Units 2-9 Facts and Terms

McNary-Haugen Bill

Champions of parity urged high tariffs against foreign agricultural goods, and a government commitment to buy surplus crop at parity and sell them abroad at whatever the market would allow. The legislative expression of this demand was the ______________, named after its sponsors. In 1926, Congress approved a bill similar to it, but Coolidge vetoed it. SIGN.: Coolidge's veto was in keeping with free enterprise tradition, however, the fact that farmers were able to get the bill through Congress indicates that Populism and agrarian interests still had substantial power and that farmers were hitting in the 1920s.

WEB DuBois

Chief spokesman for the new 20th century black approach to racism. He launched an open attack in "Atlanta Compromise", accusing Washington of limiting aspirations of his race. He believed that the talented 10th of the blacks should lead the way.

Bill of Rights

Congress approved 12 amendments on Sept. 25, 1789; ten of which were ratified by states in 1791 and called the ____________. 9 placed limitations on Congress by preventing them from infringing on basic human rights. The 10th withheld to states all special powers not spoken about in constitution (e.g. education).

Committee on Public Info

Denver journalist, George Creed, who spoke openly of the importance of achieving social unity, headed the __________. The _________ supervised the distribution of innumerable tons of pro-war literature and war posters as well.

John Muir

During Roosevelt's first term, he went camping for 4 days w/ this guy, who was the nation's leading preservationalist and founder of the Sierra Club. The two men camped in Yosemite National Park.

"Square Deal"

During the 1904 campaign, Roosevelt boasted that he had worked in the Anthracite Coal Strike a ____________ for everyone involved. He tried to extend the "deal" further in his 2nd term by targeting the railroads, and passing the Interstate Commerce Act and establishing the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).

Jay's Treaty

Early in 1794, British ships began taking American ships in French waters. Hamilton encouraged Washington to appoint John Jay to go to England and negotiate. He was to get these goals: 1. get compensation for British assaults 2. secure withdrawal of British from NW 3. make a new trading agreement The treaty did none of that, it did, however, prevent war and created a modest trading treaty w/ Britain.

Sinclair Lewis

Echoing Menchen's contempt for modern society was ___________, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature. In a series of savage novels- Mainstreet (1920), Babbit (1922), Arrowsmith (1925) and others he lashed out at aspects of modern society.

Martin Van Buren

(Little Magician) he helped to legitimize political parties; he was VP under Jackson from 1833-1837 and became Pres. from 1837-1841; he helped establish Independent Treasury; his Presidency was doomed by the Panic of 1837, which Jackson's policies helped bring about; he ran for President several more times on different parties

States' Rights Party

-- (aka the Dixiecrats) Southern Democrats who walked out of the Democratic Party in protest against the proposed civil rights program of Truman Their candidate, who defended segregation, ran against Truman in 1948 and received many electoral votes from the South.

Haymarket Square (1886)

-- A strike was in progress in Chicago at the McCormick Harvest Company and Radical leaders called for a meeting at this place -- When the police asked the crowd to disperse, someone threw a bomb that killed 7 officers and injured 67 others. Later it was discovered that many of those killed and injured were victims of police bullets

Compromise of 1850

-- Clay spearheaded effort to compromise on the slavery issue, but after the triumvirate had spoken, a second phase in negotiation took over, in which the youngster took charge -- Douglas broke Clay's proposal down into 8 parts, each of which passed separately. It cooled sectional conflict for a time -- Provisions included: 1. CA be admitted as a free state; 2. in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico, territorial governments by pop. sovereignty in UT and NM; 3. TX yield in boundary dispute with NM; 4. slave trade, but not slavery itself, be abolished in DC; 5. stringent fugitive slave law -- SIGN: helped hold off Civil War for 10 years which helped the North increase its advantage over the South in population, manufacturing, and other key areas; last great compromise to preserve the Union; ultimately, it failed

Bi-Metallism

-- During most of its years, the US had recognized Gold and Silver as the basis for the dollar, this situation was known as ___________

Court Packing Plan

-- FDR became convinced that no program of reform could long last the courts, who had seen the New Deal already come under attack as early as 1935. -- The Supreme Court shot down NRA, and declared that certain aspects of the AAA were unconstitutional. -- FDR wanted to add one more judge for everyone that was over 70, because he claimed they were "overworked". Everyone was able to see through his plan, and his real intentions of hoping to appoint liberal judges. -- It was a political blunder, as congress didn't like his alleged _____________. It did, however, seem to send a message to the judges, who were kinder to FDR's reforms later on. They even declared the SS Act constitutional.

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

-- Federalists: pro-British, wealthy higher class, more governmental jobs, pro-Constitution -- Anti-Federalists: pro-French, poorer people, lower class, west of Appalachian, hated Constitution -- Jefferson combined the two parties together

Chinese Exclusionary Act

-- In 1882 Congress responded to the political pressure of Californians about the Chinese by passing this act -- It barred Chinese immigration for 10 years, and prevented the ones already in America from becoming citizens -- It was renewed in 1892 and in 1902 it was made permanent; in 1942 it was revoked.

Ostend Manifesto

-- Pierce was secretly trying to buy Cuba from Spain when a letter came from one of his commissioners in Ostend, Belgium, which proposed to take Cuba by force -- this leaded to the public and became a huge controversy -- Northern Antislavery defenders accused South and Pierce of conspiring to add another slave state; made Northerners more convinced there was a slave conspiracy to control the US government

Looking Backwards

-- Rivaling Henry George in popularity was Edward Bellamy whose utopian novel, _______, Sold 1 million copies -- It told of a young Bostonian who fell asleep and woke up in the year 2000 to find a perfect social order.

Omaha Platform of 1892

-- The reform program of the Populist party was spelled out in the Ocala Demands in 1890, and the more clearly in the _________. -- It purposed a system of "sub-treasuries", government aid for farmers, income tax, direct election of Senators -- SIGN: many of these proposals became law during the Progressive period.

Social Darwinism

-- Was the application of Darwin's laws of evolution and natural selection among species to human society -- English philosopher Herbert Spencer as the first and most prominent proponent of this theory -- society benefited from the elimination of the unfit

Iroquois Confederacy

-- a confederation of 6 Indian tribes who had joined together fight the Heron tribes, which they defeated -- it was also a very strong military force in the Ohio Valley and NE America -- loose alliance w/ the Brits in The French and Indian War

Fort Sumter

-- a federal fort off of the SC coastline in Charleston Harbor; when SC left union, Confederates didn't have enough power to take that fort -- Lincoln sent a relief mission to the island, but SC fired on the ship and fort, and took the island. -- first shots of the Civil War fired here

Joint Occupation

-- a treaty in 1818 that allowed the citizens of England and the US equal access to Oregon Country -- this arrangement lasted for over 20 years

NW Ordinance of 1787

-- abandoned the 10 districts laid out by the Ordinance of 1784 and created a single NW Territory -- specified a minimum population of 60,000 for admission as a state.

Jim Crow

-- after reconstruction, laws restricting franchise (especially for blacks) and segregating schools were only part of a network of state statutes known as this -- by the first years of the 20th century they had reached every are of southern life -- this system was named for a character that put on racially offensive plays in antebellum period

Chivington Massacre

-- after some conflicts with Indians in the area, the governor of CO called all friendly Indians to camp near an American fort so that they would not be harmed -- One Arapaho and Cheyenne band, under leadership of Black Kettle, took the invasion and camped near Fort Lyon -- Colonel Chivington rounded up volunteers and killed the Indians anyway.

"National Pastime"

-- among the responses to search for public forms of leisure was the rise of organized spectator sports, and especially baseball, which quickly became a ____________

Free Soil Party

-- anti-slavery Northerners who were gaining popular support in the 1840s Divisions in the Whig Party allowed for them to gain in numbers as well -- they repudiated the Compromise of 1850; they were against slavery in the new territories because they wanted nothing to do w/ blacks and wanted America to be reserved only for whites to be independent farmers and free labor workers -- SIGN: forerunner of the Rep. Party, helped Northern Whigs to attack the expansion of slavery

New Immigrants

-- before the late 19th century, immigration had mainly come from Western Europe -- now it had shifted, and the majority of immigrants in the late 19th century were coming from Southeastern Europe

Committee of Correspondence

-- began by Samuel Adams in MA in 1772 -- such a committee made possible continuous cooperation among the cities of MA -- VA later first established the Inter-colonial _________________

"How the Other Half Lives"

-- by Jacob Riis -- was a book depicting the various differences between the rich and the poor in regards to comfort and medical help as well as longevity

Concentration vs Assimilation

-- by the early 1850s, the idea of establishing one great enclave in which tribes could live was giving way in the face of white demands for tribal lands -- "Concentration" was a new policy by which each tribe was assigned its own reservation confirmed by a treaty. But "treaty chiefs" (fake reps) would usually play into white demands -- The govt. later tried to educate Indians by founding schools and forcing them to go.

"Half-breeds" and "Stalwarts"

-- by the end of Hayes' term, two groups the __________, captained by James Blaine of MN, and the ___________, led by Roscoe Conkling of NY, were competing for control within the Republican party

Crittenden Compromise (1860-1861)

-- compromise forces gathered behind John Crittenden from KY; his compromise included an amendment to the constitution guaranteeing slavery in slave states, and a reestablishment of the MO Compromise and extending it to the Pacific Ocean -- the remaining Southerners in the senate were willing to accept it, but the Republicans were not because they felt it would invalidate election of 1860 -- SIGN: last major attempt at compromise to prevent Civil War

Stephen Austin

-- established 1st legal American settlement in TX in 1820 -- him and his followers wanted more autonomy w/in Mexico, but w/ Santa Anna ruling, they decided to fight for independence -- SIGN: helped bring about independence for TX

Trust

-- failure of pools led to new techniques of consolidation -- the "trust" was pioneered by Rockefeller and perfected by JP Morgan -- under a trust, stockholders in individual companies transferred their stock to a small number of trustees in exchange for shares in the trust itself -- the trust themselves might only own a few companies but would control many; holding companies were similar to trusts

John Brown

-- fiercely committed abolitionist who gathered 6 followers and murdered 5 pro-slaveryites in Kansas; he then gathered more people and took Harper's Ferry, but was forced out by federal troops -- was hung by US officials and became an overnight martyr -- his raid convinced the South that they could not longer live peacefully within the Union and convinced many Northerners that only violence could eliminate the evils of slavery

Popular Sovereignty

-- first known as "squatter sovereignty", which would allow for people of each state (through legislature) to decide the status of slavery in the territory -- first proposed by Sen. Cass from Michigan in 1848, but later became the key project of Stephen Douglas in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 -- SIGN: helped bring about the troubles in Kansas because the policy was vague as to who could vote and when the voting would take place

Republican Party

-- formed in 1854, from remnants of the Whig, Liberty, and Know-Nothing parties; the ideology of preserving free labor was at the heart of this party -- they considered slavery a threat to white labor and to individual opportunity; continued growth and progress was central to the free labor vision; wanted higher tariffs, cheap land made available to settlers in the West, and transcontinental railroad -- to this party, the prospect of dismemberment of the union was unthinkable

General Douglas MacArthur

-- general in charge of the Pacific Theater in WWII -- helped Japan write a new constitution after WWII -- led US troops in Korea He had major disagreements with Truman and basically refused to obey orders from Truman. When he sent the "no substitute for victory" letter to a House leader, Truman relieved him from duty. ___________ returned a hero, but eventually did fade away when Congressional hearings were held about his conduct in the Korean War.

