Unit 9 The Skeletal System

______ pairs of ribs articulate with the vertebrae in males

12

If you were explaining endochondral ossification to a friend, which of the following would you likely include in your explanation?

Blood vessels penetrate the hyaline cartilage and deliver osteoblasts, which lay down bone material

The inferior surface of the atlas (C1) articulates (makes a joint) with:

C2

Which hormone is released in response to hypercalcemia?

Calcitonin

Which of the following specifically enhances calcium absorption in the small intestine?

Calcitriol (active vitamin D)

Which of the following explains the difference between the structure of compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone tissue is made up of structural units called osteons, whereas spongy bone tissue is made up of a lattice of struts called trabeculae

Which of the following accurately list the layers of long bones, from superficial to deep?

Compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity

Which of the following list the layers of a long bone from exterior to interior?

Compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, bone marrow

Cartilage is an example of _________tissue

Connective

Which type of dense connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?

Dense regular

A long bone consists of a shaft, or _______, and a/an _________at each end

Diaphysis, epiphysis

Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

Tendons attached to the lateral and medial___________ of the humerus. When these become inflamed, the resulting tendinitis is called "tennis elbow"

Epicondyles

Yellow bone marrow consists mostly of

Fat

Which of the following is the longest bone in the body?

Femur

If your instructor asked you to list the bones of the lower limb, from thigh to foot, which of the following would be the correct order?

Femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

What type of cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis?

Fibrocartilage

The joints between skull bones and teeth are structurally classified as:

Fibrous joints

Which substance forms the framework on which long bones will be based during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage

Which type of cartilage is found on the articular surface of joints?

Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is the major INORGANIC component of the bone extracellular matrix?

Hydroxyapatite

What is the process of flat bone formation called?

Imtramembranous ossification

Which of the following accurately compares the male and female pelvis?

In females, the coccyx projects further posteriorly

Red bone marrow is found in all of the following except

In the medullary cavity of long bones

Long bones are formed by the process of endochondral ossification. The other strategy for bone formation is _________(bones that form in this manner do not have a medullary cavity).

Intramembranous ossification

All of the following statements accurately describe osteoporosis except

It develops when the bones absorb too much calcium

Which of the following structures encloses and surrounds a synovial joint?

Joint capsule

Which bone builds new bone tissue?

Osteoblasts

All of the following statements accurately describe bone cells except

Osteoblasts secrete enzymes to break down bone matrix

Which of the following accurately compares the different types of bone cells?

Osteoblasts synthesize bone matrix, osteoclasts break down bone matrix, and osteocytes maintain bone structure

During endochondral ossification, __________ lay down bone material, replacing ____________

Osteoblasts, hyaline cartilage

Which cell breaks down bone (chews bone)?

Osteoclasts

When an osteoblasts becomes embedded in bone tissue, it differentiates into a(an):

Osteocyte

Compact bone tissue is made up of structural units called

Osteons

Which of the following structures has the richest nerve supply?

Periosteum

Which of the following is a type of bone that is present in both the upper and lower limbs?

Phalanges

What is produced inside the bone marrow of spongy bone?

Red blood cells

All of the following statements accurately describe bone marrow except

Red bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?

Tenth thoracic vertebrae

All of the following are part of the axial skeleton except

The arm

All of the following are parts of the sternum except

The coccyx

Which of the following accurately compares the male and female pelvis?

The female pelvic brim is larger and wider than the male pelvic brim

Which of the following accurately compares the male and female pelvis?

The female pelvic outlet is larger and wider than the male pelvic outlet

Which of the following accurately compares the male and female pelvis?

The female pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees, whereas the male pubic arch is less than 90 degrees

The vertebral column consists of all of the following except

The hyoid

All of the following bones form part of the knee joint except

The ilium

All of the following are cranial bones except

The palatine bones

All of the following are similarities between the radius in the forearm and the fibula in the leg except

The radius is the longest bone in the arm, and the fibula is the longest bone in the leg

If your instructor asked you to compare the structure of the upper and lower extremities, which of the following might you say?

The upper and lower extremities have a similar structure, with a large bone articulating with two smaller bones via a joint

What is the significance of the lumbar vertebrae's body size?

Their larger size helps to support more body weight

How are osteoblasts delivered to the areas where long bone forms during endochondral ossification?

They arrive in the blood as blood vessels penetrate the bone template

Which of the following is not involved in calcium homeostasis?

Thyroxine

Which of the following is the function of osteocytes?

To maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health

What is the purpose of the central canal in patrons?

To provide space for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

What is the purpose of the cranial bones?

To support and protect the brain

All of the following are components of an osteon except

Trabeculae

All of the following are components of an osteon except

Traneculae

The knobby structures on the end of the femur are termed ___________. The greater __________ is lateral, and can be palpated. The lesser is medial

Trochanter

How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae

Which of the following statements accurately describes the exterior structures of a long bone?

A long bone consists of a diaphysis (shaft) and an epiphysis at each end