UOP EDUC131 FINAL
What is a language disorder?
"Any systematic deviation in the way people speak, listen, read, write, or sign that interferes with their ability to communicate with peers."
compare and contrast "ms." and "miss
"miss" - /s/ "mz." - /Ž/ ○ differ by voicing ○ they are minimal pairs
Draw a circle around the consonant blends in the following words:
(Spl)atter (Chr)ome Whi(stle) (Thr)ough
Circle ALL of the following guidelines that Piper (2007) encourages teachers to implement in order to effectively identify bilingual children who may have language disorders
-Consider cultural norms when interpreting language information/assessment of an L2 student - Examine tests for possible cultural and language bias to explain results
If language is natural, what is there to teach?
-Develop an environment that fosters rich language learners -Cognitive advantage: Teaching reading/writing enables other learning - Cultural language differences may need to be taught
Why are vowels so difficult for non-native English speakers? Name at least 1 phoneme that is difficult for a non-English native speaker and tell which native language and why.
/l/ and /r/ → bling instead of bring "R" sound never happens near the beginning of words in Chinese; it's hard to use and doesn't roll off the tongue easily for them
grapheme
1 or more letters representing 1 phoneme digraph trigraph doubles vowel teams
Piper (2007) discusses how extremely impoverished environments may obstruct typical language acquisition, what are some examples of such environments
1. Genie ○ social isolation ○ developed no language ○ proves the critical period hypothesis as Genie missed the window of time to acquire language and therefore never fully got it 2. Nicaraguan ○ deaf school ○ no linguistic environment ○ couldn't hear spanish, no sign language ○ developed their own language in general: ○ denied social interaction care ○ physically abused
variations within a language
1. greographical/regional dialect 2. social dialect
phonological awareness activities
1. rhymes and alliteration 2. oddity tasks 3. segmenting or blending syllables 4. phonemic segmentation and blending 5. phoneme manipulation
Circle all statements that correctly identify how first and second language acquisition differ.
A child's first language acquisition is natural and occurs subconsciously (as opposed to L2 learning) Second Language Acquisition tends to be more conscious than L1 acquisition
Circle all the graphemes in the words below.
A letter or letter combination that represents a single phoneme; in English, a grapheme may be one, two, three, or four letters "e", "ei," "igh," or "eigh" "ch" "sh"
Whorfian hypothesis
A specific language of a culture determines/influences thought; language and culture are inescapable from one another.
What is a diagraph? (Circle all that apply.)
A written symbol for a single phoneme A grapheme
Circle all statements Piper (2007) would agree to with respect to how age and aptitude affect second language development.
Ability to learn languages does not diminish with age Young children can learn the sounds of language better than adults First couple of years, most critical until age 3 Aptitude: specialized language learning ability If there is an aptitude factor in second language acquisition, it is likely that it is a rather specialized aptitude that governs only the ability to learn in formal settings Probably not all of them though because if that was the case, there would not be so many successfully bilingual people (home or school) Older children and adults have better developed processing capabilities and thus have more to build on as they learn a new language
Circle all correct statements explaining how theories account for language acquisition with respect to the environment.
According to nativists, the environment does not have a great affect on language acquisition. Most theorists agree that exposure to language is necessary for language development but they disagree on the degree of importance it plays.
how do age and aptitude affect L2 development (Piper)
Age: ○ young children can learn the sounds of language better than adults Aptitude: ○ if there is an aptitude in L2 development, it is likely that is specialized to govern only the ability to learn in formal settings --> not the case for all as their are many successful bilingual people
What is a grapheme (Circle all that apply)?
An analog to a phoneme Any letter or letter combo that corresponds to one phoneme in a printed word A symbol for a single phoneme A relational or functional unit to represent an element of speech
Give an example of a culturally based misunderstanding that may occur between a teacher and student and explain the miscommunication (using key words).
An example of a culturally based misunderstanding may occur if a teacher has an Asian studetn, whose culture says that respect to elders is done when not making eye contact. During class lessons, if said student is not making eye contact or looking at the teacher, they might make the assumption they are not paying attention. In American culture, it is respectful to make eye contact with a teacher to show them you are alter and giving your undivided attention. To this student from another culture, they may not understand this cultural difference and continue doing what they know as correct. In summation, the teacher might have a negative deficit model and say the student is not paying attention, when in reality the student is simply following their culture's norms.
give an example of a culturally based misunderstanding between teacher and student explain the miscommunication with key words
An example of a culturally based misunderstanding may occur if a teacher has an Asian studetn, whose culture says that respect to elders is done when not making eye contact. During class lessons, if said student is not making eye contact or looking at the teacher, they might make the assumption they are not paying attention. In American culture, it is respectful to make eye contact with a teacher to show them you are alter and giving your undivided attention. To this student from another culture, they may not understand this cultural difference and continue doing what they know as correct. In summation, the teacher might have a negative deficit model and say the student is not paying attention, when in reality the student is simply following their culture's norms.
What is the language acquisition device (LAD)?
An innate device in human beings that allows for rapid language acquisition. Chomsky → what prepares the child to make sense of language and to discover its structure and meaning-making potential; special capacity to learn language.
Identify the vowel phoneme in the first syllable of each word (using IPA): analyze, analysis analytic.Then identify whether there are any differences in those phonemes and if so, explain why the difference(s) exist.
Analyze: /ᴂ/ Analysis: /ə/ Analytic: /ᴂ/ Difference: between the two verbs (analyze and analytic) and the noun (analysis); verbs have the /ᴂ/, whereas the noun has the schwa; analysis has a stress at the beginning, whereas the two verbs have the stress at the end
analyze, analysis, analytic first syllables? differences in phonemes? why do the differences exist?
Analyze: /ᴂ/ Analysis: /ə/ Analytic: /ᴂ/ ○ Difference: between the two verbs (analyze and analytic) and the noun (analysis); ○ verbs have the /ᴂ/, whereas the noun has the schwa; analysis has a stress at the beginning, whereas the two verbs have the stress at the end
Although the language acquisition theories explained hold conflicting ideas, they seem to focus on a fundamental question(s). Circle all that apply.
Are children born with a special equipment that gives them a head start in learning their 1st language? Is there something unique about language learning as opposed to other types of human learning?
Theorists who believe we are born with a language acquisition device....
Are nativist and agree that exposure to language is necessary for language development.
/ə/
Away, cinEma
Choose all statements that Piper (2007) would most likely agree with respect to the definition of bilingualism.
Bilingualism is best defined on a continuum based on a child's age Children must be able to communicate effectively in 2 language in an age-appropriate manner
Give the most commons reasons for why the identification of phonemes is difficult.
Breaking down words into phonemes isn't a part of everyday verbal communication English has lots of consonants and vowels Classifying sounds i complicated because no two speakers form their sounds exactly the same way Deeply thinking about separate sounds requires phoneme awareness Brain is used to meaning of words not the specific sounds
CALP vs. BICS why are they important?
CALP ○ academic language used in a school setting BICS: ○ social communication used in home and social settings teachers are able to examine a child's BICS capabilities to gauge how well they understand what they are saying and what is being spoken to them --> helps teachers formulate a starting point for the child's advancement in CALP
What is the difference between cognitive academic language proficiency(CALP) and basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) and why are they important?
CALP refers to the academic language used in a school setting BICS refers to social communication used in home and social settings Teachers are able to examine a child's BICS capabilities and gauge how well they understand what they are saying and what is being spoken to them → helps teachers formulate an understanding of how much instruction and work needs to be done towards advancement in the child's CALP
Theorists and theories for language development categories they fit into
Chomsky: nativist, innate, domain specific - children are born to learn language (LAD) Vygostky: social interactionist, not innate, domain specific - unique language learning environmnet Piaget: cognitivist, innate, domain general - language learning in part of general cognitive development Skinner: behaviorist, not innate, domain general - nothing unique about language learning
Which of the following misspelled words are because of affrication of /t/ or/d/? (Correct spelling in parentheses under the misspelled words.)
Chrunk (trunk) Schejule (schedule)
Circle the morphemes in the following words (prefixes, base words, and suffixes).
Clever - ness Un-interest-ing In-human excite
Classify the words below into syllables into the correct columns (pp. 103-105)
Closed: a syllable with a short vowel, spelled with one letter, ending in one or more consonants → ex. Dapple, hospital VCe: a syllable with a long vowel spelled with one vowel, one consonant and a final silent e → ex. Compete, despite Open: a syllable that ends with a long vowel sounds, spelled with a single vowel letter → ex. Program, table Vowel team: syllable with long, short, or dipthong vowels sounds that use a letter combo for spelling → ex. Spoil, beat Vowel-r: a syllable with a single vowel letter followed by r (or, er, ur, ar, ir); vowel pronunciation changes before /r/ (we have to know /ər/ and /ə with a squiggly thing/ for er, ir, ur); vowel pronunciation changes before /r/) → Ex. intern, report Consonant-le: an unaccepted final syllable containing a single consonant, l, and a silent e → bible, beagle
Explain both code switching & linguistic borrowing and whether a L2 student exhibiting either should concern you as a teacher and why or why not.
Code switching: switching between two languages in the same sentence No concern needed Shows student is comfortable in both languages Borrowing: using one language, but mixing in words or ideas from another No concern needed Shows linguistic skill and understanding → using most appropriate words for a situation
Name the theory and key theorist that posits an interdependence of language and cognition, that language development has its foundation in the more fundamental development of cognition?
Cognitivism → Piaget
Circle all of the following statements that are examples of communicative competence:
Communicative competence means to know the rules of speaking How to respond to requests, invitations, apologies, thanks How to use language properly Ex: a student declining to respond to what you ask and will talk about what they want to talk about instead Ability to form grammatically correct utterances Confidence
What is the difference between communicative disorders and communicative differences?
Communicative disorders: reduced understanding or use of verbal communication Someone from the same dialect will notice the distinction/difference Communicative differences: variation in speech that is shared by a particular culture
Which of the following could be included in a consonant blend? (Circle all that apply.)
Consonant blend: a string of consonants (individual letters and/or digraphs/trigraphs) Composed of the graphemes for two or three consonant sounds in a cluster that precedes or follows a vowel within a syllable More than 1 phoneme
Explain the rule that was used to add suffixes to the following words.
Consonant blend: string of consonants that are grouped at the beginning or end of the word Consonant grapheme: included digraphs and trigraphs; 2-3 letters that combine to represent one phoneme
In a multicultural society, people are subject to miscommunication because...(circle all that apply).
Cultural differences Ambiguity Interpretation Opinions and thoughts, sets of understanding are different in everyone Context and assumptions
What contributes to communication breakdowns? Circle ALL that apply.
Cultural discontinuity: child comes from a different background than teacher causing a difference in communication styles; culturally based differences in communication Teacher making assumptions about a student without any evidence causing miscommunication
Does the English language have a shallow (transparent) or deep (opaque) orthography(p. 82)? Explain and tell why this is important to know as a teacher?
Deep because it has a variety of meaningful word parts and many different sounds and phoneme-grapheme matches Harder to learn how to read and spell english than any other language
For the complex sentences below underline and label the dependent clause (DC) and theindependent clause (IC).
Dependent clause: can't stand on it's own, dependent on the independent Independent clause: can stand on it's own, like a simple sentence
short answer: what evidence is there for language being culturally bound
Difference cultures have multiple words for concepts or ideas. The specific culture that is present in a specific location will have an impact on the language. ex: Arab culture has multiple names camels because they are present in their geographic location and therefore present in their culture this is not the case for America, as we only have one word for camel due to camels not being integrated into our culture
What evidence is there for language being culturally bound?
Different cultures have multiple words for concepts and ideas. The specific culture that is present in a specific location will have an impact on the language. For example in Arab culture--a culture often found geographically in hot desert areas--they have several words for camel. In American culture, most people only have one word because those types of animals are not common in our country/culture.
Which language is most spoken across the world today?
English
Choose all characteristics typical of an immersion program (rather than submersion).
Exclusive use of L2 in the classroom Favorable attitudes towards culture of L2 Not native proficiency (only academic language) Advantage in later school career Bilingual teacher Protect native language, introduce new Mainstream students Additive Academics above average
What is/are the main difference(s) between the two types of free morphemes? (Circle all that apply.)
Function words carry more meaning when used in conjunction with content words; content words compose the bulk of meaning in a sentence. Because content and function words are used in different ways, teachers should teach them in different ways. Function words are generally learned at a young age; content words are learned throughout a lifetime.
