unit 7 pretest
Q14: Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet? A British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population. B Many people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic states. C Religious tensions between India's Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the outbreak of the First World War. D British passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.
A: British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population.
Q20: The expenditures shown in the table most strongly illustrate which of the following? A Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism. B Despite economic challenges they faced at home, European imperial powers continued to finance local manufacturing in their colonies. C The primary objective of European imperialism in Africa was to stop the rule of private joint-stock companies. D European colonial powers did not build roads, bridges, or railways in the African territories under their control
A: Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism.
Q16: Which of the following types of evidence does Watson (Source 1) cite to support his claim that early German support for the war was not limited to the young? A Muster rolls and letters B Newspaper articles C Propaganda ministry records D The works of other historians of the war
A: Muster rolls and letters
Q6: Which of the following true statements about the Netherlands best explains how the newspaper's national origin likely influenced the view of Germany expressed in the editorial? A The Netherlands, by remaining neutral during the war, profited significantly from helping Germany evade the Entente's naval blockade. B The Netherlands, like Germany before the war, had a significant overseas empire. C The Netherlands, like Germany, had a large merchant fleet. D The Netherlands, like Germany until 1918, was a constitutional monarchy, although the Dutch monarchs had less effective power than the German kaiser.
A: The Netherlands, by remaining neutral during the war, profited significantly from helping Germany evade the Entente's naval blockade.
Q31: Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918-1945 in the A intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements B growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples C growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states D establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia
A: intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements
Q10: Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage? A Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction that could save the Nazi regime from defeat. B Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing. C German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan. D Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons.
B: Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.
Q19: The table best supports which of the following conclusions? A European powers did not provide financial support for the maintenance of their colonies. B European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression. C Europeans migrated and established settler communities in Africa. D Revenue from cash crops accounted for the majority of "other income" in French African colonies.
B: European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression.
Q8: Giolitti's concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly spread across Europe and spark civil wars. B European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state. C Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars, because of the recent development of more advanced weapons. D Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire.
B: European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state
Q18: Watson, in the first paragraph of Source 1, uses the newspaper quote to support the claim that A Russian troops committed atrocities against German civilians B German propaganda portrayed the conflict with Russia as a defensive war C parts of eastern Germany were occupied by Russian troops in the early stages of the war D ordinary Germans were not genuinely afraid of the effects of a possible Russian invasion
B: German propaganda portrayed the conflict with Russia as a defensive war
Q28: As shown in the image, the deployment of soldiers by European powers most directly relates to which of the following causes of conflict during the early twentieth century? A The network of rival alliance systems B Imperialist expansion and competition for resources C Decline in global economic production and trade D The emergence of revolutionary communism
B: Imperialist expansion and competition for resourcesQ
Q11: Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? A The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan's ally. B Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons. C The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan would likely force the United States into a prolonged occupation of Japan in order to ensure the economic redevelopment of the country. D Japanese military actions in the Pacific, though often brutal, did not justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations.
B: Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons.
Q24:Which development during the first decade of the twentieth century can best be explained in the context of the "weakening of the conservative principle" mentioned in the first paragraph of the passage? A The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as socialists in the Balkans led revolutions that greatly weakened the Habsburg monarchy B The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society C The Boer War, in which Dutch-speaking white settlers inflicted several military defeats on British colonial armies in southern Africa D The formation of the Triple Entente alliance, in which Great Britain, France, and Russia pledged to work together to check the rise of Germany
B: The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society
Q22: The image can best help explain which of the following differences between the Nazi program of genocide and other acts of genocide in the early twentieth century? A The Nazis persecuted specific ethnic and religious groups because they viewed them as threats to the state. B The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale. C The Nazis attempted to conceal their atrocities from the larger international community. D The Nazis committed their crimes during the course of a major international conflict.
B: The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale.
Q25: The memorandum is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the early twentieth century? A The decline of the Western-dominated global order B The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states C The emergence of new nation-states based on the principle of ethnic self-determination D The use of government propaganda to mobilize national populations for conflict with rival states
B: The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states
Q3: The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers' rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that A governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power B governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies C governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war D governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth
B: governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies
Q29: Shigenobu's point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the Second World Wars to justify A engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria B militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia C overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty D introducing reforms that industrialized Japan's economy
B: militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia
Q30: Shigenobu's criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism A shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights B accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples C adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies D vigorously opposed European and United States' restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States and Europe or European colonies
C adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies
Q13: The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in which of the following ways? A Most states that were formerly under European colonial rule became independent. B The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars. C Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations. D Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states.
C: Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations.
Q23: Which of the following most directly explains the Nazis' ability to carry out the policies of extermination shown in the image? A Jews in many regions of Europe had been restricted to certain occupations and had to live in ghettos until the nineteenth century. B Many European Jews emigrated to Palestine after the First World War following the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the region. C Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain. D Nazi officials used propaganda to convince local populations that German occupation would benefit and liberate them.
C: Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain.
Q27: The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare? A States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war. B States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive. C States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars. D States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.
C: States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars.
Q12: Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? A New international organizations could have only a limited effect in restraining the actions of the great powers. B The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. C The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states. D Mass atrocities committed during the war required that states possess sufficient armaments to defend themselves in future conflicts.
C: The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states.
Q21: The implementation of the policies of extermination shown in the image is most directly explained by which of the following aspects of Nazi ideology? A The idea that Germans descended from a master "Aryan" race B The idea that some minority populations could eventually be Germanized C The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War D The idea that Germany needed to expand its postwar borders in order to provide "living space" for its people
C: The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War
Q2: Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage? A They show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify implementing repressive policies. B They show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize economic resources. C They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life. D They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies.
C: They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.
Q4: The mention of "President Wilson's principles" is most directly significant to understanding the editorial's point of view about the Treaty of Versailles because of the United States president's commitment to A establish an international organization to prevent future conflicts B work to create nation-states for ethnic minorities that had been under imperial control C broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge D resist the spread of Bolshevism following the Russian Revolution
C: broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge
Q15: The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because A it shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary. B it had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century. C it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century. D its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.
C: it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century.
Q9: Moltke's prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most directly explained by the fact that A France's recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany B France had a much larger population than Germany C previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany D fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship
C: previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany
Q1: Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the reforms described in the passage in Brazil? A The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil's middle and upper classes. B The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil. C The document likely ignores the deep tensions that existed between workers and union leaders. D The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.
D: The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms
Q5: Which of the following accurately explains the historical significance of the harsh conditions imposed on Germany that the editorial describes? A They led to a successful communist revolution in Germany. B They triggered a massive wave of emigration from Germany. C They resulted in the virtual deindustrialization of Germany. D They encouraged the rise of political extremism in Germany.
D: They encouraged the rise of political extremism in Germany.
Q26: Durnovo's argument in the second paragraph regarding the effect of war between Germany and Russia on the two countries would prove to be A inaccurate in its prediction that war between Germany and Russia would lead to "social revolution" B accurate in its prediction that both Germany and Russia would succumb to revolution regardless of which side won the war C inaccurate in its prediction that revolution would break out first in the defeated country D accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia
D: accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia
Q7: In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti's argument in Source 2 regarding Italy's ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in Africa could A lead African states to unite with each other against European powers B greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam C encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia D dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources
D: dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources
Q17: Goldfarb, in Source 2, most directly supports her claim that the British press during the First World War routinely suppressed important war news by citing A letters by soldiers complaining of the incompetence of their leaders B rewards given to journalists by the British government C the more obtrusive press censorship of German authorities D the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland
D: the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland