Uppers, Downers, and All Arounders 8th ed. Chapter 2, Uppers, Downers, All Arounders Ch 2, Uppers Downers All Arounders: Chapter 1, Uppers,Downers,All Arounders chapter 1 Ouiz, Uppers Downers and All Arounders chapter 3, Chapter 3 - Uppers, upper dow...

Contact absorption takes how long?

1 to 2 days

what is the half-life of caffeine

3 to 7 hours

Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness, to induce an altered state of consciousness. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7

The ruling classes, governments, industry, and criminal organizations have controlled the trade of psychoactive drugs. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7

In recent decades, policy decisions regarding drugs and alcohol have been made based on the political climate rather than on the effects of drugs on the individual and society. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pgs. 1.5-1.6

Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pgs. 1.31

_____________ and ____________ fueled the "summer of love" in 1967.

Amphetamine and methamphetamine

___________________ are the most common performance enhancing drugs

Anabolic-androgenic steroids

Negative drug reinforcement

Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as

These 3 are involved with pain, stress control, and euphoria

Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphin

What was the outcome of the Opium Wars?

England was granted greater trade concessions, an unacknowledged right to sell opium, and the territory of Hong Kong.

_________ is a plant with a high-fiber content that is low in psychoactive components.

Hemp or Cannabis sativa

Cross-tolerance

Is when a person develops tolerance to other, similar drugs in the same category

Gas frolics and ether frolics became popular after ____

Joseph Priestly discovered nitrous oxide and Sir Humphry Davy suggested that others could open nitrous oxide taverns as an alternative to saloons.

What is the key excretory organ?

Kidneys

Cardiovascular

Long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) has the most significant impact on the body's ______________ system

Aggression and violence

Methamphetamine can increase __________ and ___________

Sexual desire

Methamphetamine increases

the illicit manufacture and distribution of meth in the U.S.A today is due to the involvement of

Mexican gangs and drug cartels

False

Passive transport occurs when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the BBB.

Pinch

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • And the fact that one _________ of chewing tobacco delivers more nicotine than one cigarette

Lower prices

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • Mass production, leading to _______________

Nicotine

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • ____________, as the addictive compound in tobacco

During ________ cirrhosis of the liver and other alcohol-related diseases declined dramatically, domestic violence fell, violent crime dropped by 2/3, and public drunkenness disappeared.

Prohibition

Amphetamine congeners

Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not strong are called

High

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: Craving for the ________

Crash

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: The desire to avoid the _________

Hereditary

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: _____________ predisposition

Blood pressure Heart rate

The first cigarette of the day affects a smoker as it increases ____________ and _____________

Drug can be classified by their effect:

Uppers(stimulants),downers(depressants),and all arounders(psychedelics).

Cocaine epidemics

_________________ occur in cycles every few generations

Amphetamine was first marketed as __________.

a decongestant in an inhaler under the name Benzedrine

which group of people treated for ADHD are much less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol when later in life

boys under 18

Physical effects of large doses of downers

dangerously repressed respiration, coma, over-dose

Memories are stored in ____________

dendritic spines

stimulant drugs including cocaine and meth force the release of

dopamine. this surge is causes paranoia and hyper-reactivity

Physical effects of compulsive behaviors

effect the reward pathway, causing compulsions

Mental/Emotional effects of antidepressants

elevates mood by manipulating serotonin

______________ memories are more deeply ingrained, and lead to euphoric recall

emotionally-charged memories

Old brain controls ______

emotions

true or false: tolerance of stimulant drugs is caused by the brain's creation of more dopamine and more dopamine receptors

false: it causes the dopamine to be stuck in the receptors not create more of both

true or false: chewing Khat produces an immediate and intense high

false: it takes time and its a low high

true or false: tolerance is not a sign of physical dependence

false: tolerance is both a physical and psychological dependence

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

function as stimulants; epinephrine (energy) norepinephrine (confidence)

Symptoms of Ergot Poisoning:

hallucinations, convulsions, possibly permanent insanity, burning sensation in feet and hands, and gangrene

Mental/Emotional effects of inhalants

impulsive behavior, excitement, mental confusion, irritability, delirium, hallucinations

Excitatory neurotransmitters _______ cell firings

increase

Mental/Emotional effects of large doses of downers

relaxed and dulled mind, diminished anxiety, induced sleep, diminished pain (some can cause euphoria)

The "stop" part of the reward circuit communicates:

signals when the craving has been satisfied and shuts down the "more" message

Cigarettes were distributed free to _________.