Piper (2007) discusses how extremely impoverished environments may obstruct typical language acquisition. Circle all examples of such environments below.
Genie (1970): 13 year old girl discovered; social isolation/ignored by family → developed no language Nicaraguan (2001): deaf school children had no real linguistic environment (could not hear spanish, no sign language) → developed their own language (Chomsky- innate/domain-specific) Denied social interaction care, physically abused
What kind of variation is there within a language?
Geographical/regional dialect Social Dialect
According to Moats (2010), how do good and poor readers process sentence structure? (Circle all that apply.)
Good readers process the structure of sentences quickly and accurately making inferences as they go Poor readers benefit from instruction that builds syntactic awareness and attention to sentence form
What is a fluency disorder?
Having difficulty speaking rapidly and continuously; usually speak with an abnormal rate, rhythm or both. Stuttering and cluttering are two types of fluency disorders
The following phrase is ambiguous (implies 2 different meanings). Tell both possible meanings of the phrase (below each phrase) and draw both of the simple tree diagrams (above each phrase) to indicate the two different meanings.
Hawaiian school dance A hawaiian-themed school dance (second two words grouped together) A dance at a school in hawaii/a dance at a Hawaiian school (first two words grouped together)
What benefits does teaching ASL to infants or school age children have?
Higher IQ scores → children Communicated before they learn to speak → infants
70% of the world's population values collectivism. How might this affect interactions in U.S. classrooms? Be thorough and give a specific example.
If teachers are unaware of a child's individualism - meaning cultural values, personalities and family life - then as a teacher you are unable to cater that students' education to benefit their learning You must understand your student's circumstances in order to properly incorporate them into a diverse classroom When a teacher is educated on the individualism of their students, he/she is able to create a multicultural community within the classroom, rather than a one type of person environment
What would be considered the first syllable in the word "humble" according to English and Swahili.
In English, we do not combine /m/ and /b/ unless there is a syllable boundary between them. In Swahili, this is allowed. English → hum/ble Swahili → hu/mble
evidence for language being natural
Infants born with predisposition to acquire language.
Identify the following suffix "er" or "est" as inflectional, derivational, or not morpheme at all in the following words. Explain why.
Inflectional: keep the same meaning and part of speech even when you the suffix Cold → coldest Not morpheme: the word would not be able to stand alone without the suffix Forest Derivational: changes the part of speech when the suffix is added Dance → dancer
Why is it important for teachers to understand what graphemes are (as opposed to just understanding the alphabet)?
It can enable teachers to understand why children are spelling things the way they sound.
How does natural knowledge of syntax develop, and why is it important for teachers to understand this?
It is learned from exposure to language and requires little formal instruction Does not depend on having head any particular sentence before and does not depend on the speaker's knowledge of specific word meanings Important for teachers to remind them that some students may not understand the material because they have not had enough development or exposure to language → increase the language exposure at home and in school
Explain Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis.
Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis claims that learning a second language in an authentic setting (e.g. speaking Spanish in a Mexican supermarket to find proper ingredients) directs attention entirely at meaning, thus making that the better way to learn a second language.
How does language acquisition differ from language learning?
Language acquisition is a subconscious process Language acquisition means a learner needs a source of natural communication When learners acquire language, they are unaware of grammatical rules
Piper (2007) address this idea of cultural competence. From the following, what is the best way to describe it. Cultural competence is...
Learning about some of the students' cultures and uniqueness
Which of the following are not a minimal pair? (Choose all that apply.)
Light, lime
Explain then compare and contrast morpheme and phoneme. Be comprehensive (try to list at least 5 ideas).
Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit of a word that is represented by both sound and letters Phoneme: the smallest unit of sound in a word Main difference: phonemes are sound-based and focus on the smallest unit of sound, whereas morphemes focus on the smallest unit of meaning and are meaning-based Main similarity: both deal with letters as their orthographic representation
Explain the following theory and provide a counterargument for it.
Nativist (Chomsky): humans are biologically programmed to learn language (no environment) Counterargument: expansions and recasts show that children successfully imitate language. Social interactionist (Vygotsky): language development is biological & social (unique learning) Counterargument: social interaction is not present in every culture (Chipewyan culture) Behaviorist (Skinner): language is innate and babies learn it in response to environment Counterargument: learning 1st language anywhere is the same and just as easy; all children acquire language consistent (no variation means the theory can't be true) Cognitivist (Piaget): language reflects what brain is thinking so language depends on what level of brain development a child is @ (not unique or biological) Counterargument: environmental factors
Theorists who believe we are born with a language acquisition device...
Noam Chomsky
Label the parts of speech for each word in this sentence by filling in the blanks. (You will see a sentence that has already been diagrammed.)
Noun, pronoun, verb, adjective Determiner: a word that precedes or marks a noun Auxiliary verb: a verb joined with the main verb to give more information about tense, mood, number, voice, or person Be, have, do, should, would, could Adverb: modifies a verb Well, poorly, persistently Preposition: function words at the beginning of a prepositional phrase In, on, under, around, beside Conjunction: joins words And, but, or
Circle all possible indicators used to identify whether someone is speaking fluently in their L2:
Number of times a student initiates speech Whether ideas are communicated effectively Whether words per response increase over time
Why can cross-cultural miscommunications between a teacher and a parent cause frustration and uncomfortable situations?
Often teachers and parents carry assumptions The teacher's lack understanding of the child's challenges and opportunities The fact that different cultures are forced to interact instead of staying separate The teacher and the parent not being open-minded
Two-way immersion programs in the U.S. educate both majority and minority students by integrating the two in one classroom and by assisting in language development in both languages. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of two-way immersion?
Only using one language in the classroom Goal of English proficiency only (or other language)
In cross-cultural miscommunication, language is often seen as the culprit when in actuality it's because...(circle all that apply).
People carrying a set of assumptions that differ by culture The pragmatics of language being highly dependent on culture
Circle all letters in the words below that represent the vowel phoneme /f /.
Phase Rough effort
Piper (2007) explores five dominant cultural patterns in western society, especially in the United States. Circle any that are not one of the U.S. cultural patterns/ values she discusses.
