Unit 8 APES
C
Based on the diagram, which of the following processes most likely caused the bottom-dwelling plants in the lake to die? A) The remnants of the corn crop were burned after the corn was harvested, decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. B) Oxygen was released into the water when the algae died. C) The algal bloom prevented sunlight from reaching the bottom-dwelling plants, which reduced the rates of photosynthesis. D) Toxins such as lead and mercury were released into the water when the fish died.
B
All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes EXCEPT A) pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water B) adding nitrates C) introducing insects that eat certain nuisance plants D) applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants E) dredging out lakes to deepen them
B
All of the following are considered toxic metal pollutants EXCEPT A) chromium (Cr) B) potassium (K) C) cadmium (Cd) D) lead (Pb) E) mercury (Hg)
b
At what step in the diagram would the last solid waste be removed from the wastewater in the treatment plant? A) D B) C C) A D) B
c
At what step in the diagram would wastewater most likely be treated with chlorine or UV light to remove bacteria? A) Between steps C and D B) Between steps A and B C) During step D D) Before step A
c
Cholera is an acute infection of the digestive system that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Infected individuals can experience a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and extreme thirst. If symptoms persist and severe dehydration results, an infected individual can die within hours of symptom onset. The diagram below shows how cholera is transmitted.Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes why a population in an area that has poor sanitation can be particularly at risk for a cholera outbreak? A) Symptoms of the disease can appear anywhere from 2 hours to 5 days after initial ingestion of contaminated food or water. B)The bacterium that causes cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated water or food. C)V. cholerae can survive in feces and aquatic environments for up to 2 months. D)V. cholerae is a parasitic bacterium often found in moving water, such as rivers and streams
b
A scientist investigated the radiation sensitivity of different mammals to x -rays to determine the LD50 within 30 days. Results from the study are included below.Based on the LD50 data in the table, which of the following equations should be used to calculate how many times greater the resistance of a rabbit to x-rays is than that of a dog? A) 800 - 325 B)800 / 325 C) 800 × 325 D)800 + 325
C
A scientist is studying the correlation between air pollution and cardiovascular disease in humans. Which of the following measures would best show a link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease? A) Mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in populations in different countries B) Change in number of individuals with cardiovascular diseases over the past 50 years compared to levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide C) Occurrences of emergency room visits by individuals with cardiovascular disease on days with a high air quality index value D) Total number of emergency room visits by individuals with cardiovascular disease in urban areas compared to rural areas
B
A scientist wanted to investigate the effect of tropospheric ozone on the respiratory function of mice. Twenty female mice were placed in one of five different field environments that mimicked the natural habitats of the mice. Each environment had a tube connected to it that would pump in a set level of ozone measured in ppm . In each field environment, the scientist measured the average respiratory output for the twenty mice over a three-month time frame.Which of the following describes the independent variable in the experiment? A) The simulated field environment that housed the group of twenty mice B) The different levels of ozone introduced into the environments C) The use of female mice D) The respiratory output of each mouse
b
A scientist wanted to investigate the effect of tropospheric ozone on the respiratory function of mice. Twenty female mice were placed in one of five different field environments that mimicked the natural habitats of the mice. Each environment had a tube connected to it that would pump in a set level of ozone measured in ppm . In each field environment, the scientist measured the average respiratory output for the twenty mice over a three-month time frame.Which of the following should be added to the study to best serve as the control group? A) A replicated experiment conducted in the field and not in the laboratory B)A group of twenty mice that were not exposed to ozone C) A replicated experiment using male mice D) A group of twenty mice provided with additional food resources
b
An advantage of recycling aluminum rather than disposing of it in landfills is that aluminum can be A) absorbed by plants and then biomagnified in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains b) An advantage of recycling aluminum rather than disposing of it in landfills is that aluminum can be c) produced from ore that is chemically reactive and dangerous to transport, store, and process d)produced from ore that is scarce and found primarily in remote, inhospitable regions at high latitudes e) leached from landfills in the form of Al3+ ions that could increase the pH of lakes and streams
A
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following likely occurred from 1960 to 2015 because of changes in solid waste disposal methods? A) Fewer natural resources needed to be extracted. B) Less carbon dioxide was released into the atmosphere. C) Groundwater contamination declined. D) Less land was used for landfills.
