Unit 7 & 8- History

How could growing nationalism in European countries hurt Napoleon?

Napoleon's goal was to conquer European countries, but the people of these countries felt a sense of nationalism and wanted to protect their home and culture, so they fought back against Napoleon.

Hundred Days

Napoleon's last bid for power

Order of French governments throughout the revolution

Old Regime, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, Directory, Consulate, Napoleon's Empire

sans-culotte

Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes to France

How did geography place a role in Napoleon's defeat?

He invaded russia and faced the Scorched Earth Policy, leaving his army weak and tired. The cold winter, rivers that drowned men, disease, and starvation reduced his army severely. Russian raiders and other countries then attacked Napoleon's weak army, and he was taken down.

What is the difference between socialism and communism

In socialism the factors of production are owned by the state (government) to be regulated and distributed evenly, whereas there is no government in Communism and it is operated by the people, who own and share the means of production.

What is the main cause of urbanization

Industrialization because people were moving to cities for jobs in factories

Identify the long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Industrialization made goods that were once considered a luxury affordable to many. Living and working conditions improved severely, profits of industrialization provided tax revenue that improved the quality of life greatly, and urbanization increased.

Why did Imperialism grow because of Industrialization?

Industrialization relied on raw materials and resources from less-developed lands. Europe and other industrialized countries took control of other lands to get these goods and used them as a market

How did the rise in population help the Industrial Revolution develop?

It led to an increased demand for goods (like cloth) and food. Farmers lost their land when they became enclosures, and became factory workers. The population growth increased demand and available workers.

How did the French Revolution not only affect Europe, but other areas of the world?

It put ideas of justice and freedom into the minds of people all over, favoring democracy. Social attitudes and the basis of power shifted, and a new era began.

Why were members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime?

Under the Old Regime, the Third Estate lacked privileges granted to the other estates, and paid high taxes as well. Half their income went to nobles, tithes, and taxes.

Scorched Earth Policy

When Alexander I of Russia retreated from Napoleon's great army and burned grain fields and killed livestock so the French army had nothing to eat

How did John Locke's notion of the social contract influence the American colonists?

When rebelling against Britain, the Declaration of Independence was firmly based on Locke's ideas. It stated that men had the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It also included George's wrongdoings, relating to Locke's belief in the right to rebel against a tyrant..

Marie Antoinette

Wife of Louis XVI who interfered with the government, gave Louis bad advice, wasted money, and was disliked because she was Austrian.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

With an increase in population, economic prosperity, natural resources, military success, and government support for business ventures, England had all the tools and factors of production to advance their industry. They had these advantages over other countries. Also, a creativity explosion led to the creation of new inventions and machines.

blockade

a forcible closing of ports

lycee

a government-run public schools

Coup d'etat

a sudden seizure of power or a "blow to the state"

Old Regime

absolute monarchy in France from the middle ages-1789, dividing people into three social classes (estates)

Tennis Court Oath

after the third estate delegates had been locked out of their meeting room, they broke into an indoor tennis court and made this oath, pledging not to leave until a new constitution was drawn up.

concordat

agreement

Holy Alliance

agreement between Russian, Austrian, and Prussian rulers that pledged to base their relations with other nations on Christian principles in order to combat the forces of the Revolution

Concert of Europe

alliances devised by Metternich to ensure the nations would help each other if any revolutions broke out

capitalism

an economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Many philosophers believed the economy would prosper if free trade was allowed.

Estates General

assembly of representatives from all three estates in France to discuss the tax imposed to pay France's debt

guerilla

bands of Spanish peasant fighters

Describe the living conditions of the lower class.

cities lacked development plans, were unsanitary, had poor housing and education and not enough police protection. Streets were dirty, as were the shelters that housed many families.

urbanization

city-building and the migration of people to cities

Napoleonic code

comprehensive system of laws that gave the country a uniform set of laws, eliminated many injustices, restored slavery in French colonies, and limited liberty, favoring order and authority over individual rights

Laissez-faire

economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without government interference- free market unregulated by the government. Business leaders wanted this because it benefited them.

balance of power

equal distribution of power in the government so no one group could be a threat to others or take control

What factors led to Robespierre becoming a dictator?

he and his supporters tried to erase France's past for their new revolutionary ideals and made a "Republic of Virtue". He became in charge of protecting the Revolution from enemies. He did this through beheading. He justified his terror with the Revolution's ideals.