Philosophy Collaboration Collectivism
Moats (2010) suggests teaching students how to blend phonemes (p. 73). Explain how to do this and give at least 2 reasons for why it is beneficial for students to learn. (Use the word "see" as an example for how to do this)
Phoneme blending: putting given phonemes together to form words Ex: give students two square, each squares represents a phoneme, say each phoneme separately, say them together while pushing the two squares together Blending helps students with phonemic awareness by showing that are word are made up of many sounds and that you can combine different phonemes to make a full word → helping with reading and spelling
Why is it important for future educators to deeply understand phonemes? (circle all that apply).
Phonemes determine the identity of words, having the wrong phoneme can mean you aren't identifying the right word Teachers who understand phonetics will teach their children how to use phonetics to read unfamiliar words and write unfamiliar words → effective readers, writers Being able to differentiate and hear sounds can help when reading and writing.
An allophone is a (circle the one correct answer).
Phonetic variations perceived as the same phoneme in any particular language Slightly different sound, same phoneme pot/pair spot/spring keep/sleep
Phonological awareness...(circle all that are correct statements.)
Phonological awareness is the understanding that speech can be broken down into smaller parts
Compare and contrast phonological awareness and phonemic awareness. Be sure you include at least 3 similarities/differences. Also, give example tasks from how to demonstrate phonological awareness.
Phonological awareness is the understanding that speech can be broken down into smaller parts Phonemic awareness is the ability/knowledge that phonemes can be manipulated Difference: phonological works with all parts of speech and phonemic deals with the smallest parts Similar: both work with the spoken language Ex: oddity task: students find the "odd" word. If given the words: cat, came, close, and chart, the student would have to identify that chart does not belong because it starts with a ch phoneme rather than /k/ like the other words
Cross out tasks below that are NOT phonological awareness activities. Then categorize the remaining phonological awareness tasks from easiest (1) to most difficult (5 or lower).
Phonological awareness tasks: 1. Rhymes and alliteration 2. Oddity tasks (key, cat, clock, scissors → which word does not start with same sound?) 3. Segmenting or blending syllables (breaking down and putting together words; what sound does the first syllable in cat make?) 4. Phonemic segmentation and blending (put together these syllables: e-z-i → easy) 5. Phoneme manipulation (adding, deleting, substituting; add the phoneme /s/ to the beginning of pray → spray
What are the five components of language Piper (2007) introduces and explains in chapter 2? (Circle the one correct answer.)
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
Classify the following into a phrase (P), dependent clause (DC), or independent clause (IC), and explain the reasoning behind your answer.
Phrase: a group of two words or more that express a single idea but does not form a complete sentence Prepositional phrase: in the houses, on the seat Dependent clause: contains a subject and predicate; simple sentence would be an example of an independent clause When I was frightened... Independent clause: can stand alone as a sentence Harry threw the pizza dough up in the air
Explain what is meant by place and manner of articulation. Give the place and manner of articulation for one of the phonemes below.
Place of articulation: where the sounds is made Position of lips, teeth, tongue in the front, middle or back of mouth, tongue behind teeth Example: labiodental -- between lips and teeth Manner of articulation: how the sound is made Production of airflow through the mouth 1. Stops: /p/ /t/ 2. Nasal: /n/ /m/ 3. Fricative: /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /th/ 4. Affricative: /ch/ /dg/ 5. Glide: /wh/ /h/ /l/ 6. Liquid: /l/ /r/ Ex: /n/ → nasal, tongue behind teeth, voiced
Circle the correct descriptions of descriptive, prescriptive, rhetorically effective, and functional command of grammar.
Prescriptive grammar: there are rules we must follow for correct grammar Descriptive: observe how people use language and describe it Rhetorically effective: focuses on what sounds are effective especially for the goal or process of language Functional command: refers to Chomsky's idea that children are born with an innate ability to develop grammar
Circle all correct examples of how human language differs from primate sign language...
Primate sign language lacks productivity & displacement
Choose all characteristics typical of maintenance bilingualism (rather than transitional).
Protect the native language while introducing English as the language of the school Additive Bilingual teachers Greater focus on L2; usually EL students Success in L1 & L2 development L2 is stronger
What does "evidence of regression" mean and how does it support or contradict how one of the learning theories' explanations of language development
Regression: occurs when a child apparently loses the ability to pronounce correctly a word that was previously pronounced correctly. - contradicts the behaviorist learning theory (skinner, D) because even in a very stimulating, enriched environment, a child will/might have regressions when learning new sounds, etc.
The International Phonetic Alphabet... (Circle the one correct answer.)
Represents sounds from the world's languages so that any language can be written using this one system
Explain the 3 terms semanticity, productivity, and displacement.
Semanticity is to represent ideas and objects with symbols Displacement is the ability to talk about something that isn't in our immediate environment Productivity is the capacity to create new utterances by combining pre-existing semantic knowledge
3 attributes of human language that distinguishes it from other types of communication (such as animal)?
Semanticity: conveys meaning (words) Productivity : new utterances from old elements Displacement: immediate environment
What is the difference between sequential and simultaneous bilingualism? (short answer)
Sequential bilingualism is learning a second language after one has been acquired. Simultaneous bilingualism is when one learns 2 languages at once (e.g. in the home where a parent speaks one language to child and another speaks a different language.
Define a simple, compound, and complex sentence and provide an example of each.
Simple: one independent clause He twirled it around with his first. Compound: two or more independent clauses have been joined by a conjunction Harry molded the dough and Hanna baked the bread. Complex: one in which one or more dependent clauses are attached to or embedded in an independent clause When I was frightened, I hid under the bed.
Those with a fluency disorder might sound like (circle all that apply):
Speak with an abnormal rate or rhythm Stuttering and cluttering (excessively rapid production of speech; unable to control speech rate and have distortions of rhythm and articulations in their speech)
Which of the following words are segmented incorrectly?
Stork: st-o-r-k
All of the following are examples of bilingual programs that promote bilingualism except...
Submersion, transitional
If Canadian programs are successfully teaching non-native French students usingFrench immersion, what might be some reasons why US schools are failing to teach non-native English students using English submersion?
Subtractive Monolingual teachers Do not let students develop proficient L1 to go on to L2 Neglect of native tongue
Describe in detail any and all derivational complexity changes (phonological[vowel/consonant alternation; syllabic regrouping; stress alternation] and orthographic) for the following word when the suffix is added.