William Jennings Bryan

-- he was a young democrat who gave an enormously popular speech in the 1896 democratic presidential nominating convention -- it concerned the silver issue, and his speech (the Cross of Gold Speech) earned him the nomination for president

Andrew Carnegie

-- he was one of the few industrialists who had rose from rags to riches; Born in Scotland, he came to U.S. in 1848 at the age of 13 -- After the Civil War he shifted his attention to the iron and steel industry -- 20 years later he was one of the richest men in the world -- wrote the 'Gospel of Wealth'

Chief Joseph

-- he was part of the Nez Perce tribe, and when forced to relocate, he led a band against some whites and killed them -- he persuaded his followers to flee, but American troops caught up, only to be beaten by the Indians -- The Nez Perce then scattered in several directions; after 1300 miles of evading the govt., he said he didn't want to run anymore, and they were caught

Pendleton Act

-- helped reform the spoils system -- this identified a limited number of jobs to be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage

Stamp Act Crisis & Congress

-- imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies: newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, and licenses -- fell upon Americans no matter what their class or origin. What made the law obnoxious was that it was designed solely to raise revenue in the colonies w/o the colonists' permission -- VA House of Burgesses called a "trumpet of sedition" that was sounded by young VA aristocrats -- met in Oct. 1765 in NY with delegates from 9 colonies -- serious riots began to break out as Sons of Liberty terrorized Stamp agents -- England soon backed down because of colonists' boycott of all English goods

Freeport Doctrine

-- in Congressional debates between Lincoln and Douglas in 1858, Lincoln asked Douglas whether a territory could exclude slavery prior to the formation of a constitution -- Douglas said that if the people didn't draft any laws legalizing slavery in that territory, then slavery could not exist -- this response became known as the __________ (in the South they called it Heresy) -- while it won him the election to the senate in IL, it destroyed his Presidential ambitions by alienating the South

Wounded Knee

-- in Dec. of 1890 the 7th Cavalry rounded up 350 cold and starving Sioux at this location -- fighting broke out, and 40 white soldiers and up to 200 Indians (including women and children) died

Atlanta Compromise

-- in a famous speech in GA, Washington outlined a philosophy of race relations that became widely known as this -- he outlined the fact that blacks should engage in activities to improve their economic lot, then they will be given political equality

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

-- in this case, involving a Louisiana law that required separate seating arrangements for races on railroads, the court ruled that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if accommodations were equal -- the decision lasted for years as the legal basis for segregating schools and all other aspects of southern society; overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Oregon Country

-- included all of the territory from the present So. boundary of Oregon to the present So. boundary of Alaska at 54'40 -- both Britain and US claimed it; "Joint Occupation" lasted for 20 yrs -- issue finally resolved with Polk, and territory was divided at the 49th parallel, w/ US getting everything south of it -- SIGN: set present day boundary betw. Canada and US and helped keep US out of war with BR just before going to war with Mexico

Lincoln

-- introduced spot resolutions against the Mexican War in 1846 and 1847 -- a member of the Whig Party and eventually joined the Republican Party -- emerged after famous debates w/ Douglas in the national limelight -- he believed that slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist -- when he won the presidential election in 1860, SC immediately seceded; led the North against the South to preserve the Union and in 1863 issued Emancipation Proclamation -- assassinated in 1865 shortly after 2nd Inaguaral Address and after Lee's surrender

Alger Hiss

-- investigated by HUAC -- he was a prominent New Dealer -- was challenged as being a communist by Whittaker Chambers -- Nixon helped prove that ______ was guilty of perjury and he spent time in prison

Knights of Labor

-- it was founded in 1867 by Uriah Stevens, and was one of the first major efforts to found a national labor union -- it welcomed women members and African-Americans; it was loosely organized w/o central direction; lost influence after the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Booker T. Washington

-- many of the blacks who had climbed the ranks and became rich stressed the importance of education as the primary reason -- Chief spokesman to this commitment or blacks was this man -- he started Tuskegee institute for blacks; he he urged industrial skills over classical education; he felt that blacks should forgo agitating for social and political rights, and should concentrate on self-improvement and preparation for equality

Patronage

-- many of the political bosses would give immigrants food, coal, or jobs even in exchange for their votes so that the boss' political candidate would win

Monopoly

-- most Americans would not question Capitalism, but were growing concerned w/ problems of monopoly -- many Americans blamed monopolies for artificially high prices, an unstable economy, and the emergence of a new class of wealthy people

William Tweed

-- most famously corrupt city boss was this man of NYC -- he was from Tammany Hall, and his excesses finally landed him in jail in 1872

James Polk

-- most people considered the '44 election to have been a battle between Clay and Van Buren, instead this man got the Democratic nomination as a "dark horse" candidate -- had clear objective in expansion, combined OR and TX issues into one; he beat Clay who was trying to side-straddle the issues -- he led America into the Mex.-Amer. War and solved the OR issue w/ Britain -- SIGN: expanded US territory more than any other President besides Thomas Jefferson

Townsend Duties

-- new taxes on goods imported to the colonies from England (lead, paper, and tea) -- it was the second of two measures that Townsend steered through Parliament in 1767 -- the new duties were no more acceptable to the colonists than the Stamp Act was

"Slave Power Conspiracy"

-- northern free laborites maintained that the south was involved in a conspiracy to spread slavery further, something they believed threatened the future of every white laborer and property owner in the north -- northerners felt that powerful slave owners were trying to gain control of all aspects of the national government - House, Senate, Presidency, and Supreme Court

Shays' Rebellion

-- occurred when a large group of dissenting farmers allied themselves behind Daniel Shays. All the farmers were having difficulty paying debts and taxes -- Shays formed a militia, which met the state militia of MA and were crushed in January of 1787 -- many were killed, captured, or forced in the hills. Shays and his lieutenants, who at first were sentenced to death, later received pardons and even some tax relief

Fugitive Slave Act

-- part of the Compromise of 1850 -- blacks accused of being runaways had nor right to a trial or a jury, or even to plead their case -- judges would turn slaves over on simple affidavits, and were paid more for returning an alleged slave then they were in declaring them free -- Northern hostility to this increased dramatically. In Wisconsin, it was declared void -- SIGN: helped bring support to Northern abolitionists and helped start Civil War

"Cross of Gold Speech"

-- perhaps the best-known example of a great oratorical work in American history -- given by Bryan, as the last speech in the Democratic Nominating Convention of 1896 -- "you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold"

"Greenbacks"

-- printing of paper currency rose during the Civil War, and they were known as this -- values of the paper currency fluctuated according to union victories

Albany Plan

-- proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 -- it would form a general government that would deal w/ all the relations of the colonies concerning Indians -- all colonies rejected the proposal, but it was the first step towards union

Salutary Neglect

-- refers to how the British allowed the colonies to govern themselves. A prime example of such can be seen when Robert Walpole decided to stray away from the enforcement of the Navigation Acts. -- colonists taxed themselves and made their own laws

Manifest Destiny

-- reflected both the burgeoning pride that characterized American Nationalism in the mid-19th century and the idealistic vision of perfection that was around at the time -- rested on idea that America was destined by God to expand coast to coast -- phrase first coined by John O'Sullivan -- SIGN: major justification of Mex.-Amer. War and indirectly helped bring about civil war

Expansionism

-- reflected the idea of America expanding its root to include all the space possible for its democracy to spread -- this belief meant that Mexicans and Indians were inferior and should be pushed out of the way -- Americans did not view this as imperial behavior

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

-- responding to growing popular demand, congress passed this to forever make illegal nay trusts that interferes with commerce

Whiskey Rebellion

-- resulted from the disgruntled farmers who owned distilleries and who now had to pay taxes on their whiskey as a result of Hamilton's Bank Bill -- in 1794, farmers in PA raised a major challenge to federal authority when they refused to pay a whiskey tax and began to terrorize tax collectors -- at Hamilton's urging, Washington raised an army of 15,000 and personally led the troops into PA -- the dissenters quickly dispersed and Washington was criticized for "crushing a gnat with a sledgehammer"

John Slidell

-- sent by Polk to try to purchase California from Mexico, but Mexico wouldn't sell it for any price

Gag Rule

-- southern US representatives managed for a time to impose this (adopted in 1836 and repudiated in 1844) in which congress would table all anti-slavery petitions w/o being read -- SIGN: showed the extremes South would attempt to stop debate on slavery; J.Q. Adams helped fight battle to get rid of this

"Checkers Speech"

-- speech given by Nixon in 1952 after being nominated for VP on the Eisenhower ticker and after being accused of accepting gifts illegally He took his battle directly to the people through a televised defense of his integrity; strong public support after the speech probably saved his spot on the ticket. The speech was named after the dog given to Nixon's daughters and he said he would keep the dog.

Sharecroppers

-- tenantry took several forms after the Civil War -- farmers who owned tools usually paid a cash rent annually for their land, but many farmers had no money or tools at all; landlords would supply them w/ land, some tools, and maybe a shack, in return they would promise the owners a large share of the crop -- they seldom had anything left to sell to themselves; their lives were in many ways as bad as their lives had been under slavery, if not worse

Assembly Line

-- the most important change in production technology in the industrial era was the emergence of the mass production and above all, this type of production -- Henry Ford introduced it in his auto factory in 1914

Panic of 1893

-- the most severe depression to date -- caused by several railroad failures, then bank failures followed the stock market crash -- 20% of labor force lost their jobs; 156 railroads and 400 banks failed

Populism

-- the people's party was formed, after the Farmer's alliance decided to go to Washington -- their platform was in favor of agricultural goods and governmental help of such

"Taylorism"

-- the principals of "scientific management" were named after their leading founder, Frederick Taylor -- It was a way to increase the employer's control of the workplace to make working people less independent -- It meant to subdivide tasks to speed production and make workers interchangeable

Treaty of Gaudalupe-Hidalgo

-- the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 -- America got all of the disputed territory including all of the present day west, but America also payed Mexico 15 million in debts -- guaranteed rights of Mexicans as citizens of the US, but these rights were usually denied

"Long Drives:

-- these dealt with cattle roundups and cowboys; some would have thousands of cattle, making it a spectacular sight, which made it one of the most romanticized events of the 19th century -- most of the cowboys were ex-confederate veterans, the next largest group was blacks -- famous ones of this were along the Chisholm Trail and the Good-Night Loving Trail; destinations included Dodge City and Abilene

Homestead Act

-- this act of 1862 permitted a citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and purchase it after 5 years at a small price -- was passed by Republicans while south was out of congress

Gospel of Wealth

-- this book was written by Carnegie in 1901 -- said that people of great wealth also had great responsibilities to the world; said that all wealth in excess of one's needs should be "trust funds for the community" -- Carnegie believed in both Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth

Dawes Act

-- this called for the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of tracts to owners -- 160 acres went to the head of family, 80 to single adults or orphans, and 40 to each dependent kid -- adult owners were given US citizenship, but couldn't completely own land for 25 years to prevent them from selling it

Mary E. Lease

-- this fiery Populist orator was a fixture in the Alliance circuit in the 1890s -- they made 160 speeches 1890 alone. said "raise less corn and more hell".

