Unit 7 APES

Which of the following best describes the advantage of using hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) to replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in industrial processes? A. HFC's and HCFC's have lower-ozone depleting potentials than CFC's do B. HFC's HCFC's are not classified as greenhouse gasses but CFC's are C. HFC's and HCFC's are more stable than CFC's are in the atmosphere D. HFH's and HCFC's are less expensive to produce than CFC's are

A. HFC's and HCFC's have lower-ozone depleting potentials than CFC's do

Noise Exposure and Public Health Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment, hypertension and heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the [clarification] of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment, both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem. Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that reducing noise exposure is currently more of a public policy problem than a scientific problem? A. most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960's B. the relationship of noise with annoyance that negatively impacts human health is a subject for future research C. there is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hypertension and heart disease D. it is unclear whether negative cognitive effects are reversible in humans

A. Most pubic health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960's

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best location to obtain a water sample from to determine if the paper plant is affecting the acidity of the river? A. immediately downstream from the paper plant B. at an upstream tributary to the river C. at a downstream tributary to the river D. immediately upstream from the paper plant

A. immediately downstream from the paper plant

Which of the following events would most likely lead to a decrease in the pH in the oceans? A. increased burning of fossil fuels in power plants B. decreased deforestation in agricultural areas C. decreased vehicular emission from cars and trucks D. increased rates of photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems

A. increased burning of fossil fuels in power plants

Noise Exposure and Public Health Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment, hypertension and heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the [clarification] of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment, both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem. Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that noise exposure will be a major health problem in the twenty-first century? A. Noise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions B. further research is needed concerning the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders C. there is sufficient evidence to support that noise exposure negatively impacts the immune system D. there is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces sleep disturbances in humans

A. noise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions

Scientists have been monitoring CO2 in the atmosphere from Mauna Loa in Hawaii since 1958. Which of the following units is used by scientists to measure CO2 in the atmosphere? A. parts per million B. percent saturation C. pH D. dobson units

A. parts per million

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following water quality indicators should be measured to best determine if the wastewater is increasing the acidity of the river? A. The amount of hydrogen ions B. the amount of dissolved oxygens C. the total suspended solids D. the species richness

A. the amount of hydrogen ions

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best control group to evaluate the treated wastewater from the paper company? A. A sample of water from a nearby river B. A sample of water upstream from the same river C. A sample of distilled water D. A sample of water downstream from the same river

B. A sample of water upstream from the same river

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2 in the atmosphere? A. decomposition B. volcanoes C. cellular respiration D. photosynthesis

B. Volcanoes

Which of the following best describes an advantage of constructing habitat corridors? A. corridors increase the aount of protected area that is not affected by humans B. corridors connect habitats separated by fragmentation and connect wildlife populations C. corridors provide a safe passage for vehicles and allow humans to travel within wildlife preserves D. Corridors prevent invasive species from traveling between protected habitats

B. corridors connect habitats separated by fragmentation and connect wildlife populations

Which of the following best describes how an anthropogenic activity can increase ocean acidification? A. A spill from an oil rig in the ocean can have acute toxic effects on fish and other aquatic organisms, which disrupt the aquatic food web B. Emission from power plants that burn fossil fuels increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by the ocean C. During and after a major volcanic eruption, large amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosol, and ash are released into the stratoshphere, which affects global climate D. Tourist activiteis in coastal areas increase the concentration of sunscreen in the water, which decreases the photosynthetic rates of aquatice producers and increase the pH of the ocean

B. emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by the ocean

Sixty-five percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are made up of carbon dioxide, while only sixteen percent are made up of methane gas. Which of the following best explains why scientists are increasingly concerned about the effect of methane gas emissions on global climate if they are a relatively small percent of greenhouse gases released? A. methane gas has a longer average residence time (ART) than carbon dioxide does in the atmosphere B. methane gas has a higher global warming potential (GWP) than carbon dioxide does, so it can trap more heat in the atmosphere C. Methane gas is a synthetic compound released from anthropogenic sources, while carbon dioxide is natural occurring D. methane gas is volatile organic compound (VOC) that can combine with ozone to produce photochumical smog, but carbon dioxide is not classified as a volatile organic compound