Syllabic regrouping: when you add a suffix, the original number of syllables changes for the original part of the word Different → 2 syllables Differential → 3 syllables Vowel alternation: a vowel that sounds different in the original word when you add a suffix Different → the last vowel is a schwa differential → the last vowel is a /ε/ Consonant alternation: a consonant sound that changes when you add a suffix Different → the last consonant sound is /t/ Differential → the last consonant becomes /Š/ Stress alternation:the syllable that is stressed in a word changes when you add a suffix Different → stress at beginning Differential → stress at end
/θ/
THink
/ð/
THis, moTHer
In a few sentences, explain a way a teacher can help to create an environment that can bring on low affective filters, and then explain one that can bring on high affective filters.
Teachers can encourage low affective filters by prohibiting making fun of peers or their errors. Teachers should encourage their students to feel comfortable answering questions and to speak up in class, making sure students believe that making errors is just progression of learning. Teachers who bring on high affective filters might place a lot of emphasis on error correction or pointing out a student's mistakes counter productively.
What is the difference between acculturation and accommodation theory.
The acculturation theory is concerned with perceived social distance and accommodation, with actual distance. Both see motivation having different roots in determining success in L2 acquisition. Acculturation → aims at avoiding culture shock and bridging the differences between the new and old culture (language learning is a central part of to adapting to new cultural) Accommodation → aims at including everyone linguistically, but not bridging the gap to avoid culture shock.
What is the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition?
The critical period hypothesis is a duration of time in which it is crucial for a child to develop language. It's an argument in favor of linguistic nativism; evidence for a biological critical period during which language must be acquired if it ever is to be acquired fully. Certain periods of development during which a certain stimulus has to be present.
Circle all statements that correctly compare and contrast the two words "ms." and "miss".
The phonemes that differ are /s/ and /Ž/ The phonemes that differ only differ by voicing They are minimal pairs
Circle all statements that correctly explain why a young student might misspell the word "buttoning" based on the sequence of phonemes in the word.
The two vowels sound the same so the student will use the same vowel to spell for both Student will probably be unaware of the double t and only put one -ing might be difficult and above spelling level so they might just put -n or -ng It's a consonant cluster -- there are consonants before and after vowels They may misspell because they are omitting or substituting letters for the sounds they heard
True Language Disorders occur for bilinguals when...(circle the one correct answer):
They exhibit characteristics of the disorder in both languages
Choose the statements that DO NOT apply to content words.
Truth: content words hold most of the meaning in a sentence; nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; new content words being produced all the time
Some cultures may be associated with particular learning styles or approaches. It is important to know this because...(circle one answer).
Try to create the kind of classroom that makes it possible for learners to succeed whatever their learning style may be We don't want to make false assumptions about a student (ex. A child who is not actively participating is not involved with what is happening in the classroom, is not learning → it may be that they are just listening and reflecting so they can learn before doing) So we can be sensitive to the possibility of different learning styles in all children to learn from them
What are the major differences between home and school bilingualism?
Typically there are age differences, with school bilingualism being at older ages Typically, school bilingualism implies learning a second language Age difference + environmental setting School bilingualism - formal, abstract language; decontextualized, logical, expository; do not focus on meaning; overgeneralized Home bilingualism - context-bound, sequential/simultaneous
Assuming great cultural discontinuity, a child in a U.S. classroom who rarely actively participates in class will likely ... (circle all that apply)
Underperform academically
Choose the statements that apply to function words.
Used to express relationships in sentences Can't function on their own Help execute a grammatically correct utterance
intelligences not valued by US educational system? why is it important to know this? an intelligence that needs to be highly valued?
VALUED: linguistic/verbal, logical/mathematical ○ can pinpoint different intelligences in your students and build upon them so your student values it and feels confident having such an intelligence ○ Naturalistic intelligences need to be more highly valued because of the present global warming, deforestation, urbanization and many other factors that are ruining our environment → individuals that are keen about nature can point the US in the direction of preservation and conservation
Circle all of the following that apply to a language difference.
Variations from the language norm Applies to someone bilingual Is likely developmental
Define the parts of speech below and give an example for each.
Verb: an action word; run Adjective: a describing word; sticky Preposition: function words that come at the beginning of the prepositional phrase/a relating word; into, above
A teacher may recognize which of the following behaviors as possible behaviors indicating Asperger's Syndrome? Circle all that apply:
Very fluent, very smart Limited interests range Problems with social interaction/developing fluent interpersonal skills Doesn't have language or intellectual disabilities Very few, if any, verbal disorders Excellent ability to memorize Poor motor coordination
What are the most common types of communicative disorders that a teacher is likely to encounter? Circle the ONE correct answer:
Voice, fluency, articulation of particular sounds, language processing
Which of the following are examples of a minimal pair? Circle all that apply.
When word differ by just one speech sound (phoneme) but all the others are identical Ex: damper, tamper; reteam, rederm; light, lime; read, head; worse, worth; deceit, receipt
digraph
a grapheme containing 2 letters representing one phoneme "sh" "ch"
phrase
a group of two words or more that express a single idea ○ not a complete sentence ○ no subject and predicate
noun phrase
a group of words describing a person, place, or thing ○ no subject and predicate ○ burst into the room suddenly
verb phrase
a group of words that describe the action ○ no subject and predicate ○ the student in the back of the room
orthographic
a letter being changed between both words
auxiliary verb
a verb joined with the main verb to give more information ex: be, have, do, should, would, could
musical/rythmic
ability to appreciate and produce music able to sing, write music, play instruments, perfect pitch
kinesthetic
ability to control bodily movements handle objects skillfully those who can craft, dance, or de well in athletics
visual/spatial intelligences
ability to percieve things visually those who excel at word searches, puzzles, designs
linguistic/verbal
ability to use language effectively excel at word games, ryhming, story-telling, and reading
acculturation vs. accommodation theory
acculturation theory: ○ actual status of the culture ○ actual social distance ○ focuses on social differences seen by society accommodation: ○ perceived status of my culture ○ perceived social distance ○ the way an L2 learner perceives their own ethnic group status
Krashen's acquisition learning hypothesis
acquiring a language in an authentic environment is better for L2 development compared to learning in an instructional environment ○ authentic environment have the roll to fulfill through communication ○ ex: going to grocery store and having to ask where something is in the other language
what are Krashen's 5 hypotheses
acquisition-learning comprehensible input affective filter monitor natural order
language acquisition vs. language learning
acquisition: ○ subconcious ○ natural communication ○ no real instruction ○ unaware of grammatical rules leaning: ○ all instruction ○ conciously learning
additive bilingualism:
adding and leaning a new language
consonant grapheme
always one phoneme that is represented by one or more consonants "ch"
onset
any sound that comes before the vowel (p)at
Although the language acquisition theories explained hold conflicting ideas, they seem to focus on what a fundamental question(s)
are children born with a special equipment that gives them a head start in learning a language? is there something unique about language learning as opposed to other types of human leaning?