a
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following solutions most likely led to the decrease in the amount of waste sent to landfills from 1990 to 2015 ? A) Increased recycling of waste B) Increased composting of domestic waste C) Increased combustion of waste D) Increased composting of e-waste
D
Based on the diagram, which of the following is one way that the Zika virus can be spread within the human population? A) Through contaminated food B) Through drinking water C) Airborne transmission D) From a mother to her unborn child
C
Based on the diagram, which of the following processes most likely caused the fish in the lake to die? A)Carbohydrates were released into the water when the bottom-dwelling plants died, increasing the amount of competition for food. B) The algal bloom at the surface released carbon dioxide into the water, suffocating the fish. C) The remains of the bottom-dwelling plants and algae decomposed, depleting the amount of oxygen in the water. D) The herbicides used on the corn crop were washed into the lake, accidentally poisoning the fish.
a
Defining characteristics of a wetland involve which of the following?I. HydrologyII. Soil typeIII. Species composition A) I, II, and III B) I and II only C) II and III D) II only E) I only
c
Endocrine disruptors directly affect which of the following in an organism? A) White blood cells B)Oxygen levels C)Hormones D)Iron content
c
Long Island Sound is a body of water off the northeast coast of the United States. Over nine million people live in the small watershed area that feeds into the sound. To determine the effect of the population density on the watershed, scientists measured the oxygen content of bottom waters in the sound. The data from late summer 2013 are displayed in the map below.Which of the following factors would most likely contribute to the conditions observed in the Long Island Sound? A)Restricted circulation B) Overfishing C) Sewage treatment D) Plastic pollution
e
Major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include commercial fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution, and a)use of persistent pesticides b)disposal of refrigeration units c)ocean dumping of trash d)oil spills like those in the Gulf of Mexico e)discharge of sewage to surface waters
b
Mandates the restoration and maintenance of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters A) Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) B) Clean Water Act C) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act D) Safe Drinking Water Act E) Toxic Substances Control Act
B
Many synthetic chemicals, such as PCBs, act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem, these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following? A) Autotrophs B) Secondary consumers C) Primary producers D)Decomposers E)Parasites
a
Mercury concentrations were measured in freshwater shrimp populations in two different ponds, one polluted with mercury and one unpolluted, with a similar food web in each pond. Which of the following best identifies the scientific question that would guide this investigation? A) How much mercury accumulates in the tissues of freshwater shrimp living in a polluted pond? B) How do different species of shrimp excrete mercury from their bodies? C) How much mercury is found in the tissues of shrimp predators in an unpolluted pond? D) How does the food web in a pond affect biomagnification of toxins?
B
Of the following, which is the primary method of waste disposal in the United States? A) Composting B) Landfilling C)Recycling D)Incineration E) Ocean dumping
D
Requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies A) Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) B)Clean Water Act C)Toxic Substances Control Act D) Safe Drinking Water Act E) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
D
Researchers are evaluating the waste treatment facility located on the Moose River in the northeastern United States. They are sampling the river and its tributaries at several locations, as shown on the map below.Researchers suspect that sewage leaked into the Moose River. Rates for which of the following diseases should be used to determine whether the human population using the river as a source of drinking water was exposed to sewage? A) Asthma B) Mesothelioma C) Malaria D) Dysentery
b
Scientists are interested in studying the bioaccumulation of mercury in different species of dolphins exposed to the same concentration of mercury. The dolphins in the study will be of similar age and living in the same habitat. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the study? A) Dolphins will have the highest levels of mercury in their fatty tissues when they are exposed to the highest concentration of mercury. B) Different species of dolphins will have different levels of mercury in their fatty tissues depending on the species' ability to absorb and excrete mercury. C) Dolphin species that are not exposed to mercury in the water will still have trace levels of mercury in their muscle tissues from exposure through air. D) The concentration of mercury in the tissues of different species of dolphins is dependent on the life span of the species and on the number of offspring produced.
b
The LD50 for arsenic in humans is 13mg/kg. Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the number of grams of arsenic it would take to reach the LD50 in a 140-pound person? [Note: 1kg=2.2pounds] A) C B) B C) A D) D
c
The graph below depicts the dose response curves for three common bacteria and a newly discovered bacterium found in streams near certain agricultural properties.Some drinking water standards allow bacteria in water at dosages up to the 10% probability of illness. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph? A) E. coli and Salmonella spp . would have the highest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards. B) If C. jejuni is the only species of bacteria present in the drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink at all doses. C) The newly discovered bacterium would have the lowest allowable dosage to meet the drinking water standards. D) If there are fewer than 102 colonies for all species in a drinking water sample, the water will be considered safe to drink.