soldiers during WWII and the Korean War

Mental/Emotional effects of small doses of downers

stimulant like effects; lowered inhibitions

Mental/Emotional effects of steroids

stimulant-like high, increased confidence, increased aggression, roid rage

Tribes in South America chewed the coca leaf for ________, ________, and to _________.

stimulation, nutrition, control their appetite

Epigenetics

studies changes in genes

When 1 of 5 senses is activated, a signal is sent first to the old brain for an instant reaction, then to the ___________ where it will then get forwarded to the ______________

thalamus; new brain

Why has prohibition of cigarettes not been effective?

the craving for tobacco fueled by the addictive qualities of nicotine has overwhelmed most calls for prohibition

Bioavailability

the degree to which a drug is available to the target

the further cocaine gets from its original production source

the less pure it is

First messenger system

the neurotransmitter directly affects the electrical transmission in the receiving neuron

what is true about sexual activity for someone under the influence of meth

the rush from meth can become a substitute for sexual activity meth increases sexual desire meth lowers inhibitions and increases sexual risk taking

the high occurrence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse disorders is in part attributed to what

their use of drugs to self-medicate ADHD symptoms

what best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking

within just 20 mins of quitting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and temp of hands and feet drop to normal

Injection takes how long? Intramuscular/skin?

15 to 30 seconds; 3 to 5 minutes

The first temperance movement in the United States started around

1785

Inhalation takes how long?

5 to 10 seconds

Governments in general collect _______x more on tobacco taxes than they spend on prevention

500

Approximately __ plants contain caffeine.

60

True

A person's level of emotional and physical stress can increase the ability of psychoactive drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier.

The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7

In 1937 marijuana became illegal in the United States largely because #1. the chief federal drug regulator wanted a new mission and purpose after alcohol Prohibition was repealed, and he chose marijuana #2. smoking of marijuana by Mexican migrant workers became demonized because the workers were perceived as a social and economic threat #3. scientific researchers found marijuana to be the most addictive and dangerous drug in the United States #4. marijuana was being heavily used by the elderly throughout the United States A. reasons 1 and 2 only B. reasons 2 and 3 only C. reasons 1, 2, and 3 only D. reasons 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: A. reasons 1 and 2 only. Pgs. 1.25-1.26

Psychiatric medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-anxiety drugs, are prescribed to A. slow the central nervous system B. speed up the central nervous system C. rebalance irregular brain chemistry D. create hallucinations

ANSWER: C. rebalance irregular brain chemistry. Page 1.4

Which of the following statements are true regarding technology, gaming, and gambling? #1. Rapid-play poker machines have increased the number of problem and pathological gamblers. #2. Online gambling has resulted in an increased number of problem and pathological gamblers. #3. There is no evidence that technology has led to an increase in the number of people with gambling or gaming addictions. #4. Electronic media is a breeding ground for new addictions, such as Internet, video games, texting, and multiplayer games. A. statements 1 and 2 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only. Pages 1.7, 1.8, 1.31, 1.42

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances? A. Plant-based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today marijuana is the only plant-based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.

ANSWER: D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal. Pgs. 1.8

False

Active transport occurs when fat-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a high concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration

True

Addictive substances affect how neurons can down-regulate their brain receptors

_____________ is world's largest producer of opium.

Afghanistan

True

Because the blood-brain barrier is not formed until a child is one to two years of age, any psychoactive substance used byba pregnant woman can be particularly harmful to a developing fetus.

Two major parts of the nervous system

CNS and PNS

A psychoactive drug can be called it's

Chemical name,trade name, or street name

One of the earliest attempts of temperance occurred in _________

China around 2200 BC

What caused the Opium Wars?

China banned the use and import of opium due to increases of crime, corruption, and addiction. The British fought for their right to sell opium to Chinese traders.

_____ became a favorite alternative to alcohol.

Coffee

Behavioral Addictions

Compulsive gambling, eating disorders, and compulsive Internet use

Cocaine

Consuming alcohol when using cocaine results in prolonging the effects of

Coma

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -after the cocaine wears off due to rebound depressant effects on the central nervous system, which slows breathing and heart rate and may cause _________

Stimulatory

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -during the ____________ phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system

Effects Cocaethylene Violent tendencies

Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will prolong and intensify cocaine's ___________ and create ___________, which increases __________________________

What are "prodrugs"?