/ɔɪ/
bOY, jOIn
/u/
blUE, fOOd
/ɔ/
cAll, fOUr
/æ/
cAt, blAck
independent clause
can stand alone as a sentence ○ Harry threw pizza dough up in the air.
Which one of the following answers describes someone who suffers from aphasia? Circle all that apply.
causes the loss in the ability to understand or express speech or language (caused by brain damage). A stroke can cause damage in the parts of the brain that are responsible for language (make clear sentences, express ourselves when speaking, understand speech, and read and write). Wernicke's Aphasia (receptive) and Broca's Aphasia (expressive) Wernicke's Aphasia: (receptive) is when one is unable to understand language in its spoken or written form. Broca's Aphasia: (expressive) is when one loses the ability to produce language in its written or spoken form.
vowel/consonant alternation
change in a vowel or consonant sound apply - application schwa to /ae/
stress alternation
change in which syllable is stressed apply - application 2nd - 3rd
code switching vs. linguistic borrowing should teacher be concerned?
code switching: switch between two languages in the same sentence ○ no concern needed ○ shows comfort in both linguistic borrowing: will borrow words or ideas from other language in speech ○ no concern needed ○ shows linguistic skill using words when appropriate
syllabic regrouping
comparing how many syllables are in the first word to how many syllables are the same portion of the second different - 2 syllables differential - 3 syllables
what kind of orthography is English
deep, opaque ○ the ratio of sound to symbol correspondance is not close to one-to-one
dependent clause
dependent on the independent ○ subject and predicate ○ When I was frightened...
communicative disorder vs. difference
disorder: ○ reduced understanding of verbal communication in both languages ○ someone from the same dialect will notice difference: ○ variation in speech ○ shared by the dialect
Identify the graphemes that correspond to phonemes in the following words (pp. 92-98)
dough: d - ough quote: qu - o -te coughs: c - ou - gh - s
counterargument for cognitivists
environmental factors do have an impact on language
rime
everything after the vowel including the vowel p(at)
counterargument for Chomsky
expansions and recasts show that children successfully imitate language
/ɑ/
fAther
/aɪ/
fIve, EYE
rhetorically effective
focuses on what sounds are effective especially for the goal or process of language
/oʊ/
gO, hOme
/ɪ/
hIt, sItting
/ɒ/
hOt, rOck
An impoverished environment is one that...
has complete social isolation, physical and mental abuse those where children are regularly humiliated, beaten, or left alone without any or little social contact
benefits of teaching ASL to infants or school age children
higher IQ scores in children communicated before they learn to speak for infants
content words
hold the most meaning in a sentence ○ nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs ○ new content words being produced all the time ○ free morphemes
Krashen's affective filter
if children develop a filter of emotion of negative feelings towards a language, the child will not acquire the language as well
first syllable in the word "humble" in English and Swahili
in English we do not combine /m/ and /b/ unless there is a syllable boundary between them in swahili combining the two is allowed English --> hum/ble Swahili --> hu/mble
prepositional phrase
in the houses on the seat
Identify all statements below that reflect why it's important to understand the difference between collectivism and individualism.
individualism : shaping your own destiny because it's your right; personal goals; strong in the United States Collectivism: greater emphasis on groups views, needs, and goals Know that someone's individual behavior may come from their collective behavior Collective behavior is a part of that individual
collectivism vs. individualism
individualism: ○ shaping your destiny ○ personal goals collectivism: ○ greater emphasis on group needs, views, and goals ○ know that someone's individualism may come from collectivism ○ collective behavior is a part of individuals
what is the evidence for language being natural
infants born with a predisposition to acquire language ex: can distinguish between sounds of their native language from foreign languages
Whorfian hypothesis
language determines and influences thought language and culture are inescapable from one another
subtractive bilingualism:
leaning a new language but first language is going away
sequential bilingualism
learn one first learn the other one later
counterargument for behaviorism
learning the first language anywhere is the same and just as easy all children acquire language consistent no variation means the theory can't be true
Which of the following are examples of a minimal pair?
light/lime
Which intelligences are and are not valued by the North American educational system? Why is it important to know this? Give a compelling reason for why one of the intelligences not as highly valued should be more highly valued by US education.
linguistic /verbal and logical/mathematical above all others It's important to know this so as teachers we can identify the different intelligences in our students and help the student build upon them and feel confident thinking in such a way Naturalistic intelligences need to be more highly valued because of the present global warming, deforestation, urbanization and many other factors that are ruining our environment → individuals that are keen about nature can point the US in the direction of preservation and conservation
/e/
mEt, bEd
semantics
meaning of words, phrases, sentences
Look at the misspelled words and identify which rule(s) the student who misspelled these words have not yet learned (pp. 95, 103-105).
misspelled word: trankwil correct spelling: tranquil we spell the consecutive sounds /k/ /w/ as "qu" not "kw"
adverb
modifies a verb poorly, persistently
morpheme vs. phoneme
morpheme: ○ smallest meaningful unit of a word that is represented by both sound and letters phoneme: ○ smallest unit of sound in a word difference: ○ phonemes focus on sound, whereas morphemes focus on meaning ○ phoneme focus on smallest unit of sound, whereas morphemes focus on smallest unit of meaning similarities: ○ both deal with letters
/ɪəʳ/
nEAR, hERE
/aʊ/
nOW, OUt
descriptive grammar
observe how people use language and describe it
complex sentence
one independent attached to one or more dependent clauses
simple sentence
one independent clause
dicourse
organization of language
/ʊəʳ/
pURE, tOURist
/ʊ/
pUt, cOULd
what are three cultural patterns that are not seen in the US
philosophy collaboration collectivism
what is phoneme blending? give an example two reasons why its beneficial for students to learn
phoneme blending: putting given phonemes together to form words ○ ex: give students two square, each squares represents a phoneme, say each phoneme separately, say them together while pushing the two squares together ○ reasons why it's beneficial: blending helps students with phonemic awareness by showing that words are made up of many sounds and can combine to make a full word READING AND WRITING
difference between phonological awareness, phonemic awareness, and phonics
phonological: oral phonemic: phonemic oral phonics: with letters
what are the five components of language
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
place of articulation vs. manner of articulation
place: where the sound is made ○ position of lips, teeth, tongue manner: how the sound is made ○ production of airflow
Circle the allophones in the words you see below.