B
The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp A) decrease in the temperature of the river water B) increase in the biological oxygen demand C) decrease in coliform bacteria counts D) increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen E) increase in the population size of fish that require high levels of oxygen
D
The table below shows the number of brine shrimp that hatched over 72 hours in three different concentrations of salt water. All tanks had 50 eggs at the start of the study. Based on the data in the table, which of the following concentrations of sodium chloride is most toxic to brine shrimp? A)10 mg / 100 mL B) 30 mg / 100 mL C) 20 mg / 100 mL D) 0 mg / 100 mL
c
The table below shows the number of brine shrimp that hatched over 72 hours in three different concentrations of salt water. All tanks had 50 eggs at the start of the study. Which of the following claims about brine shrimp is best supported by the data in the table? A) The growth and survival of brine shrimp are optimal 72 hours after hatching. B) There is more food available for brine shrimp when the water has a salt concentration of 20 mg / 100 mL C) The optimal salinity for brine shrimp hatching is 30 mg / 100 mL . D) Brine shrimp generally hatch in 36 to 48 hours in warm temperatures.
A
Three common methods employed in the cleanup of oil spills are A) large floating booms, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria B) large floating booms, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation C) aeration of water, phytoremediation, and genetically engineered bacteria D) aeration of water, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria E)skimmer boats, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation
a
United States residents are how many times more likely to die from breast cancer than residents of Hungary? A) 1.5 B) 7 C) 150 D) 14 E) 21
c
Until 2005 the entire Postawko Creek Watershed in Fremont County consisted of a national forest interspersed with hay meadows and houses on lots with a minimum size of five acres. In 2005 Farmer Cobb opened a dairy farm in the watershed, and the citizens of Fremont County became concerned that the runoff from the dairy farm would negatively impact the water quality of the watershed. Scientists employed by the county collected water quality data at five sites in the watershed; some of the data are compiled in the table above. Based on these data, which site is most likely immediately downstream from the dairy farm? A) Site A B) Site E C) Site C D) Site D E) Site B
A
Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution? A)Runoff from agricultural fields B) Outgassing from a municipal landfill C) Dumping at a food-processing plant D) Overflow from a sewage treatment plant E) Drainage from an abandoned mine
E
When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is A) decreased nutrient levels B) mitigation of anoxia C) decreased input of sediments D) increased oligotrophic conditions E) increased water temperature
D
Which method is used most frequently in the United States today? A) Discharge to sewers, streams, and rivers B) Biological treatment C) Incineration D) Sanitary landfill E) Chemical treatment
D
Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the amount of lead, in milligrams, that would be present in a population of 200 rats with each rat weighing on average 20 grams, dosed with the LD50 dose. A) A B) D C) C D) B
D
Which of the following approaches would best decrease the impact of frequent flooding in a community that is subject to the hazard of flooding? A) Encourage developers to build housing developments on the floodplain. B) Increase the height of natural levees downstream from the community. C) Remove forested areas around all streams and rivers and change land use to agriculture. D) Construct wetland areas near the rivers and streams.
b
Which of the following best describes how thermal pollution from power plants can affect aquatic ecosystems? A) Warm water runoff that reaches lakes and ponds slows down the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, which decreases primary productivity. B) Warm water discharged into rivers and streams decreases the oxygen content of the water, which reduces the number of fish species. c) Wastewater from nuclear power plants contains radioisotopes and carbonic acid, which increase the rate of cancer in aquatic species. d) Water injected into the ground during the hydraulic fracking process can seep into wells, causing methane contamination.