How did Louis XVI's weak leadership contribute to the growing crisis in France?

he considerably increased France's debt and put off responding to the situation until it had become a crisis. He was indecisive, ignored his advisors, and was impatient.

How did Robespierre justify his use of terror?

he said it kept French citizens true to the Revolution's ideals and terror was necessary and connected to virtue

crop rotation

landholding pattern in which different crops are planted sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and agriculture

factory

large building machines were set up in

enclosure

larger fields owned by wealthy landowners that were experimented on with seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields

Legislative Assembly

limited constitutional monarchy, new legislative body with the power to create laws and to approve/ reject declarations of war (king still had executive power to enforce laws). Pretty much the same as the National Assembly, but with a Constitution.

Battle of Trafalgar

naval battle in 1805 of France vs. Britain, where France lost and their fleet was destroyed. Major loss for france and assured British naval supremacy.

emigres

nobles and others who fled France and hoped to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime

Great Fear

panic in response to the rumor that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants, causing peasants to attack nobles and burn manors.

Thomas Jefferson

political leader who wrote the Declaration of Independence, and was also an inventor and architect

Marxism (pure communism)

radical form of socialism, from the idea that the wealthy (bourgeoisie/ "the haves") would be overthrown by the poor (proletariat/ "the have nots") , and the way to fix this was communism, where all means of production were owned by the people, private property didn't exist, and all goods and services were equally shared. No class divisions.

Jacobin

radical political organization responsible for many government changes

Reign of Terror

reign under Robespierre who ruled through fear and beheaded thousands

How did the Steam Engine impact the industry in England?

It was a cheap, convenient source of power, extremely reduced the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods, and powered factories. This spurred the industries production of goods and their profit. The railroads created thousands of new jobs.

Maximilian Robespierre

Jacobin leader who drastically changed France's society. He became the leader of the committee of Public Safety, governed France as a dictator (Reign of Terror), and beheaded any and all people with differing opinions

Louis XVI

King of France who sake France into debt with wars and spending large amounts of money. He was weak, indecisive, and procrastinated fixing the government.

List and describe the three laws of capitalism.

Law of self-interest: people work for their own good. Law of competition: competition forces people to make a better product Law of Supply and Demand: enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

Continental System

Napoleon's blockade to prevent Britain from communicating with other European nations, make continental Europe more self-sufficient, and destroy Britain's economy

national convention structure

republic (abolished monarchy), complete power controlled by the people, Jacobins controlled much

Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies, which ended his last bid for power

Why do you think at first the colonists created such a weak central government?

Their rights had recently been trampled by their king and their fear of this happening again made them focus more on individual state power rather than having a central, national leader.

how did the women's march mark a turning point between the king and the people?

They broke into the palace and made demands that Louis and Marie return to Paris. They left and never saw Versailles again. This marked the decrease of their power and the increase of the people's power. Radical reforms followed this.

Why did the Third Estate propose a change in the Estates General's voting rules?

They recently had no say in politics and were being taxed without representation, and if they could vote, they could change their situation dramatically, as they made up 97% of France.

Why did the American colonies feel justified in rebelling against Britain?

They were being taxed without representation and wanted the same political rights as people in Britain. King George ignored and denied their protests for better treatment, so the colonists felt justified in revolting, believing in the enlightened idea of the right to rebel against a tyrant when rights are not granted.

What did the September Massacres show about the mood of the people?

They were easy to anger and willing to do whatever it takes to keep their rights and power, even through murder. They were fed up with having no rights and had to destroy any ideas of their past coming back.

Why did members of the National Assembly turn against Robespierre?

They were scared for their lives and that any little thing they did would have them killed. Robespierre had become a ruthless tyrant.

Describe the working conditions of the lower class.

They worked about 14 hours a day with little sleep. The factories were dangerous and dirty. Children were hired to be paid at low amounts and were often injured in the factories.

Congress of Vienna

series of meetings in Vienna to establish peace and stability in Europe after Napoleon's reign

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

statement of revolutionary ideals, by the National Assembly, stating men are free and equal in rights (liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression)

Federal System

system dividing power between national and state governments

Utopianism

the belief that perfect living and working conditions can solve society's problems. Involved social reforms to better society and life, and promoted democracy.

Socialism

the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the wellfare of all. the economy is planned, and this would end poverty and promote equality.