pot/pair spot/spring keep/sleep
example of morphemes
prefix, suffix, and base words
examples of how human language differs from primate sign language
primate sign language lacks productivity and displacement
Circle the letter(s) representing the phoneme in which most people would pronounce a schwa rather than the phoneme typically associated with that letter.
probl(e)m (a)gain sten(cil) seld(o)m
Which of the following pairs of words are examples of phonological changes that have occurred between a stem and a derivation? (Choose all that apply.)
pronounce/pronounciation humane/humanity resident/residential
what are some pairs of words that show phonological changes between a stem and derivation
pronounce/pronounciation humane/humanity resident/residential NOT: deploy/deployment
functional command
refers to Chomsky's idea that children are born with an innate ability to develop grammar
phonology
rules for sequence and distribution of speech sounds in words
/eɪ/
sAY, EIGHt
/i/
sEE, hEAt
home vs. school bilingualism
school: ○ older ages ○ implies learning an L2 ○ formal, abstract language ○ formal setting home: ○ context-bound ○ sequential/simultaneous ○ relaxed setting
Krashen's monitor hypothesis
self-monitoring too much will cause there to be too much control in one's language and will refrain them from speaking, hindering their development ○ focusing more on pronouncing words than on further developing good communication
intrapersonal
self-reflection analyzing one's thoughts/feelings
3 attributes in human language
semanticity: objects are given names that represent them displacement: can talk about things that aren't in your immediate enviro productivity: make up new utterances
syntax
sentence structure
Identify the third phoneme in each word using the IPA.
sheep : /p/ Inch: /č/ Feather: /ð/ Longer: /ŋ/
/ŋ/
siNG, fiNger
morphology
smallest meaningful parts of words
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word
counterargument for social interactionists
social interaction is not present in every culture
describe an impoverished environment
social isolation physical and mental abuse children are humiliated, beaten, or left alone without social contact
sounds in spanish and arabic that don't typically mark a meaning change
spanish: /b/ and /v/ /d/ and voiced /th/ arabic: /b/ and /p/
simultaneous bilingualism
start learning two language at childhood learning them at the same time ○ in the home where a parent speaks one language to child and the other speaks a different language
A student with a high affective filter will...
stay to themselves and feel discouraged to learn due to fear or embarrassment.
consonant blends
string of consonants that contain more than one phoneme and 2 or more graphemes "spl" splatter "bl" "st" blast
what are programs that do not promote bilingualism
submersion transitional
deficit model
teacher only focuses on what's wrong with the child and not what they do really well in ex: "ain't" in a dialect, don't take into account the assets of having a dialect and wants to strip it down ex: "Those scatterbrained students."
interpersonal
the ability to understand others take in their perspectives very social
elite bilingualism
the language holds a high status
folk bilingualism
the language holds a low status
Krashen's comprehensible input theory
the language is paired with tools that make the L2 more understandable ○ visuals, facial expressions, repetition
prescriptive grammar
there are rules we must follow for correct grammar
Krashen's natural order hypothesis
there is a specific order seen that children learn their second language, therefore we should teach it in that way
Choose the answer that does NOT apply to the meaning of content words.
they are the "glue" words in a sentence
language disorders occur for bilinguals when
they disorder is in both languages
compound sentence
two independent clauses combined with a conjunction
In order for a teacher to show cultural competency, he/she should...
understand,appreciate, and interact with persons from cultures and belief systems other than one's own
phonological awareness
understanding that oral language is made of smaller parts and can be manipulated
function words
used to express relationships in sentences ○ can't function on their own ○ help execute a grammatically correct sentence ○ free morphemes
Which is not an example of function words?
verbs
Gardner's (1983) multiple intelligences describe different ways in which people can exhibit their intellectual ability. Match the intelligences below to the correct descriptions/examples.
visual/spatial: ability to perceive things visually; those who excel at word searches, puzzles, and designs linguistic/verbal: ability to use language effective; excel at word games, rhyming, story-telling, and reading Kinesthetic: ability to control bodily movements and to handle objects skillfully; those who easily can craft, dance, or do well in athletics musical/rhythmic: ability to appreciate and produce music; able to sing, write music, play instruments, perfect/near-perfect pitch Interpersonal: the ability to understand others, take their perspectives Intrapersonal: being adept at analyzing one's own thoughts/feelings
most common types of communicative disorders
voice, fluency, articulation of particular sounds, language processing
Why are vowels so difficult for non-native English speakers? 1 phoneme that is difficult for a non-English native speaker and tell which native language and why
vowels are difficult for non-native English speakers: ○ place and manner of articulation are not as clear for vowels as they are for consonants meaning they can't be taught to students ○ vowel letters can have many phoneme pronunciations /l/ and /r/ bling instead of bring "r" sound never happens near the beginning of words in Chinese
/eəʳ/
whERE, AIR
minimal pair
when ONE phoneme differs between two words ex: light --> lime read --> head
orthography
written language, letters
what are the possible indicators used to identify whether someone is speaking fluently in their L2
○ # of times student initiates speech ○ whether ideas are communicated effectively ○ whether words per response increase over time
give the most commons reasons for why the identification of phonemes is difficult
○ Breaking down words into phonemes isn't a part of everyday verbal communication ○ English has lots of consonants and vowels ○ classifying sounds i complicated because no two speakers form their sounds exactly the same way ○ deeply thinking about separate sounds requires phoneme awareness ○ brain is used to meaning of words not the specific sounds
Why is it important for future educators to deeply understand phonemes?