B
Which of the following best illustrates point-source pollution? A) Smoke emitted from forest fires B) Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company C) Toxic sediments in the delta of a major river D) Increase in NOx in a traffic-clogged city E) Dust blowing off unpaved roads
a
Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plants designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? a)Activated-sludge tank b)Bar screen c)Grit-settling tank d)Ultraviolet-light array e)Chlorination tank
C
Which of the following correctly identifies an example of an endocrine disruptor and the effect it might have on the human body? A) High levels of lead in drinking water could lead to neurological damage. B) The bacterium E. coli found in vegetables causes abdominal cramping and vomiting. C) Phthalates in cosmetics and shampoos reduce fertility. D) Exposure to radon in indoor air is linked to increased rates of lung cancer.
a
Which of the following correctly identifies both a nonpoint source and a point source of pollution? A) D B) A C) C D) B
D
Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution? A) A factory smokestack and a sewage overflow B) Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields C) Waste from animal feedlots and sediment from construction sites D) Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater from a water treatment plant
B
Which of the following is a point source pollutant that would likely affect the ecosystem health of a coral reef? A) Excess nutrients introduced by fertilization of farmland B) Oil released from the broken hull of a shipwrecked tanker C) Small pieces of plastic washed in by local currents D) Runoff of oil from nearby urban highway systems
A
Which of the following is a way to potentially eliminate one of the greatest threats to the world's mangrove wetlands? A) Integrate ecologically sound shrimp aquacultural practices with mangrove management. B) Construct dams in mangroves to increase sediment load and decrease pollution. C) Employ irrigation methods to address potential desertification of mangrove habitats. D) Increase desalination to reduce the effects of prolonged drought in mangroves.
D
Which of the following is an example of a point source of pollution? A) Agricultural pollution from a group of cattle farms B) Runoff following road construction C) A leaking septic tank D) Acid mine drainage
e
Which of the following is the greatest component (by weight) of municipal solid waste in the United States? A)Yard waste B)Food C)Plastics D)Glass E)Paper
d
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of runoff transporting chemicals that are endocrine disruptors to a pond? A) Increased mutualistic relationships between fish and frog populations in the pond B) Increased dissolved oxygen in the pond C) Increased frequency of birth defects in fish populations in the pond E) Decreased turbidity in the pond
a
Which of the following is the usual cause of cultural eutrophication in surface waters of both developed and developing countries? A) Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water B) Introduction of cyanobacteria to streams and rivers C) Runoff of herbicides into bodies of water D)Lack of proper filtration devices for power plant effluents E)Runoff of metal ions in bodies of water
B
Which of the following laws gave the EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from "cradle-to-grave", including the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste? A) Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) B) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) C) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) D) Endangered Species Act (ESA) E) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
e
Which of the following pollutants would most likely be responsible for gender imbalance in a population of frogs in which all observed frogs are female? A) Carcinogens B)Animal waste from farms c) Fertilizers d) Endocrine disruptors
d
Which of the following practices would best help to protect against inland and coastal flooding in urban areas? A)Regulating the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture B) Straightening stream channels to increase stream flow C) Increasing the capacity of the sewer lines so they can handle a larger volume of water D) Preserving wetland and coastal mangrove habitats
c
Which of the following statements best describes how the Clean Water Act legislation aims to protect wetlands from being lost? A) The Clean Water Act establishes standards for the quality of surface waters that must be continually monitored and reported. B) The Clean Water Act prohibits the use of wetlands for development and construction. C) The Clean Water Act requires wetlands to be constructed to mitigate the effect of newly drained wetlands. D) The Clean Water Act bans the draining of wetlands over five acres in size.
a
Which of the following statements is best supported by the data? A)There is a positive correlation between breast cancer and dietary fate intake. B)Persons who reside in colder climates are more susceptible to breast cancer than those who live in tropical regions. C)Increased incidence of breast cancer is related to the average age of a country's population. D)The number of breast cancer deaths is proportional to the size of a country's population. E)Increase incidence of breast cancer is related to annual length of exposure to solar radiation.
d
Which of the following strategies will best help to protect mangrove habitats? A) Encouraging land use changes in areas surrounding mangroves to shift to agriculture B)Increasing aquaculture operations to reduce overfishing C) Increasing subsidies for hydroelectric dam construction D) Limiting coastal development and maintain a shoreline buffer zone
B
Which of the following would best be described as a point source of pollution from a farm? A) Tractors and harvesters burning fossil fuels and releasing carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides into the atmosphere B) Particulate matter from bare soil on plowed fields entering the atmosphere from wind C) Runoff from the waste lagoons of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, which enters local waterways after a flooding event D) Nitrogenous fertilizers added to drip irrigation used for growing crops
d
Which of the following would encourage recycling? A) Decreasing subsidies for recycling B) Decreasing fees for using landfills C) Decreasing taxes on resource-extracting industries D) Decreasing taxes on recycled material E) Decreasing government purchases of recycled materials