Andrew Johnson

-- this man joined Lincoln in his reelection and was a war democrat who had opposed his state's secession (TN) -- was the only southern senator to stay in the Senate after secession; became president after Lincoln was shot -- alienated moderate as well as radical republicans in "swing around the circle" in 1866 to influence Congressional elections -- impeached by the House of Reps., but not convicted by the Senate; was not renominated in 1868

Charles Sumner

-- this man was a MA senator who rose and gave a great speech in front of congress in which he insulted a SC senator, Andrew Butler; Butler's cousin, Brooks, then beat him with a cane -- he was out for years from office, and Brooks was removed from office. He became a hero to the North and Brooks to the South -- SIGN: helped convince both sections that the other section was barbarous and could not be trusted

Coxey's Army

-- this man was an OH businessman and Populist who began advocating a massive public works program to create jobs for the unemployed and an inflation of the currency -- he led 500 men into Washington, but was finally arrested for walking on the lawn

Dred Scott vs Stanford

-- this man was the property of an army surgeon in MO who traveled w/ his master to IL, where slavery was illegal, and soon his owner died -- he sued for freedom at the municipal level and got it, but his owner's brother appealed to state supreme court and won; the issue became key SC decision in 1857 when Chief Justice Taney ruled in Dred Scott case that 1) no African America had rights to sue in federal courts, 2) slaves were property and could be taken to any territory, 3) neither Congress nor terr. legislatures had right to prohibit slavery since this infringed on 5th amendment rights, 4) invalidated the MO Compromise by stating that people can take their "property" with them wherever they want. -- Helped convince Northerners of a slave conspiracy to control federal government

Charles Darwin

-- this man's theory of natural selection, or evolution, revolutionized biological science -- his theory also had a stunning impact on religious beliefs and even social thought

Interstate Commerce Act

-- this said that the federal government alone had the power to regulate the commerce between states

American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1881)

-- this soon became the most important and enduring labor group in the country -- rejecting the Knights' idea of being one big union for everybody, they had autonomous craft unions and mainly represented skilled laborers -- it concentrated on bread and butter issues like hours and wages; one of the founders was Samuel Gompers

Urban Machine

-- this was one of America's most distinctive political institutions; it was also a product of the potential voting power of a large immigrant community -- frequently, bosses of political machines would determine elections by having its followers vote many times or stuffing ballot boxes

Tenements

-- this word had originally been used to describe a multifamily rental building, but by the late 19th century it was used to describe slum dwellings only -- the first of these were built in NYC in 1850

Literacy Tests

-- two devices emerged before 1900 to disenfranchise blacks in the south -- one was the Poll Tax, the other was the ______ which required voters to demonstrate ability to read and interpret the constitution -- grandfather clauses were also used to deprive blacks of the right to vote

Effects of the French and Indian War

-- very detrimental to the Iroquois b/c the British were angry at their pacifism -- caused the British to abandon their policy of salutary neglect on the colonists -- the British also wanted to tax the colonists for the war, and future protection, but the colonists viciously resisted

James Madison

-- was Hamilton's most important ally in calling a Constitutional Assembly -- was VA's assembly leader and one of the most intellectual politicians of the time -- introduced VA plan of which Constitution is based

Buchanan

-- was a democratic president in 1856 who supported the pro-slaveryites in Kansas by favoring statehood based on the Lecompton Const. -- did not believe So. states had right to secede, but also, believed that he had the Constitutional power to stop them from seceding

Pullman Strike (1894)

-- was a huge strike of Pullman Palace Car Company workers when the wages were cut and rent was not lowered -- in a few days thousands of other rail workers joined the strike as well; the strike was finally crushed by federal troops b/c they were stopping the delivery of mail

Saratoga

-- was a major battle that resulted in an American victory. News reached London on Dec. 2, 1777 and in Paris 2 days later -- this battle also greatly increased French sentiment to finally recognize America as a sovereign nation and give them military support

Lecompton Constitution

-- was a proslavery constitution drawn up in KS, but it was then rejected by the KS people -- the constitution was resubmitted but failed again, so KS wasn't allowed in as a state until 1861

"Mugwumps"

-- was an independent reform party/faction, known derisively by their critics as this -- they announced that they would leave the Democratic Party, and nominate their own honest presidential candidate -- the democrats took the bait and nominated Grover Cleveland from NY, a man with a rep for not putting up w/ corruption

Eugene Debs

-- was hired by the Pullman strikers to assist them in their efforts -- he soon became a committed socialist, and was the leader of the American Socialist Party

Wilmot-Proviso

-- was proposed by David Wilmot in 1846 and it would have barred slavery in territory acquired from Mexico -- passed in House but failed in the Senate, and would resurface for years afterwards -- SIGN: made the South feel that the North was intent on destroying slavery by gaining total dominance in the Senate, the House, and thus, the Electoral College and Supreme Court

Standard Oil

-- was the most celebrated corporate empire of the 19th century; it was created through both horizontal an vertical integration -- Rockefeller first launched the company after the Civil War. By the 1880's, Rockefeller had such dominance, that he controlled 90% of refined oil in US

Battle of Little Big Horn

-- was the most famous conflict between whites and Indians -- Custer and 264 members of his regiment were surrounded and killed by some 2500 warriors, one of the larges Indian armies ever assembled

Stephen Douglas

-- was the most important man in getting the passage of the Compromise of 1850, he was 37 and the Democratic Senator from IL at the time -- he was committed to sectional and personal gain, he broke down Clay's proposal and made it into 8 separate bills which finally passed -- eventually, proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, ran against Lincoln for Sen. in 1858 and against Lincoln, Breckinridge, and Bell for Pres. in 1860, supported Lincoln during the Civil War until his death

Vertical Integration

-- was the taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function -- in ____________, a company tried to control each of the steps in the industry; Carnegie Steel did just that -- the horizontal version is when a company tries to gain a complete monopoly over one of the steps of the industry; an example of this was when Rockefeller gained a 90% monopoly over oil refining

"White Collar"

-- were basically clerks, accountants, middle managers, or other office holder who didn't do strenuous work for a living -- as compared to "blue collar" workers

Alien and Sedition Acts

-- were the most controversial legislation in American history -- Alien: placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners & strengthened the president's hand in dealing w/ aliens -- Sedition: allowed government to prosecute those who spoke against the government

Loyalists/Tories

-- were the ones who were not in favor of the American Revolution, but were instead loyal British subjects -- they were the losers in the Revolution, and were hounded out of public life -- as many as 100,000 of them left the country. Many lived lonely lives in England. Some left vast estates

Bureau of Indian Affairs

-- white management of Indian matters was entrusted to __________, a branch of the Dept. of the Interior -- it was responsible for distributing land, making payments, and supervising the shipments of supplies to the Indians

Know-Nothings

--Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner was formed during peak of anti-immigrant sentiment in the 1850s, they got many votes in the East, won control of MA legislature --wanted to ban Catholics and immigrants from public office, have literacy tests for voting, and have strict naturalization laws --password was "I know nothing" --SIGN: contributed to collapse of the 2nd party system of Whigs and Democrats

Rio Grande / Nueces River

--TX claimed that after it won its independence from Mexico, their border was the Rio Grande, Mexicans said the border was the Nueces River -- Polk agreed with the Texans and sent Zachary Taylor to cross the Nueces River and approach the Rio Grande. The Mexicans soon attacked and the war began. -- SIGN: started Mexican-American War

Task System

--a form of white slavery where the slave would be assigned a task in the morning, and when the task was done, the slave would be free for the rest of the day --not frequently used

Nativism

--a view held by some 19th cent. Americans caused by the rising foreign population, partly due to simple racism and partly b/c they took jobs for lower pay --a defense of native-born people and a hostility to foreign-born people combined w/ a desire to stop or slow immigration --SIGN: U.S. underwent several periods of this view, i.e. 1840s and early decades of the 1900s; this view usually increased in bad economic times

Bleeding Kansas

--after thousands of MO people crossed the border to vote in KS to ensure it would become a slave state, anti and pro slavery people became hostile -- both groups claimed governments in KS; Antislavery leader established a capital at Lawrence, and the proslaveryites destroyed it -- SIGN: many people believed this helped to bring on the Civil War

Frederick Douglass

--born a slave in MD, he then escaped to MA in 1838 and became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment and spent 2 years lecturing in England --when he returned to the US he bought his freedom and started an anti-slavery newspaper, the North Star, and wrote an autobiography that presented a damning picture of slavery --demanded freedom and full economic and social equality for Blacks --Clack abolitionists, under Douglass' leadership, became extremely more influential

Erie Canal

--completed in 1825 entirely with state funds and largely promoted by Gov. Clinton --greatest construction project America had ever undertaken at the time and was an immediate financial success --gave NY direct access to Chicago and the growing West and allowed NY to compete w/ New Orleans as a destination for the west's agricultural goods --SIGN: increased trade between east coast and west

King Cotton

--deep south was now being called "Cotton Kingdom" --demand for cotton was growing rapidly after short-staple cotton began to be widely grown --invention of cotton gin and England's growing textile industry helped create high cotton demand --by Civil War, 2/3 of America's exports were cotton --SIGN: expanded slavery to new areas, made slavery more profitable, and convinced southerners that cotton was a weapon that would insure their victory if a war with the North ever developed

Cult of Domesticity/Separate Spheres

--developed in the 1830s-1840s, it was the emerging distinction between the public and private worlds helped cause an increasingly sharp contrast between the social roles of men and women. --there came a widespread view that women were guardians of "domestic virtue" --middle class women were no longer producers, but instead chiefly consumers. --women began to develop a distinctive female culture, Godey's Lady Book was a magazine that helped emphasize the domestic role of women. --SIGN: reinforced the role of women in the home, not as outside-the-home producers, not seriously questioned until the world wars

Transcendentalism

--embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction of what they called reason and understanding --Reason: had little to do w/ rationality, but rather w/ the individual's ability to grasp beauty and truth by giving full expressions to instincts and emotions --Understanding: involved the expression of instinct and the victory of externally imposed learning

Mormons

--followers of the true and everlasting gospel of Jesus Christ --began in upstate NY as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, who published the Book of Mormon --met hostility every time they attempted to settle and were continuously driven away from MO, OH, and IL, finally settling in SLC --SIGN: a religion that caused uproar over the issue of polygamy in the late 1800s; one of the fastest growing American-born religions in the world today

"Free Soil"

--followers of this belief did what abolitionists couldn't, which was to unite a grand majority of northern whites behind their cause --the Liberty Party headed by James G Birney advocated anti-slavery, not abolitionism; wanted to keep slavery out of the western lands, they felt lands were meant to go to the white man

Gabriel Prosser

--in 1800, this man gathered 1,000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond --two slaves gave away the plot, so the Virginia militia stopped it and executed him and 35 others --SIGN: made whites in the south paranoid about a slave uprising, especially b/c of the example of the slaves in Haiti overthrowing their French masters

Denmark Vesey

--in 1822 this free black man and his followers (rumored to total 9,000) made preparations for a revolt --word leaked out and suppression retribution soon followed --SIGN: increased fear among southern whites which showed that masters knew that the slaves weren't happy being slaves, even though southerners defended slavery with that

Nat Turner

--in 1831, this slave preacher led a band of Africans, who armed themselves with guns and axes --on a summer night they went from house to house in VA and killed 65 white men, women, and children before being overpowered by troops --more than 100 slaves executed --was the only successful slave revolt of the 19th cent. --SIGN: blamed the uprising on Northern abolitionists like Garrison and his Liberator; led to a debate in VA legislature to get rid of slavery, but it was defeated and instead stricter slave codes were passed; led to the Gag Rule in Congress

Seneca Falls/Declaration of Sentiments

--in 1840 a group of women reformers arrived in London to attend an anti-slavery meeting, but were turned away by the men who ran the meeting --in 1848, the convention at Seneca Falls, NY drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions --demanded the right to vote and rejected the concept of separate spheres --SIGN: by questioning standard beliefs of gender, Decl. of Sentiments was one of the earliest steps in developing the belief in equal rights for women and feminism

Robert Owen

--many people in the 19th cent. were interested in the idea of utopian societies and drew from the ideas of this man --he was a Scottish industrialist and philanthropist who founded an experimental community which he named New Harmony; every resident lived and worked in entire unity, but the experiment was a financial failure

Shanty Irish

--many viewed immigrants as being inferior to the native-born because of the wretched conditions most of the immigrants were forced to live in (mainly the Irish) --this style of living was actually forced upon them by low wages