○ Phonemes determine the identity of words, having the wrong phoneme can mean you aren't identifying the right word ○ Teachers who understand phonetics will teach their children how to use phonetics to read unfamiliar words and write unfamiliar words → effective readers, writers ○ Being able to differentiate and hear sounds can help when reading and writing.
phonological awareness vs. phonemic awareness
○ Phonological awareness is the understanding that speech can be broken down into smaller parts ○ Phonemic awareness is the ability/knowledge that phonemes can be manipulated ○ Difference: phonological works with all parts of speech and phonemic deals with the smallest parts UMBRELLA ○ Similar: both work with the spoken language ○ Ex: oddity task: students find the "odd" word. If given the words: cat, came, close, and chart, the student would have to identify that chart does not belong because it starts with a ch phoneme rather than /k/ like the other words
how do first and second language acquisition differ
○ a child's first language acquisition is natural and occurs subconsciously ○ second language acquisition tends to be more conscious than L1
critical period hypothesis
○ a duration of time in which it is crucial for a child to develop language ○ Chomsky ○ biological critical period where language must be acquired if to be acquired fully
critical period hypothesis for language acquisition
○ a duration of time in which it is crutial for a child to develop language ○ a part of the nativist theory ○ biological period where language must be acquired if it ever is to be acquired fully ○ period where a stimulus has to be present
those with a fluency disorder might sound like
○ abnormal rate or rhythm in their speech ○ shuttering and cluttering ○ excessively rapid production of speech, unable to control speed
Behaviorists
○ all based on environment ○ not innate, domain specific The three guys: 1. Pavlov: language can be taught ○ sound of bell, dog salivates 2. Skinner: rewards and punishment ○ mom gives attention when baby says "mom" 3. Bandura: imitation ○ babies imitate parents through learning language
Nativist (Noam Chomsky)
○ believes language is rooted in a biological process ○ LAD: language acquisition device we are born with that is the main source for developing language ○ innate, domain general
bilingualism in reference to Piper
○ bilingualism is best defined on a continuum based on a child's age ○ children must be able to communicate effectively in 2nd language in an age-appropriate manner ○ BASED ON AGE
derivational suffixes
○ changes the part of speech of the full word ex: erase eraser
people are subject to miscommunication in multicultural societies because of
○ cultural differences ○ ambiguity ○ assumptions ○ interpretation ○ opinions and thoughts ○ sets of understanding that are different from everyone
is English shallow or deep? why is it important for teachers?
○ deep ○ english has a variety of meaningful word parts, many different sounds, and many phoneme-grapheme matches this makes it harder to learn the language which a teacher needs to take into account for L2 learners
inflectional suffixes
○ does not change the part of speech for the full word ex: bright and brighter
language disorder
○ even people from the same dialect can't understand it
indicators for Asperger's Syndrome
○ fluent ○ smart ○ limited interests range ○ problems with social interaction ○ no disabilities ○ excellent ability to memorize ○ poor motor coordination
main differences between two types of free morphemes
○ function words can't stand on their own, content words can ○ they are both used in different ways, so teachers should teach them in different ways to make the distinction ○ function words are learned at a young age, content words are learned thoughout one's life
how do good and poor readers process sentence structure
○ good readers process the structure of sentences quickly and accurately making inferences as they go ○ poor readers benefit from instruction that builds syntactic awareness and attention to sentence form
70% of the world's population values collectivism. How might this affect interactions in U.S. classrooms? Be thorough and give a specific example.
○ if the student doesn't have an understanding of the individualistic characteristics of US classrooms, they may go against the norms happening in a classroom and there may consequences ex: asking a classmate for help during a test, the teacher may not be aware of the students' collectivism that is a part of the culture and may repramand the student, discouraging the students' confidence in their culture
LAD
○ innate device in humans that allows rapid language acquisition ○ Chomsky ○ what prepares a child for discovering the structure and meaning of language
Why is it important for teachers to understand what graphemes are (as opposed to just understanding the alphabet)?
○ it can enable teachers to understand why children are spelling things the way they sound ex: phrase --> fraze
Social Interactionists (Vgotsky)
○ language developed is biological and social ○ communication is at the root of language development ○ not innate, domain specific
Cognitivists (Piaget)
○ language is tied to cognitive development ○ if your aren't cognitively development all the way then your language is limited ○ stages ○ ex: object permanence ○ innate, domain general
How does natural knowledge of syntax develop, and why is it important for teachers to understand this?
○ learned from exposure to language ○ requires little formal instruction ○ does not depend on having heard any particular sentence before ○ does not depend on the speaker's knowledge of specific word meanings ○ important for teachers to remind them that some students may not understand the material because they have not had enough development or exposure to language ○ need to increase language exposure at home and in school
describe someone that suffers from aphasia
○ loss in the ability to understand or express speech or language ○ can't make clear sentences, can't express themselves while speaking, can't understand speech, can't read or write
theorists who believe we are born with an LAD
○ nativists Chomsky ○ exposure to language is necessary for language development ○ innate
immersion program
○ only use L2 in the classroom ○ favorable attitudes toward L2 culture ○ bilingual teacher ○ protect native language ○ additive ○ mainstream students ○ academics above average
why is language seen as the culprit in miscommunication
○ people carrying a set of assumptions that differ by culture ○ the pragmatics of language being highly dependent on culture
allophone
○ phonetic variations perceived as the same phoneme in any particular language ○ slightly different sound, same phoneme pot/pair spot/spring
characteristics that are typical of maintenance bilingualism
○ protect the native language while introducing English as the language of the school ○ additive ○ bilingual teachers ○ greater focus on L2 ○ EL students ○ success in both languages
the international phonetic alphabet
○ represents sounds from the world's languages so that any language can be written using this one system
pragmatics
○ social conventions of language --> about how the word is said ○ "hi" can be said in many ways based on context
communicative competence
○ to know the rules of speaking ○ how to respond to requests, invitations, apologies, thank you ○ know how to use language properly
some cultures have specific learning styles, why is it important to know about this?
○ try to create the kind of classroom that makes it possible for learners to succeed with whatever learning style they may have ○ don't want to make false assumptions about a student ex: child who isn't actively participating in class you may think isn't learning anything, where in reality they are just better at listening and reflecting ○ be sensitive to the possibility of different learning styles in all children to learn from them
why might a student misspell the word buttoning based on the sequence of phonemes
○ two vowels sound the same ○ unaware of double t ○ -ing might be too difficult ○ consonant cluster --> consonants before and after vowels
language difference
○ variations from the language norm ○ likely developmental ○ applies to someone bilingual ○ someone from the same dialect will be able to understand it