Anarchism

the idea that the government is the problem and it should be eliminated. People should be able to do whatever they want, and laws are oppressive. (Taken too far when leaders were assassinated and the idea lost favor)

Klemens von Metternich

the most influential representative of the five "Great Powers", who was the foreign minister of Austria

industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

factors of production

the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required (land, labor, & capital/ wealth)

legitimacy

the rightfulness to rule based on heirarchy

National Assembly

third estate delegates whose views were shaped by the enlightenment, that argued for a change to the government. The assembly declared an end to absolute monarchy and a beginning to representative government. This was the first deliberate act of rebellion.

What major reforms did the National Assembly introduce?

took over church lands and church officials were elected and paid as state officials, made a Limited Constitutional Monarchy, and the declaration of rights

Directory structure

upper middle class had power, two house legislature, executive body of 5 men

plebiscite

vote of the people

consulate structure

3 consuls, Napoleon as dictator, constitution voted by the people

Peninsular War

France vs. Spanish guerillas and Britain to get Joseph (Napoleon's brother) off the throne of Spain and prevent French society from overtaking Spain.

Why might it be important to have a Bill of Rights that guarantees the basic rights of citizens?

A document was needed giving them 100% assurance of their rights, or those rights might be denied one day in the future.

guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Industrial Revolution

A period of greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in england in the middle 1700s and changed the world

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

In what ways was the Congress of Vienna a success?

A temporary balance of power was ensured for the continent. No country was left upset by the agreements. A time of peace began in Europe, with no war for 40 years.

Why were the colonists so upset about the passage of the Stamp Act?

Britain ran up a huge debt in the war, and then made the colonists help pay with the Stamp Act, believing they should because they benefited from winning the war. Colonists considered this taxation without representation and believed Britain should pay for the war.

In what ways did the American colonies help the British economy?

Colonies could only sell their most valuable products to Britain, and had to pay high taxes to the British. Britain received raw materials for low prices and made great profit off selling colonists manufactured goods.

What were Napoleon's three mistakes?

Continental System, Peninsular War, Invasion of Russia

Declaration of Independence`

Declaration written by Thomas Jefferson that was firmly based on Locke's ideas, arguing for natural rights. It listed King George III's abuses and declared the colonies' separation from Britain.

How did the Industrial Revolution shift the balance of power?

Europe gained an advantage over countries that were not industrial, and became an economic power. Asia and Africa's economy was still based on agriculture and small workshops, putting them at a disadvantage.

What were the opposing views regarding ratification of the Constitution?

Federalists believed the new government would provide a better balance between national and state powers. Anti-federalists feared the Constitution gave the central government too much power and that the Bill of Rights was needed to protect individual rights.

Napoleon Boneparte

French General who, after the Revolution, took control of France in a coup and created a three person executive body called the Consulate, of which he was head and dictator. Restored order to France and crowned himself Emperor.

What were the successes and failures of the National Convention?

Successes: allowed men to vote, people had sovereignty Failures: women couldn't vote, many enemies opposed government and provoked rebellion

What were the successes and failures of the Directory?

Successes: brought peace and order to France, good general for army (Napoleon) Failures: corrupt leaders

What were the successes and failures of the Napoleon's Empire?

Successes: expanded French territory and created an empire, Failures: lost to Britain and asserted British navy supremacy, unstable, many enemies

What were the successes and failures of the Old Regime?

Successes: functioning economy and taxation to run the government Failures: 3rd estate suffered and the people got angry and rebelled

What were the successes and failures of the Legislative Assembly

Successes: gave more power to the people Failures: problems led to division in the government, government debt and food shortages

What were the successes and failures of the National Assembly?

Successes: introduced reforms to better society, introduced democracy, better life for the 3rd estate Failures: rebellion spread fear throughout France, many nobles were killed, there were many arguments about the constitution

What were the successes and failures of the Consulate?

Successes: peace in France, efficient tax collection and banking system, government run schools Failures: argument for a religious role in government

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the Constitution that protected basic rights

How did the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" sum up the goals of the Revolution?

The goals of the revolution were to gain freedom from their oppressive monarch, equal rights, participation in government, and to join together as one and fight for themselves and each other

Utilitarianism

The idea that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their usefulness. The government should try to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This supports regulated capitalism to help the suffering poor.

Describe the Middle Class's working and living conditions.

The middle class consisted of skill workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers, and merchants. They lived comfortably.

How was Napoleon able to become dictator?

The people loved him because he was a strategic genius and defeated their enemies in battle. His friends encouraged him to seize power while the Directory lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the people. He and his troops surrounded the national legislature and drove out most of its members.