Ralph Waldo Emerson

--mid 1800s transcendentalist philosophy emerged among a group in Concord, MA, whose leader and most eloquent voice was this man --he was a Unitarian minister, but left the church in 1832 to devote time to transcendentalism, good friend of Thoreau --wrote many essays, including Self-Reliance and lectures, including The American Scholar --SIGN: helped to develop a distinctive American culture and also increased the momentum of the reform movement

Henry David Thoreau

--mid 1800s, he was a leader of transcendentalist movement, and was almost as influential as Emerson --wrote the books Walden and Civil Disobedience, which claimed that a citizen should not obey an immoral law --SIGN: influenced the tradition of non-violent civil disobedience of later figures like Ghandi and M.L. King Jr. in the 1950s and 1960s; also added intellectual credence to stop the spread of slavery to new territories by opposing the Mexican-American War

Gang System

--most common form of slave labor. --slaves would be divided into groups, each group directed by a driver, and compelled to work for as many hours as the overseer considered a reasonable workday

Lowell and Watham System

--named after the cities where they first emerged in Mass. and New England --a late 1820s and 1830s system of factory recruitment that enlisted young women, mostly farmers daughters in their early teens or twenties who would leave the factory when they got married --these systems would have completely female labor forces, and were mainly used in textile manufacturing --SIGN: increased opportunities for women as workers outside the home; when female workers complained they were being exploited with long hours and low wages, they were replaced by immigrants

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

--one of the pioneers of feminism, this woman attended the Seneca Falls convention and was the only non-Quaker woman to draft the Decl. of Sentiments --helped establish National Women's Loyal League in 1863 with Susan B. Anthony; helped push for women's suffrage

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

--perhaps the greatest legal victory of industrial workers came in MA in 1842 --this case declared that unions were lawful organizations and the strike was a legal weapon to use --SIGN: 1st favorable court ruling on unions; laid the framework for increased power of labor unions in the 1800s and early 1900s

The Factory System

--profound economic development of the 19th cent. --the change from home produced goods to factory produced goods --laborers go to central location where the owner supplies tools of production --by the 1830s, this system was spreading from textiles and shoes to other industries --SIGN: increased urbanization and started the change in US from agricultural to industrial society; accompanied by many increased social tensions

Underground Railroad

--runaway slaves found refuge in the North or in Canada through this system --helped by moderate abolitionists that were less radical and more peaceful --Harriet Tubman was a very important figure in this process

Abolitionists

--started during the Revolution with the idea of gradual emancipation, but rejected "gradualism" and called for an immediate abolition of slavery --in 1817, a group of influential whites started the American Colonization Society to get rid of slaves and Negroes --In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison founded the Liberator, which became the most popular anti-slavery newspaper of the time; Garrison insisted that slaves be given the rights of citizens --Theodore Dwight Weld, the Grimke sisters, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman --SIGN: at first they were considered irrational radicals, eventually their position won out

Uncle Tom's Cabin

--the most powerful document of abolitionist propaganda was this document by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1851-52) --it emerged not only out of abolition, but also out of a popular tradition of sentimental novels written by women by God to expand

2nd Great Awakening

--this movement established a religious fervor that was characterized by revivals and emotional preaching --emphasized free will and the individual's role in determining his/her eternal fate --Charles Grandison Finney was its most prominent preacher; others included Peter Cartwright and the Beechers --SIGN: helped spur a whole series of reform movements; increased membership in religions like Methodists and Baptists; encouraged blacks and women to play a key role in religious services

American Colonization Society

--this society was organized in 1817 by a group of prominent Virginians and worked to carefully challenge slavery without challenging society --proposed a gradual manumission of slavery w/ masters receiving compensation, and wanted society to then transport the slaves back to Africa, but the plan was not very successful --did arrange the trips for a few slaves, and eventually established the country of Liberia; they mainly transported belligerent slaves or freed ones

Charles Grandison Finney

--was a Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of his time --1820s and 1830s, he preached that every person contained the capacity for spiritual rebirth and ability to achieve salvation --had enormous success in mobilizing women, and they in turn provided him with a gateway to their husbands

William Lloyd Garrison

--when the anti-slavery movement was on the verge of collapsing, Garrison left the current ant-slavery newspaper and founded his own called the Liberator that he thought would be radical enough --called for an immediate abolition of slavery, rejected gradualism, and insisted that all rights of citizenship be granted to slaves --considered to be extremely radical for this time

"Peculiar Institution"

--white southerners used this term to describe slavery not b/c they felt that it was odd, but b/c they felt it was distinctive and special --in the mid-19th cent. the south was the only place left besides Cuba, PR, and Brazil where slavery still existed --SIGN: some historians believe the term made slavery seem less evil and benign

"Rosie the Riveter"

Famous wartime image of __________ symbolized the new importance of the female work force (mainly industrial) during WWII. SIGN: Becomes symbol for efforts of women in the war but still maintained the feminine features that both women and men wanted to maintain.

19th Amendment

Finally gave women's suffrage in 1920. Once enfranchised, women did little to support the argument, which stated, they would be vehicles for reform. They generally voted along the same lines as their husbands.

Fair Deal

-Truman's 10 point program outlining his domestic program It called for many reforms, but was defeated by Congress in 1945. It included: increasing Social Security benefits, increasing minimum wage, a program to insure full employment, permanent FEPC, national health insurance, and public housing. This was also the name Truman's Domestic program for his entire administration. SIGN: many aspects of the New Deal were kept or expanded, Truman did get some of these things passed.

"Bank Holiday"

2 days after taking office, FDR issued a proclamation closing all American banks for 4 days until congress could meet in special session to discuss bank reforms. He called his closing of the banks a ___________.

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

3 important changes brought by populists in 1890s were initiative, referendum, and recall. Initiative: allowed reformers to bypass legislatives by submitting laws directly to voters Referendum: meant that legislative laws could be subject to voters for approval Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office in the next election

The Scopes Trial

A TN law prohibited the teaching material that was against biblical interpretation provoked a 24-year-old biology teacher, John Scopes, to break it. The ACLU offered him free counsel, and William Jennings Bryan offered his help to the prosecution. Clarence Darrow defended Scopes and made Bryan admit to the fact that not all religious dogma was subject to only one interpretation. ________ was a traumatic experience for many fundamentalists.

Bonus Expeditionary Force

A celebrated American protest movement in July of 1932 involved 20,000 veterans of WWI who wanted their bonus of $1 ,000, which was to be given in 1945, right then. They stormed Washington and camped outside. Hoover first ordered the police to remove them, and then he summoned the army. The incident served as the final blow to Hoover's tattered political standing.

Political boss

A leader of a political party who uses patronage to gain voters. The boss intimidates voters. Gained powers in municipal governments. Started in the 1830s, but gained more and more power until the Progressive reforms of the early 20th century.

Federal Housing Administration

A year after establishing the Home Owner's Loan Corp, Congress established the ____________ to insure mortgages for new construction and home repairs- a measure that combined relief w/ recovery.

Midnight Appointments

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made __________________ for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of the judiciary branch.

"Remember the Maine"

After battleship Maine blew up in a Spanish Harbor in Cuba, war hysteria swept the nation. This became a national chant for revenge against the Spanish.

Articles of Confederation

After much debate and many revisions, Congress adopted a committee's proposal in Nov. 1777 as the ________________. Overall, they were not very effective, for they did not have enough power to control any central government. Nor did they command much respect from other nations.

Boxer Rebellion

After negotiations over the Open Door ended, a group of Chinese martial arts society launched an attack against foreigners in China. They seized the British embassy in Peking, but the imperial powers soon quelled the uprising. As a result of US involvement in stopping them, McKinley got the Open Door Policy to be accepted by the other nations in China.

Republicanism

All Americans agreed on that much of government, that it would be Republican. In that system, all power came from the people, not from some supreme authority. If the population consisted of sturdy, virtuous, independent property owners, then the republic would survive. If it consisted of a few powerful aristocrats and a large mass of dependent workers, then it would be in danger.

Braceros

American and Mexican governments agreed in 1942 to a program by which _______ (contract laborers) would be admitted into the US for a temporary period in order to work certain jobs, specifically farm workers. SIGN: Showed that the US was willing to increase migration when we needed labor.

Nye Committee Hearings

Americans were listening to the argument that powerful business interests dragged the US into WWI. An investigation by senate committee chaired by Senator Nye from ND revealed enormous profiteering by many corporations during the war. SIGN: reflected US popular opinion against WWI and helped bring about the Neutrality Acts of 1935-1939.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Aroostook War was the war with the British over timber rights in Maine. The Creole, a slave ship that mutinied, sails to the Bahamas, and the British would not give the slaves back, but instead declared them free. The Caroline was a ship burnt down by the British in the Great Lakes after it is suspected of bringing arms to insurgents in Canada. The Treaty solves a Canadian/American border in Maine, and reduces tensions between American and Britain

War Industries Board

At the center of the effort to rationalize the economy during WWI was the __________, an agency created in July 1917 to coordinate government purchases of military supplies. It was placed under good leadership when Bernard Baruch too over. It exercised power like no other government agency of its era.

Nicholas Biddle and Bank War

Biddle made the 2nd BUS very profitable, and was its president. He finds out that Jackson wants to do away with the bank, so he allies himself with powerful men in Congress. (Webster and Clay) He gets an Act passed to renew the Bank, but Jackson vetoes it. Jackson soon takes all of the Federal money out of the BUS and places it in the State Banks (his pet banks), which in turn causes Biddle to call in loans from the people. Not many can pay back the money at the time, thus the money supply gets shorter, and Biddle won't give anyone any loans. In the end Biddle cracks and is forced to release money back to the public again

Hamilton's Bank Bill

Hamilton believed that a stable government required an enlightened ruling class. His idea included the government assuming the public debt. He also called for a National Bank, which would keep bond prices high, and allow the government to pay off bonds at par. Two new taxes were also included: Whiskey Tax, and Tariff on imports. Such was the first measure to protect the infant American manufacturing district from foreign competition.

Woodrow Wilson

He began his career as the President of Princeton, then he became governor of New Jersey, and became famous as a progressive law passer. He was on the democratic ticket for president in 1912 and won it over TR and Taft. He introduced 14 points after WWI, and was a scholar president.

Herbert Hoover

He entered the presidency believing the nation held a bright future. But the economic crisis began before his first year was finished, and forced him to deal with a new set of problems. For the rest of his term he continued to rely on rigid principles used in the past, mainly volunteerism.

Henry J. Kaiser

He single-handedly steered billions of dollars into vast government projects in the west. He then created major centers for shipbuilding, steel, magnesium, and AL production. He changed the entire economy of the pacific coast by war's end. SIGN: by the end of the war the US was producing a ship a day; the vast advantage of war materials helped defeat the Axis powers.

William Taft

He was TR's most trusted Lieutenant and his handpicked successor. Reformers believed him to be one of their own, but he was a restrained and moderate jurist. He won the election easily over Bryan, but later lost his reelection and as a result of TR deciding to run, which split the republican vote.

Joseph McCarthy

He was an undistinguished first-term Senator from Wisconsin when he declared to know that 205 commies were working in the State Department. He emerged as a leader in the anti-communism crusade. ____________ intimidated his opponents and friends. He was eventually brought down when he accused the army as being a haven for communists. He was the most famous leader of the 2nd Red Scare.

Eugene Debs

He was the leader of the American Socialist Party. He ran for president several times but never carried a single state. Was imprisoned during WWI along with the others during the red-scare.

Lincoln Steffens

He was the most influential muckraker who turned attention to the government. He exposed the "machine government" and "boss rule" to the public. His tone of moral outrage all helped to arouse sentiment for urban political reform.

