avoid a shock, or to flap their wings to obtain food
the more _______ the association, the _________ the conditioned response
predictable; stronger
behaviorism
psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
cognitive process
rescorla and wagner showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an evebt
we associate stimuli that we do not control, and we respond automatically, exhibiting _______ ____________
respondent behavior
CR in Pavlov's dogs
salivation
UCR in Pavlov's dogs
salivation
involuntary responses
salivation, blinking, sweating, cringing, gagging, fear (strong emotions), sneezing, coughing
example of habituation
sea slug
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
learned helplessness
the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events lots of stress hormones, which cause a decrease in immune system
acquisition
the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
unconditioned response
the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
what did john garcia find in his studies of taste aversion?
they exposed a group of rats to a particular taste, sight, or sound and later also to radiation or drugs that led to nausea and vomiting
CS in Pavlov's dogs
tone
NS in pavlovs dogs
tone
When does extinction occur?
when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus (food no longer follows bell)