B. methane gas has a higher global warming potential (GWP) than carbon dioxide does, so it can trap more heat in the atmosphere

Noise Exposure and Public Health Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment, hypertension and heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the [clarification] of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment, both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem. Which of the following best describes why the authors do not claim that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans? A. Noise exposure can induce hearing impairment and decreased school performance B. there is insufficent evidence to support that nosie exposure induces birth defects in humans C. a high-priority study is the effect of noise on children D. there is sufficient evidence that exposure t noise induces some health risks in humans

B. there is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant. The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the installation of electrostatic precipitators in exhaust systems A. sulfure dioxide B. carbon monoxide C. particulate matter D. carbon dioxide

C. Particulate matter

Coral bleaching can be hazardous to some fish species because A. the dead corals attract predators that feed on fish B. decompositions of corals can lead to ocean acidication C. coral reefs provide unique habitats for fish D. the corals are the primary source of O2 in the ocean water

C. coral reefs provide unique habitats for fish

Which of the following best describes the primary cause of global ocean warming? A. increased movement from the ocean floor (upwelling) during La Nina events B. increased number of animal species using ocean gyres for migration C. increased global temperature from an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere D. Increased thermal pollution in rivers and streams near power plants and industrial manufacture

C. increased global temperature from an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of creating a series of protected habitats in an effort to maintain biodiversity in an area? A. climate change can lead to habitat loss because of changes in temperature and precipitation in an area B. populations within the protected habitats become too genetically diverse, leading to speciation C. protected habitats often seperate species inside the habitat from other populations of the same species living outside the habitat D. threatened or endangered animal populations can grow in size until the populations cannot be supported by the habitat

C. protected habitats often separate species inside the habitat from other populations of the same species living outside the habitat

Which of the following best describes how ocean acidifcation affects coral formation? A. The increase in calcium carbonates ions dissolved in the ocean water leads to an increase in the formation of coral reefs and increases the number of algae species that inhabit the reef system B. the increase in hydrogen ions dissolved in the ocean water erodes the skeleton of coral, making them weak and vulnerabe to damage or death C. the increase in hydrogen ions dissolved in the ocean water sequesters avaliable carbonate ions, preventing the use of calcium carbonate for coral skeleton formation D. the increase in carbonic acid dissolved in the ocean water leads to increased deposition of calcium carbonate by coral species, leading to a bleaching of coral

C. the increase in hydrogen ions dissolved in the ocean water sequesters avaliable carbonate ions, preventing the use of calcium carbonate for coral skeleton formation

Over a three-year period, a city's environmental protection department measured the particulate matter (PM2.5) in a ten-square-mile area around one of the city's coal-fired power plants. The annual mean level of PM2.5 measured was 20.0μgm3 over the three-year study period. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 is an annual mean level of 12.0μgm3, averaged over three years. The city instructs the manager of the power plant to propose a plan to aid the city in meeting the NAAQS for PM2.5 in the area around the power plant over the next ten years. Which of the following would be the most effective plan for the manager to propose to the city? A. Install vapor recovery nozzles at the plant B. install catalytic converters at the plant C. Burn lignite coal instead of bituminous coal at the plant D. install electrostatic precipitators at the plant

D. install electrostatic precipitators at the plant

Which of the following is the best example of a point source pollutant? A. parking lot B farm field C. gold course D. oil tanker spill

D. oil tanker spill

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant. The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the installation of baghouse filters in exhaust systems A. Carbon dioxide B. carbon monoxide C. sulfur dioxide D. particulate matter

D. particulate matter

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant. The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the use of fluidized-bed combustion in the boiler furnaces A. carbon dioxide B. Particulate matter C. carbon monoxide D. sulfur dioxide

D. sulfur dioxide

A student is setting up a model to study the carbon cycle and natural sources of carbon dioxide. They create a microenvironment that contains soil, leaf debris, an earthworm, heterotrophic bacteria, and a sun lamp. What natural source of carbon dioxide and major metabolic process was left out of the model? A. there is no representation of ingestion in the model environment B. there is no representation of cellular respiration in the model environment C. there is no representation of decomposition in the model environment D. there is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment

D. there is no representiation of photosynthesis in the model enviroment