Alexander Hamilton

He was the most resourceful reformer who called for the creation of the Constitution. Illegitimate son of a Scottish merchant. He was the first to call a national convention to overhaul the Articles. He was the dominant figure in Washington's reign (Sec. of Treasury). He introduced all new ideas for the govt.: A. National bank B. Central govt. to assume public debt C. Have govt. pay off bonds at full price (at par)

FDR

He went from a seat in the NY legislature, to a position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He then contracted polio- which resulted in a loss of leg usage- and was out of politics for a long time. He won the presidential campaign in 1932.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Held widely publicized investigations to prove that under democratic rule the government had tolerated if not encouraged communists. Led to the Hollywood 10 trial and the Alger Hiss trial. This committee also made a Republican Representative named Nixon famous.

The Holocaust

History's greatest horror was __________, the deliberate destruction of 6 million Jews and about 6 million others. High officials in Washington were unwilling to divert important military strength to destroy the camps, because many were anti-Semitic themselves. The State Dept. wouldn't even allow Jews into the Country. SIGN: The US and other allies had to wonder after the war if they could have done mo re to save more victims before and during the war.

Munich Conference

Hitler's determination to expand his "lebensraum" resulted in a demand of the German populated Sudetenland in Czech. Czechs were unwilling to give it up, but Britain and France met with Hitler at Munich and appeased him by giving it to him in return for a promise that Germany would no longer seek expansion. SIGN: Czech. was taken over a few months later; this conference becomes the symbol of appeasement and its lessons are frequently used to justify military interventions during and after the Cold War.

Hawley-Smoot Act (1930)

Hoover attempted to protect American farmers from international competition by raising agricultural tariffs. The ____________ of 1930 contained protective increases on 75 farm products and raised rates to the highest in American history. It was a disaster because in response, other nations raised their tariffs, causing a tariff war, and narrowing the market.

"Okies"

Hundreds of thousands of families from the Dust Bowl (often termed _______ b/c the majority came from OK) traveled to California and other states, where they found conditions little better from those they had left. Many worked as migrant farm workers.

Anti-Saloon League

In 1893, this group joined the temperance movement and along with the WCTU, began to press for legal abolition of saloons. Gradually demands included the abolition of the sale of alcohol.

Roosevelt Corollary

In 1904, TR added the ___________ to the Monroe Doctrine which claimed that the US not only had the right to stop European colonization in the Western hemisphere, but also the right to intervene in its neighbor's affairs to preserve order.

Niagara Movement

In 1905, DuBois and a group of his supporters met at Niagara Falls and launched the __________. DuBois stated at that meeting that Blacks should fight for immediate equality of rights and not just wait for it to happen over time.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

In 1911, a terrible fire swept through the factory of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NY. 146 workers, mostly women, died. Management had locked the emergency exits. The fire resulted in major reforms in the conditions of modern labor.

18th Amendment

In 1919, ratification of the __________ by all states, except for CN and RI (catholic havens) prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages from the US. It would take into effect in Jan. 1920.

Social Security Act

In 1935, FDR gave public support for the _____________. The elderly received $15 a month immediately if destitute. Others would contribute a portion of their salaries so they would have an income upon retirement. This created a system of unemployment measures, and turned the US into a welfare state.

USS Panay

In 1937 Japanese aviators struck the _________ and sunk it as it sailed into China. The attack was almost undoubtedly deliberate, because there was a large American flag painted upon the deck. SIGN: Isolationists wanted to forgive the Japanese this incident, and move on; the incident showed to what extent the US isolationists would go to avoid war.

Manhattan Project

In 1939, Einstein warned that the Germans had developed nuclear fission, which was the first step in creating an atomic bomb. From 1941 on, the government provided $2 billion to make the bomb in the ______________. It was named as such because so many of the scientists came from Columbia University. SIGN: 1st successful blast in New Mexico and led to Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Korematsu vs. US

In 1944 the Supreme Court ruled in ___________ that the relocation of Japanese was constitutionally permissable; did not rule on internment camps.

Lend-Lease

In December 1940, Great Britain was virtually bankrupt and could not afford to meet the cash and carry requirements. FDR decided to simply _________ armaments to Britain or any other nation "vital to the defense of the US" on no more than the basis of their promise to return or pay back after the war. Passed by Congress. SIGN: helped prevent the defeat of Britain and later, the defeat of the Soviet Union.

Yalta

In Feb. 1945 the Big 3 met in the Soviet city of _______ for a peace conference. FDR sensed resistance to his internationalist post war dreams. The Big 3 reached a concensus on a number of subjects, but issues such as Poland they simply ignored. SIGN: Many felt FDR gave too much to Stalin and the Soviet Union.

The Great Crash/Black Tuesday

In February 1928 stocks began a steady rise that continued for 1 and a half years. In the autumn of 1929, the market began to fall apart. On October 21, and again on Oct. 23 there were alarming declines in prices, in both cases there followed a temporary recovery. But on Oct. 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) all efforts to save the market failed.

Open Doors Notes

In September 1898, McKinley issued a statement saying that the United States wanted access to China, but no special privileges. John Hay translated that into policy and gave it the name of the _____________.

"Peace without victory"

In a conference brought before Congress, Wilson outlined a plan for postwar order in which the US would help maintain peace through a permanent League of Nations- a peace that would ensure self-determination for all nations.

"New Freedom"

In his presidential campaign, Wilson presented a brand of progressivism different from TR's "New Nationalism" and named it __________. It differed most clearly with TR's in its approach to economic policy and trusts. Wilson seemed to side with those who opposed bigness.

Harlem Renaissance

In post WWI Harlem, a new generation of black artists and intellectuals created a flourishing African-American culture widely described as the ____________.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In the case of __________, the 2 Italian immigrants were charged with murder. Evidence was questionable, but both were known anarchists and faced widespread public assumption of guilt. Convicted in front of bigoted judge in an extraordinary injudicious matter, both were sentenced to death. In the weeks that led up to their death, public support mounted, but was futile, as they were killed anyway. Theirs was a cause that a generation of Americans never forgot.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Intellectuals of the 1920s claimed to reject "success ethic" that they believed dominated American life. The novelist ___________ ridiculed the American obsession w/ material success in several of his works.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Sec. of State Marshall to help rebuild Europe after WWII. It included 16 western nations combining in a recovery program in which the US gave massive amounts of aid and loans to rebuild Europe. Motivated by: 1. The desire to stop communism by getting rid of poverty that encourages communism; 2. Humanitarian concerns to help the suffering people of Europe; 3. Rebuild Europe so they could buy US goods to prevent the Depression from returning in US. SIGN: Considered by Europeans as one of the best things the US ever did. It did help to stop communist expansion and did help US economy.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

It was established as a response to A. Phillip Randolph's threat to march on Washington w/ 100,000 black men to protest civil rights. FDR relented and proposed to look into the issue w/ the FEPC.

First Continental Congress

It was first called by a rump session of the VA assembly meeting in a tavern (the governor had dissolved them). Delegates from all colonies except GA were present, and it convened in Philadelphia. There were 5 major decisions: A. Rejected a plan for union under British authority B. Endorsed a statement of grievances C. Began making military preparations D. Agreed on stopping all trade w/ Britain E. Agreed to meet again

Indian Reorganization Act

John Collier wanted to respect the Indian culture and thought it was wrong to force assimilation upon them. The ___________ advanced his goals. It refuted the Dawes Act, thus increasing tribal land by 4 million acres.

John Lewis

Leaders of the AFL opposed unionism, but industrial unionism found an important advocate, ___________. He was the leader of the united mine workers. He formed the Committee on Industrial Organization after he left the AFL.

Calvin Coolidge

Like Harding, _________ had risen to the presidency on the basis of a few substansive accomplishments. As gov. of MA in 1919, won nat'l attention w/ how he dealt with the striking police in Boston. Was named VP in 1920 under Harding. He was dour, silent, and Puritanical. Unlike Harding, he was honest beyond reproach and could not stand scandals w/in his administration.

King Mob

March 4, 1829, Jackson was inaugurated as the new President. He invited anyone who wanted to attend a party at the White House. Thousands of commoners attended the reception which turned into a mob with people destroying and stealing things. The only thing that saved the White House was that the liquor and beer were moved outside SIGN: the phrase "__________" is used to refer to the masses and the move to democracy that Jackson seemed to epitomize.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation has not right to have its case heard in court; Cherokee Nation is a "semi-independent" nation

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe became President in 1817, and made a tour of the nation; The Columbian Sentinel, noted Monroe's willingness to appoint both northerners and southerners and said that an _____________ had come; in 1820, the Federalists didn't even nominate a candidate to run against Monroe and some felt that party competition had died out; however, there were many issues that still deeply divided the nation

Tennessee Valley Authority

New dealers who favored economic development favored conspicuously with this act, because it involved not only the completion of a dam at Muscle Shoals, TN, but also the authority to build many more in that region. It made a comprehensive redevelopment of the entire region. The _________ was also important because it was the first time that the federal government was taking direct control in local development plans.

Zimmerman Telegram

On Feb. 25th, the British intercepted a telegram to US intelligence which was addressed from Arthur Zimmerman, a foreign minister to Mexico. It proposed that in event of war between Germany and US, the Mexicans would join on Germany's side to reclaim their "lost territory". The telegram inflamed public opinion about war w/ Germany.

"The Great Compromise"

On Friday July 2, Constitutional Convention agreed to make a "grand committee" (led by Franklin) to resolve disagreements. They came up w/ _______________, which solved the big question of representation of the colonies in the central government. Legislative branch would have two houses- Lower House based on population, upper house consisting of 2 representatives from each state.

Lusitania

On May 7, 1915, a German submarine sank the British ship _________ (a passenger liner) without warning, causing the deaths of 1,198 people, 126 of whom were Americans. Such enraged the Americans, and Wilson warned the Germans against further attacks.

Boston Massacre

On the night of March 5, 1770 a mob of dockworkers, "Liberty Boys", and others began pelting the sentries at the customs house with rocks and snowballs. Several British soldiers were lined up outside the building to protect it. Fighting broke out, a British soldier was knocked down, and then they fired into the crowd. 5 colonists were killed. The incident was a result of panic and resistance.

Jane Adams

One of the most famous social workers of her day. She helped establish and regulate Hull House, which became famous and highly recognized as one of the best settlement houses. (located in Chicago in 1889)

specie circular

Order issued by President Jackson in 1836 stating that the federal government would accept only specie-gold and silver- as payment for public land SIGN: this shrunk the money supply available for purchasing of land; this lack of money made it so those who had purchased land hoping the price would increase began to panic and tried to sell the land at any price they could get; this decreased the price for land and set off the Panic of 1837

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Organized in April of 1949, to help 12 nations fight communist threats in Europe. An attack on one member would be considered an attack upon all members. SIGN: The main military alliance that helped the West win the Cold War against the Soviet Union.

Peggy Eaton affair

Peggy O'Neal was a beautiful woman who had been brought up in a tavern; John H. Eaton, one of Jackson's friends and a cabinet member, married Miss Eaton; other cabinet members wanted nothing to do with her; Jackson was furious because of the scandalous accusations made against his own wife in the election of 1828; Jackson defended Eaton; Mrs. Calhoun led a protest that resulted in several cabinet members resigning SIGN: helped split Calhoun and Jackson and helped push Calhoun more into the states' right camp

Palmer Raids

Perhaps the greatest contribution to the Red Scare was on New Year's Day of 1920 when Attorney General Mitchell Palmer orchestrated a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country. They arrested some 6,000 people, but were intended to uncover large caches of weapons and explosives, but didn't find anything but 3 handguns total. Most of the people were released - 500 were deported.

John Steinbeck/Grapes of Wrath

Perhaps the most successful chronicle of social conditions in the 1930s was a novelist, _________, especially in his novel, ____________. It told the story of a family migrating from the Dustbowl to CA, and the hardships they endured.

Wagner National Labor Relations Act

Popularly known as the Wagner Act, it provided workers w/ more protection then Section 7(a) of the NIRA. Provided crucial enforcement mechanisms. President had his doubts, but signed anyways.

Grid System

Proposed in the Land Ordinance of 1784 where the land would be neatly divided into rectangular townships.

Yellow Journalism

Pulitzer and Hearts revolutionized American journalism in the Cuban War by catering to a broad audience in a lower economic status. They were not shy about fabricating the news themselves.

VA/KY Resolutions

Republican leaders wanted to remove Sedition and Alien Acts from the state legislatures. 2 resolutions were written, one anonymously by Jefferson, which was adopted by KY, and another written by Madison, which was adopted by VA. Both resolutions used ideas from John Locke. Was the beginning of "nullification".

XYZ Affair

Revolutionary France had begun attacking American ships. Hamilton sent 3 reps to France to negotiate. French reps, however, demanded a loan for France and bribes before negotiations would start. The Americans refused and left France. Congress heard of the incident and was infuriated. The French men were called Misters X, Y, and Z. For two years after the Affair, the US was at an undeclared war w/ France.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Roosevelt pressured congress to enact this act, which, despite its weaknesses in enforcement mechanisms, restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines.

'20's

Roosevelt was thus able to portray the Depression not as an international problem but a domestic problem (this is probably wrong cause it makes no sense)

"Hoovervilles"

Shantytowns established on the outskirts of cities were named _________ and the president became the butt of cruel jokes and vicious attacks.

"Flapper"

Some women concluded in the "New Era" that it was no longer necessary to maintain rigid, Victorian female "respectability". They wanted to smoke, drink, dance, wear seductive clothing and make-up, and attend parties. Such was a result largely of Freudian ideas, and such was the assumptions of the _________ SIGN.: many believe this was a step toward women gaining more freedoms; however, others believed it was not significant or destructive to values and helped start us down the path of decadence.

George F. Kennan

Sometimes considered the father of containment; wrote an article for Foreign Affairs that outlined containment theory in an article in which he identified himself as the author with an X, thus, it became known as article X. Later, he became critical of the U.S. trying to contain communism everywhere. SIGN: Helped start containment, helped give war critics credibility during some of the containment wars.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Successful detonation of Soviet atomic bomb years earlier than expected led many to believe that secret information had been leaked out. ___________ were convicted of leaking out info. and both were eventually executed for treason. They were the only people in our history executed for treason in peace time.

Good Neighbor Policy

Successful diplomatic relations ensued in Latin America w. the ______________. The US would no longer interfere w/ Latin American business, and would recognize any Latin American standing government w/o questioning the means to which they rose to power. It was a retreat from the Roosevelt Corollary. SIGN: Helped win good will among many Latin American nations

"Speak softly, but carry a big stick"

TR was well suited, by both the temperament and conviction, for an activist foreign policy. He believed in the value and importance of using American power in the world.

"New Nationalism"

TR's decision to return to politics and assume the leadership of the republican party came in a speech on Sept. 1, 1910 in Kansas, where he outlined a set of principles termed _________. He believed in a strong executive branch and a strong federal government.

"Dollar Diplomacy"

Taft and his Secretary of State, Know, tried to increase American influence in parts of Latin America by replacing investments of European nations with that of the US. But it had a violent side, when a revolution broke out in Nicaragua, the US intervened several times militarily.

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Taft replaced Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior, Garfield, with conservative corporate lawyer Richard Ballinger, who was under suspicion for trying to invalidate some of Roosevelt's 1 million acres of public land and make it available for private development. Louis Glavis, an Interior Department investigator, charged Ballinger with conniving to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska for personal profit. Glavis took the evidence to Gifford Pinchot, who took it to Taft, whose Attorney General looked into it and dismissed the charges. Taft fired Glavis for his part in the episode. When Pinchot leaked the story to the press, Taft fired him for insubordination. The public was outraged, and Taft alienated TR's supporters irrevocably.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, experienced a mystical awakening trying to recover from alcoholism. The Prophet and his brother, __________, tried to unite all the Indian tribes to resist the white encroachments in 1807 SIGN: let to major uprising of Indians; eventually, both the Prophet and ________ were killed in the fighting

Cash and Carry

The 1937 Neutrality Act established _______________, where a nation at war could purchase non-military goods but had to pay cash for them, and ship them away on their own vessel. In 1939, _____________ allowed for the purchase of military goods. SIGN: was designed to prevent the US from being drawn into another war; in 1939 and 1940, it helped Britain gain needed supplies.

Olive Branch Petition

The 2nd Continental Congress passed the _________________, which was a conciliatory appeal to the British. However, the English rejected it.

Boston Tea Party

The British passed the Tea Act in 1773 to help prevent the East India Company from going bankrupt by making the tax exempt in America. Such an action meant that the company could undersell the American merchants and form an American monopoly. In the last weeks of 1773, many merchants plotted to prevent the East India Company from landing its tea. On Dec. 16, 1773, in Boston, after the failure to turn back 3 ships, Bostonians (disguised as 50 Mohawk Indians) raided the ships in front of a crowd, and threw the tea overboard. Similar events around the colonies soon followed.

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S. purchase from France in 1803 of a vast tract of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The land was bought for 15 million. Napoleon did this because his dreams of an American empire failed when his army got wiped out in Haiti. SIGN: doubled the size of the U.S.; helped create new lands for Jefferson's dream of a nation of farmers

Public Works Administration

The __________, established by a bill to administer public spending programs and through the direction of Secretary of Interior, Harold Ickes, only gradually allowed the $3.3 billion in public works funds to trickle out. Not until 1938 when he died did the ________ spend enough to make a difference.

Kellog-Briand Pact

The _____________ concluded the Washington Conference when a French minister, Briand, asked US to join an alliance against Germany, Kellog instead decided to ask for an agreement banning war as a means of foreign policy. SIGN: It showed the US was willing to play some role in international relations, but it showed that this agreement was weak because most signees were at war in 13 years.

5 Power Pact Plan

The _____________ of February 1922 established both limits for total naval tonnage and a ratio of armaments.

Anti-Imperialist League

The _______________ was established by Bostonians, New Yorkers, and others in 1898 to fight annexation. They waged a vigorous campaign against ratification of the Paris treaty, which ended the Spanish/American War.

Abigail Adams

The emphasis on liberty and the "rights of man" made some women begin to question their position in society. John Adams' wife, __________, wrote repeatedly to her husband and told him to "remember the ladies". She also did not want so much power vested to husbands.

Francis Perkins

The first female member of Congress. She was appointed by FDR as the Secretary of Labor. She urged not so much an Equal Rights Amendment, but more an emphasis on protection of women. She was very instrumental in the SS Act.

Lost Generation

The generation of artists and intellectuals coming of age in the 1920s found the new society in which they lived especially disturbing. Gertrude Stein once referred to the young Americans emerging from WWI as a _____________. For many writers, intellectuals, and artists, it was true.

"Common Sense"

The growing support for independence got a jump start when Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet ___________. (He had immigrated to America from England less than 2 yrs before.) He attempted to turn the American anger away from the English Parliament to the English Constitution itself. He argued it was simple "____________" for Americans to break away from an empire could produce such an evil monarch as George III. The island kingdom of England was no more fit to govern America than a satellite was fit to rule the sun.

Containment Doctrine

The idea that Russia was expansionistic historically; thus, the Soviet Union would continue to try to expand. The US could not try to remove the Communists where they were in power, but should resist Soviet and communist expansion. SIGN: Was dominant foreign policy thinking during the Cold War and even used against people like S. Hussein; also, led the US into conflicts in Vietnam, Korea, and many other places.

Huey Long

The most alarming dissenter to FDR's plans was Senator ___________ of LA. He rose to power through attacks on banks, oil companies, and the utilities. His opposition was left w/o any power at all in LA. When he was accused of violating LA constitution he said, "I am the constitution."

Panama Canal

The most celebrated accomplishment of TR's presidency was the construction of the __________. First step was the 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, which cancelled an American-British pact in 1850 agreeing to construct the canal together. America then bought the French holdings for $40 million, staged a revolution in Panama to free them fro the Colombians, and paid $10 million and 250K a year for the canal to the Panama government.

Scottsboro Case

The most celebrated example of racism that attracted national attention was the __________. In March 1931, 9 black teenagers were taken off a train in AL and arrested for vagrancy. Later, 2 white women accused them of rape, to get off from vagrancy charges themselves. Evidence snowed that they hadn't been raped, but an all white jury convicted them and sentenced 8 to death. The Supreme Court overturned the case, and the last prisoner was released in 1950.

Security Council

The most important agreement of Yalta was to form the UN; the ____________ was a key part of the UN. It was to be made up of five permanent members with each one having veto power. 5 permanent powers consisted of Soviet Union, United States, France, Britain, and China. SIGN: Can order UN troops into conflict; veto power has been used to prevent actions; many of the major disputes of the Cold War were fought in the _____________.

Teapot Dome Scandal

The most spectacular scandal of Harding's administration involved the rich oil reserves at Teapot Dome, WY and Elks Hills, CA. At the urging of Albert Fall, Harding transferred control of the reserves from the navy dept. to the Dept. of the Interior. Fall then leased them out for "loans" of nearly half-million dollars. Fall was convicted of bribery.

Land Ordinances

The ordinances of 1784, based on a proposal by Jefferson, divided the western territory into 10 self governing districts. The ordinance of 1785 created a system for surveying and selling land. (The grid system was established) The NW ordinance of 1787 abandoned the 10 districts and created a single NW territory.

Margaret Sanger

The pioneer of the American birth control movement and became committee to this cause in part because of the influence of Emma Goldman. - believed that large families were among the major causes of poverty and distress in poor communities SIGN.: helped start modern movement on birth control and by 1962, Supreme Court rules states could not outlaw birth control devices among married couples

NIRA

The result of the pressure to reform industry was the _________, which was some of the most complicated pieces of legislation ever in American history. Businesses and workers hailed it, and it created the NRA.

Red Scare

There were several bombings in June of 1919 which exploded within minutes of each other. The bombings crystallized what was already a growing determination among many middle-class Americans (including some government officials) to fight back against radicalism - a determination sealed by the repressive atmosphere of the war years. This antiradicalism accompanied, and reinforced, the already strong commitment among old-stock Protestants to the idea of "100% Americanism." These factors made up the social phenomenon known as the ___________. Antiradical newspapers sprung up everywhere, and communist sympathizers were incarcerated.

Interventionalists

These were people who supported America's entry into war. SIGN: some groups favored actual intervention, others just favored helping the Allies.

The Irreconcilables

They were the opponents of the Treaty of Versailles who believed that it made America too committed to the New League, and didn't agree with the lack of protection the treaty offered to the Monroe Doctrine.

National Securities Act of 1947

This act created several new instruments of foreign policy, including: -Department of Defense (that combined Department of Navy and Department of Army -National Security Council -Central Intelligence Agency SIGN: these agencies helped fight the Cold War, but also led to some heavy-handed techniques of getting rid or persecuting both foreign and domestic enemies.

National Origin Act: 1924

This act of 1924 banned immigration from E. Asia entirely. This provision deeply angered the Japanese government, which understood that their people were the principal target; Chinese immigration had been illegal since 1892.

Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power on History

This book said that countries with great navies have been the greatest powers on Earth. It pointed that the greatness of the US depended upon its position in the sea. — SIGN: inspired the development of a modern US Navy and American imperialism

America First Committee

This group was opposed to the Fight for Freedom Committee, and attacked prominent members such as General Wood, Charles Lindbergh, Senator Nye, and won the editorial support of the Hearst chain. SIGN: It was very influential in preventing the US from aiding the Allies.

Non-intercourse Act

This law replaced the Embargo Act and was passed just before Madison took office in 1808. The law reopened trade with all nations except Great Britain and France SIGN: This law failed and eventually was replaced

Josiah Strong: Our Possible Future and Present Crisis

This man declared in his book that the Anglo-Saxon "race" was of great ideas, civil liberties, pure Christianity, and was "divinely" commissioned to spread its glory around the world — SIGN: helped bring about American imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s

Civilian Conservation Corps

This was FDR's favored relief program It employed nearly 3 million men, ages 18-30, in various conservation projects nationwide.

Social Gospel

This was a powerful movement in the early 20th century within American Protestantism and contained a small gathering within Catholicism as well. It was chiefly concerned with redeeming the nations' cities. The Salvation Army was the result of such sentiments

"Total War"

This was caused as a result of 3 competing "isms" in Europe: imperialism, nationalism, and militarism - as well as the failure of the system of alliances; Europe was dragged into total war after Germany declared war on France in 1914; Total war also includes the concept that one side needs to destroy the other side's capacity to make war; therefore, all civilians mus be seen as combatants in the war and they are fair targets.

Treaty of Versailles

This was neither harsh enough to prevent Germany from rising atop the European landscape again, nor soft enough to take the desire of retribution out of Germany eyes. The reparations were not what Wilson was approving of, but he dealt with it, and France wasn't happy because they never received their buffer Rhineland state.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

This was the first comprehensive measure to combat the Depression. It included scraps and reworkings of the McNary-Haugen Bill. Its most important feature was its provision for reducing crop production to end agricultural surpluses.

American Communist Party

This was the largest and most important member of the Populist Front. It had for a long time been a strong critic of American Capitalism, but was kinder due to direct orders from Moscow in the '30s.

Washington Conference (1921)

This was the most important effort to build safeguards against global conflict. It was also an attempt to prevent a naval arms race between Britain, US, and Japan. All three nations agreed to the provisions, which set up a 5:5:3 ratio in regards to ship building.

Works Progress Administration

This, like the CCC, established a system of work relief for the unemployed. But it was larger than earlier agencies. It also had a $5 billion cap. Hopkins directed it, and kept an average of 2.1 million people employed. The ____________ also paid writers, painters, actors, an other artists as well.

Pump Priming

To Hopkins the important thing in government to do was to pump money in an economy badly in need of it. This use of government spending to stimulate the economy was known as ________ and later as Keynesianism.

Proclamation of 1763

To prevent an escalation of the fighting against the natives that might threaten British trade, the _______________ was imposed to forbid settlers to advance beyond a line drawn in the Appalachian Mountains.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

To punish those in Boston for the Tea Party, Parliament passed the ______________ which closed the port of Boston, drastically reduced the power of self-government in the colony, permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England, and provided for the quartering of troops in colonists' barns or empty houses.

NSC-68

Truman called for a thorough review of American Foreign policy. The result was the _________, which said the US could no longer rely on other nations to take the initiative in resisting communism, but the US would have to contain communism.

Virtual vs. Actual Representation

Virtual- the colonies cannot vote for representatives to Parliament, but were still represented Actual- if colonists actually got to vote for representatives to look after their needs

Japanese Internment

WWII did not produce active hysteria and violation of civil rights of Germans and Italians as WWI had. But a small minority of Japanese, mainly Pacific coast were taken by the thousands into the mainland and pressed into government regulated and controlled concentration camp. SIGN: Later, American govt. apologized and paid reparations; shows danger of excessive fear in time of war.

Normalcy

Warren G. Harding called the 20s the age of ______ when in fact it was an era of significant, even dramatic change, as well as economic and political change. He promised a return to _______ in his inaugural address. SIGN.: Showed that Americans were tired of progressive reforms and international commitments

Reconstruction Finance Corps

Was a bill passed in Jan. 1932 establishing the __________, a government agency whose purpose was to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses. It operated on a large scale, but it was too frugal and would not release all its money.

"Quarantine Speech"

Was a speech in Chicago in 1937 where FDR warned forcefully the dangers that Japanese aggression posed to world peace. Aggressors must be "quarantined" by the international community to prevent war. He was highly criticized for the speech, and would not attempt to curb the isolationist trend that had befallen America. SIGN: made FDR realize he had to go slower in educating America about the dangers of the aggressor nations; the reaction probably made aggressors more confident the US would not do anything.

Teddy Roosevelt

Was an accidental president, and took office after McKinley was shot and killed. He was a progressive, and served another term, but lost when he ran for his third term to Wilson. He formed the Progressive, or Bull-Moose Party.

Dustbowl

Was one of the greatest environmental disasters of American history. It was mainly caused by a prolonged drought. Farmers were not taking care of the soil like they were supposed to, and large amounts were loosened resultantly.

Louis B. Brandeis

Was the first Jew ever to be named to the Supreme Court. In his book, Other People's Money, he spoke about the "curse" of bigness, in part because of the inefficiency it created. He was a renown progressive nominated by Wilson.

Ida Tarbell

Was the most notable muckraker for his story exposing the Standard Oil Trust (Published first in magazines then in a 2 volume book in 1904.)

Muckrakers

Were the first people in the late 19th and early 20th century to push reform through journalism. TR named them this because he said that all they did was rake "muck". The major targets for these journalists included: railroads, Standard Oil, meat factories, and urban living.

"Broker State"

What the New Dealers had created was something that in later years would be termed a ___________. Instead of forging all elements of society together into a harmonious unity, the real achievements of the New Deal were to elevate and strengthen new interest groups, so as to allow them to complete more efficiently .

Platt Amendment

When Cuba drew up a constitution w/o making any reference to the US, congress passed the _________ in 1901, which pressured Cuba into incorporating the US into its constitution. The Amendment barred Cuba from making treaties w/ other nations, gave US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and permitted American naval stations in Cuba.

Neutrality Acts

When Mussolini's attack on Ethiopia seemed eminent, the US moved to prevent itself from the conflict. The ______________ of '35, '36, and '37 established mandatory arms embargo against belligerent nations, and warned American citizens to travel at their own risk. It also established the cash and carry policy. SIGN: limited the role the US could play in stopping or reacting to aggression in the late 1930s.

14 Points

Wilson's war aims had 14 distinctive provisions, widely heralded as the _______, which fell into 3 broad categories: 1. 8 specific recommendations for adjusting post-war boundaries 2. 5 general principles for conducing international conduct in future 3. League of Nations proposal

Soft Money/Hard Money

_______ was paper money issued w/ little of no backing in gold or silver, and was favored by many people in debt. ________ was issued in gold or silver, or was paper money completely backed by gold or silver

A. Phillip Randolph

_________ was the president of the "Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters" and wanted all companies with a government contract to integrate the workforce. After he threatened a march on Washington with 100,000 blacks, FDR agreed to form the Fair Employment Practices Commission. It was a rare symbolic victory for the blacks. SIGN: It showed some good faith on the part of the US to move to equality.

Marbury vs Madison

__________, one of Adams' midnight appointments, never received his commission from the Secretary of State; under the new administration of Jefferson he asked the new Sec. of State, __________, to issue him his commission; _______ refused so ________ appealed to the Supreme Court; John Marshall's court ruled that __________ had a right to his commission but ruled that the commission was illegal because it had been created by an unconstitutional law, the Judiciary Act of 1789 SIGN: Supreme Court relinquished a minor power (the power to force commission delivery) but asserted a much greater power (the power to declare a law unconstitutional and thus nullify a federal law- judicial review)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

____________ was one of FDR's first acts as president. It provided cash grants to states in order to prop up bankrupt relief agencies. Harry Hopkins directed it. The federal government felt better about work, not cash relief.

Hartford Convention

a meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 in which they protested the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional changes to protect the commercial interests of New England. Proposed amendments included abolition of 3/5ths compromise, limit of one-term for the presidency, repeal of the Embargo Act of 1813. Federalists threatened to secede from the Union if demands were not met SIGN: When the ____________ resolutions showed up in Washington DC at the same time as the news of the victory in New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent, it helped bring about the death of the Federalist Party; a northern statement of states' rights

Republican Motherhood

a role for women that stressed the importance of instructing children in republican virtues such as patriotism and honor SIGN: changed the role of women and made it more important for women to become educated and literate

Macon's Bill #2

a year after the Non-intercourse Act was passed, it was allowed to expire and was replaced by ________________This law stated that the US would reopen trade with Britain and France. But it stipulated that if either nation agreed to lift its restrictions on American shipping, then trading sanctions would be imposed on the other SIGN:France agreed to the stipulation, and thus, US imposed sanctions on Great Britain. This lead to Orders in Council and eventually, to the War of 1812

Monroe Doctrine

asserted nationalism in foreign policy; brain child of John Q. Adams; Brit. had proposed a joint declaration that would prohibit further colonization of the Western hemisphere; Adams insisted the US should issue its own declaration; main parts: Western hemisphere off limits for further colonization; US will stay out of European affairs SIGN: key document in American foreign policy; at first it was enforced by British navy; in late 19th and throughout the 20th century, it became the justification for frequent US interventions in Latin America

Thomas Jefferson

author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Act of Religious Toleration; 3rd President of the U.S.; founded the Republican Party and believed in strict construction of the Constitution; reduced army and navy; bought La. Purchase; sent Lewis and Clark to explore West; accepted many federalist ideas or institutions; got Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807

Deism

belief that God created the universe in such a way that no divine intervention was necessary for its continued operation; followers of _____ tended to deny the miracles in the Bible and the divine nature of Jesus as the Son of God; Franklin and Jefferson were followers of _____. SIGN: helped develop a humanistic approach to religion in America; reaction against the _______ belief helped spark the 2nd Great Awakening

Whig Party

called themselves ______ after the English party that sought to reduce the power of the monarch. The favored expanded power of the Federal government, encouraged the commercial and industrial development, were cautious about westward expansion, and favored the BUS. The Great Triumvirate were the most prominent members of the _________

Noah Webster

educator and lawyer who felt schools should teach American students nationalistic and patriotic themes; published a spelling book that simplified many English words (ex. honour to honor) SIGN: his dictionary would help establish an American form of English

Henry Clay

elected as a War Hawk in the 1810 election; one of the members of the Great Triumvirate; elected as Speaker of the House in his first term and many times thereafter; became Secretary of State under JQ Adams and was branded by the Corrupt Bargain; ran several times for President but lost all races; known as the Great Compromise for working out compromises on Missouri (1820); Tariff battle (1833); and helped on the Comp. of 1850; he belonged to the Republican party and later the Whig party; proposed the American System

Lewis and Clark

even before the La. Purchase, Jefferson had commissioned an expedition to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean; they traveled up the Missouri River, down the Snake and the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean SIGN: proved once and for all, there would be no easy water route to the Pacific; expedition obtained vital information on the West; helped establish relations with the Native Americans

Sectionalism

feeling loyalty to your own section of the country; ___________ was reflected in the Hartford Convention, the Missouri Compromise and especially, with the approach of the Civil War

Nationalism

felling proud about one's nation and feeling an identity with one's nation SIGN: American nationalism grew rapidly after the War of 1812 and up to the 1830s

Panic of 1819

followed a period of high demand for American farm goods and a massive increase in the speculation over western land; speculators had borrowed money to buy land, but when the banks called in the loans, they could not pay off the loans; the land values declined; when loans were not paid back, then the state banks began to fail starting a 6 year depression SIGN: many blamed the national bank for the depression and this Panic started a strong debate on the issue

Eli Whitney

growth of the textile industry in England created a huge demand for cotton. in 1793, _______ invented a machine that performed the task of separating seeds quickly and efficiently. "Cotton gin" was short for cotton machine; __________ also, created a process that would make interchangeable parts for guns, which improved repair and replacement SIGN: cotton gin helped to revive and spread the cotton industry; interchangeable parts helped to increase development of factories and mass production

Spoils System

idea that the winner of an election should be able to replace government officials with his supporters; "to the winner belong the spoils"; __________ was in effect on the state and local level, Jackson brought it to the federal level SIGN: led to widespread political corruption; eventually, replaced by civil service system for most jobs

Corrupt Bargain

in 1824 election, there were 4 major candidates receiving electoral votes: JQ Adams (84), Clay (37), Crawford (41) and Jackson (99); since no one got 50% of the electoral votes, the decision went to the House of Reps. to pick among the top 3 candidates; Clay was the Speaker of the House and he had been eliminated; he met with Adams and after the meeting threw his support behind Adams; consequently, Adams won the election in the House of Rep.; shortly afterward, Clay was named as Secretary of State, which was seen as the stepping stone to the Presidency SIGN: doomed Clay's presidential aspirations; made many Americans desire a more democratic system of politics

Panic of 1837

in 1836, not long before leaving office, Jackson issued "species circular" which said that all public land debts had to be paid in hard money. It produced a financial panic that began in the first months of Van Buren's presidency

Embargo Act of 1807

in an effort to keep the nation at peace in lieu of rising tensions between Napoleon and Britain, Jefferson prevented all American ships from leaving American waters to any nation. Jefferson argued that a ban only on ship travel to France or Britain would have been impossible to enforce. Jefferson ended the embargo in 1808 because it had only hurt Americans SIGN: unintended consequence was that it helped spur Americans to develop their own industrial output; created much animosity in New England towards the Republicans

Samuel Slater

in the 1800s, Britain tried to protect its manufacturing pre-eminence by preventing the exporting of textile technology and the emigration of skilled mechanics; ________ memorized blueprints and recreated these from memory for use in America; created the first American textile factory in Pawtucket, R.I. SIGN: helped usher in the age of industrial growth in America with factories and working populations

John C. Calhoun

known as one of the Great Triumvirate; elected as a War Hawk in the election of 1810; was a federalist and later, became a Whig; he was VP under JQ Adams and Andrew Jackson, but resigned over the Tariff and Peggy Eaton controversies; in 1828, he wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest; in this document, _________ argued the Constitution was created by a compact of the states and the states could choose to end the compact; he argued the Tariff of Abominations was unconstitutional, thus, the states had the right to nullify the law SIGN: he was the most famous of the Southern states' rights leaders, but he wanted to preserve the union

Trail of Tears

occurred after the Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and appropriated money to remove the Indians west of the Miss. River; In 1835, the US obtained a treaty from some of the Cherokee Indians to take Cherokee lands but thousands of Cherokees refused to give up their claims to the land; in the winter of 1838, the Indians were forced to settle in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and hundreds died of exposure along the way SIGN: proved to Indians that assimilation did not work, because the Cherokee had tried to adopt the white man's ways; also, many felt it showed how callous Andrew Jackson was to NAs

Daniel Webster

one of those known as the Great Triumvirate, with Calhoun and Clay; frequently, referred to as the greatest American orator; argued federalist positions in front of the Supreme Court as well as Congress; elected as Congressman from New Hampshire, but later moved to Mass.; joined the Whig Party and ran for President; Webster-Hayne debate were over the Tariff of 1828; _________ argued for a strong central govt. and against the idea of nullification; many of his speeches became famous and were memorized by young students to show patriotism

2nd Great Awakening

origins lay in the efforts of conservative theologians of the 1790s to fight the spread of religious rationalism, like Deism; Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians spread religious upsurge that included revival meetings and great emotionalism; Dates: 1800 to 1840 SIGN: helped to start many of the reform movements (abolition, temperance, mental care, etc.) of the 1st half of the 19th century; also, gave women and African-Americans a chance to participate in public ways in religion

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

package designed to win support for anti-Adams forces in Congress; it's passage discredited Adams but set off sectional tension over tariff issues that resulted in the Tariff of 1832, the Force Act, and finally, the Compromise of 1833 which prevented a possible secession

Tariff of Abominations

passed by Congress in 1828; it outraged Southerners because it protected northern woolen products, but made the south pay more for imported goods; led to big battle with Calhoun and southern states which reintroduced question of nullification SIGN: helped increase feelings of sectionalism that threatened the Union

John Marshall

served as Supreme Court Chief Justice from 1801-1835; dominated the Supreme Court; increased the power of Supreme Court by utilizing judicial review; increased the power of the federal govt. at the expense of the states; advanced the interests of the propertied and commercial classes by holding as sacred the rights of property and inviolability of contracts; confirmed the implied powers of Congress by upholding the BUS; main cases included: Marbury v Madison, Cohen v Virginia, McCullough v Maryland, Gibbons v Ogden, Dartmouth v Woodward

Nullification

started with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798; based on the compact theory: 1. states formed the constitution thus, A. if Congress passed an unconstitutional law, the Federal govt. had broken the compact with the states; B. states could nullify unconstitutional laws and would not have to obey them; 2. if such laws are forced on the states, then they have a right to secede from the union SIGN: this theory would eventually lead to the Civil War

Pet Banks

state banks into which Andrew Jackson ordered federal deposits to be placed to help deplete the funds of the Second Bank of the United States; many of these banks failed during the Panic of 1837

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

the British navy had been impressing American sailors off of American ships. In 1807, the American naval frigate ___________ was stopped by the British __________ and ordered to allow them to search the vessel for British sailors who had deserted the British nay. ________ refused, British opened fire and finally, 4 sailors were taken off SIGN: almost caused a war between US and Britain; Brit. refused to renounce impressments

Internal Improvements

the nation's most pressing problem after the War of 1812 was its transportation system; a debate emerged over which part of government was responsible for the funding of such improvements- the state or the federal government; Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury, recommended the using of revenue from the sales of lands in the Ohio Territory; Madison vetoed a bill introduced by Calhoun and passed by Congress; Madison felt the law was unconstitutional even though desirable

Adams-Onis Treaty

treaty negotiated by Secretary of State, _________ and __________, from Spain; gave Florida to the US in exchange for US abandoning claim to Texas and parts of the Northwest; it defined the La. Territory, though vaguely when it got to the Rocky Mountains

Missouri Compromise

when Missouri applied for admission to the US, slavery was well established in that territory; Northerners did not want another slave state to be added to the Union b/c it would upset the slave/free state balance; Compromise called for the addition of Missouri to the Union as a slave state ad for Maine to be added as a free state; also, all La. Territory north of the southern border of Missouri would be free territory, and all territory south of the southern border would be slave territory SIGN: it settled a strong division in the country, but many felt that the establishment of a geographical line dividing the country into slave and free would eventually destroy the Union (Jefferson was among these)

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

— Congress established this agency under control of the army and under direction of Gen. Oliver Howard — established as a means to distribute work to former slaves, establish schools, and modest efforts to redistribute land — has authority of operation for only one year; extension of the Freedmen's Bureau was vetoed by Pres. Johnson

U.S. Sanitary Commission (Dorothea Dix)

— Dorothea Dix and a group of volunteers established this — they mobilized numbers of women to serve as nurses; by the end of the war women were the dominant force in nursing — this helped bring about changes in health standards in hospitals; in doing so, the amount of death from disease began to decline

Compromise of 1877

— Grant wanted to run for a third term, but Republicans resisted b/c they were afraid of further scandals — Dems. chose Hayes, Repubs. chose Tilden — electoral college saw Tilden with 184, one short of victory; there were 20 disputed votes, just enough to get Hayes the presidency — there was a compromise to give Hayes the votes, but he had to remove the remaining federal troops from the south, thus ending reconstruction

14th Amendment

— In April 1866, radicals in Congress, through the joint committee on the Reconstruction submitted a proposed __________ — it offered first constitutional definition of American citizenship — imposed penalties on states that denied any male inhabitant of his rights of citizenship — protected corporations and people against being regulated w/o due process. It made no reference to women

Thaddeus Stevens

— Radical Republican from PA, along w/ Sumner, who urged that the political and military leaders of the former CSA be punished by means of disenfranchisement, and confiscation of goods and land to be distributed to former slaves — helped lead the effort to impeach Andrew Johnson

Monitor and Merrimac

— The Merrimac was a union ship that was refitted in 1862 and changed in name to the Virginia — The Virginia then attacked northern ships, and came into conflict with the Monitor, which was another ironclad ship, and was stopped.

Tenure of Office Act

— To stop the president from interfering w/ their designs, the radicals in Congress passes two remarkable acts — first was this act, which forbade the Pres. from removing civil officials; that particular act was meant to ensure the job of Sec. of War, Edmund Stanton, Johnson dismisses Stanton anyway, and was impeached by congress as a result — the other act passed was the Commander of Army Act, which prohibited the president from issuing military orders except through that of the Commander of Army

Jayhawkers

— Union sympathizers in KS organized in bands known as this, and were marginally less savage than the CSA in KS and MO

Credit Mobilier

— a French-owned construction company that helped build Union Pacific Railroad — hoarded millions of dollars from the railroad and the govt.; they then transferred large amounts of stock to key congressman, and even the VP of Grant's administration. Was the biggest of many scandals that rocked the Grant administration

Jefferson Davis

— at a constitutional convention in Montgomery, AL, the CSA named this man as their president; he was chosen w/o opposition for a 6 year term — he was an unsuccessful president and served as his own secretary of war; he rarely provided genuine national leadership

Ulysses S. Grant

— became officer in Civil War and won key battles in the West - esp. Shiloh and Vicksburg — in March 1864, his appointment to commander of the entire Union army improved Lincoln's war effort — he shared Lincoln's belief in making the enemy armies and resources, not territory, the target of military efforts — popularity b/c of his war efforts made him influential and in 1868 he was elected Pres. and served until 1877; his presidency was marred by corruption and conflict over Reconstruction

Sherman's March to the Sea

— during the last stage of war, Sherman decided to advance eastwards towards Atlanta — he then burned the city as well as a 60-mile gap through GA until he reached Savannah; this was done in order to damage Confederate morale

15th Amendment

— forbade states of government the right to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" — was adopted only with the support of Southern States who had to ratify it in order to be readmites to the Union — it had little affect on black suffrage, however, for many years

Clara Burton

— founder of the American Red Cross — active in the accumulation and distribution of medical supplies; became important force in world of nursing

Civil Service Reform

— many civil service projects were enacted in the south during the reconstruction, such as public education, public works programs, relief for poor, and other costly commitments — this program was designed to make sure only qualified people got federal jobs, not just supporters of the winning candidate — finally passed into law in 1883 by the Pendleton Act

13th Amendment

— passed by Congress in April 1865, it abolished slavery in all states and territories — states were required to ratify this amendment before they would be readmitirse to the Union

54th Massachusetts Infantry

— the most renown of all black units that fought for the union — they had a white commander, Robert Shaw — Shaw and half of the infantry died in battle outside Charleston in 1863

Black Codes

— throughout 1865 and early 1866, the state legislatures in the South were enacting sets of laws known as this — modeled after pre-war laws, they were established to reassert the supremacy of the Planter aristocracy and designed to control freed slaves; were extremely discriminatory against African-Americans

Battle of Antietam

— union army defeated Confederate army at this battle in Maryland in bloodiest battle of the Civil War — gave Lincoln key victory so he could announce his intention of using wartime powers to free all slaves in Confederacy — on January 1st, 1863 he formally signed the Emancipation Proclamation