Drugs such as Valium are transformed by the liver and the metabolites become even more active as a result

Schedule IV Drugs:

Drugs that have even less abuse potential.

true or false: meth and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world

False: the most used is caffeine and tobacco

The U.S. _________________ allowed the FDA to regulate the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of tobacco to protect the public health and keep it away from children.

Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009

in 1804 _______ discovered a way to refine morphine from opium.

Friedrich W. Serturner

Which Statement is true regarding IV drug use?

IV drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses.

Example of how drugs can interfere with the storage of NTs

LSD alters the user's perception of messages received from environment

What is the key metabolic organ?

Liver

The main drug of raves is ________.

MDMA, or purer form, Molly.

__________ is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, and South Africa.

Marijuana

_________________ is the body's mechanism for processing, using and inactivating a foreign substance.

Metabolism

Why is it easy for drugs to infiltrate the blood brain barrier?

Most drugs are fat-soluble, and the brain is fatty so it readily absorbs fat-soluble things.

Cell body

Nourish the cell

Four categories of downers

Opiates and opioids; sedative-hypnotics; alcohol; others

Theriac was a medication made from _____ to help inflammation, diarrhea, madness, melancholy, headaches, pestilence, nosebleeds, and anything involving pain.

Opium

________ and ______ are the two all arounders that have dominant physical effects

PCP; ketamine

Until the ___________________, the manufacturers of the patent medicines were not required to list any ingredients or back up any claims.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Fidgeting

Regarding ADHD: For children with ADHD, excessive __________ helps them focus on the task at hand

Stimulants

Regarding ADHD: The use of _____________ in small doses helps focus attention and reduces hyperactivity

Sexual activity

Regarding sexual activity for someone under the influence of methamphetamine, the rush from methamphetamine can become a substitute for

in 1520, ______ opium became popular because it delivered greater amounts of opium into the brain, intensifying effects.

Smoking

Crack cocaine

Smoking ___________ produces the most intense immediate high

Virtually all cocaine is grown in _________.

South America

Schedule II Drugs:

Substances with a high abuse potential even though they have medical uses.

Schedule III Drugs:

Substances with less abuse potential.

Schedule V Drugs:

Substances with very low abuse potential because of very limited quantities.

______________ was founded in 1999 to promote, coordinate, and monitor doping in sport in all of its forms.

The World Anti-Doping Agency

Chemistry

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: Altered brain _______________

Mexican gangs Drug cartels

The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of ______________ and _______________

Compulsion

The progression from abuse to addiction is most influenced by_______

______ was used as a medicine for a wide variety of ailments including headache, toothache, snakebite, skin diseases, and stomach and heart pains.

Tobacco

False

Tolerance to the mental effects of drugs always develops at the same rate as tolerance to the drugs physical effects

Effects of downers are amplified by _________.

Use of other downers at the same time

Exhausted Depression

When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdrawals from the extra energy produced by the drug the user becomes _____________ and emotional ________________ sets in

Human beings have a basic need to _________________ and ____________.

cope with their environment and enhance existence

drugs work by influencing

existing neurotransmitters, existing neurological pathways and receptor sites in the central nervous system

Down regulation

if the cell senses that there are too many neurotransmitters (occurs in drug use) it retracts many of the receptor sites into the cell, causing a slowdown of the message transmission (this is why people need more drugs to make the few remaining receptor sites fire faster to make up for the fewer receptors available for activation)

What are some theories as to ways drugs disrupt the on/off switches of the reward pathway?

no satiation point on/off switches are ignored or overridden communication between both old and new brains are disrupted the fasciculus retroflexus which communicates from the new brain to the old brain gets damaged preventing stop messages from arriving to the old brain

4 Types of withdrawal

non-purposive withdrawal purposive withdrawal protracted withdrawal (environment triggers) post-acute withdrawals (PAWS)

Non-purposive withdrawal

objective physical signs that are a direct result of tissue dependence and are observable upon drug use by an addict ex. seizures, sweating, goose bumps, vomiting, diarrhea

Drugs affect NEW or OLD part of brain

old

The other psychoactive drug appearing early in history

opium

Endogenous Opioids means

originating in the body

drugs use in the gay community is related to

prejudice, homophobia, and fear of coming out or/and being oneself.

Acetylcholine

the first neurotransmitter discovered

Dopamine

the reward chemical; crucial to addiction

Mental/emotional effects of compulsive behaviors

tolerance, psychological dependence, withdrawal

in _____ the first prohibition law was passed in the United States

1830

Explain the Gin Epidemic.

Lasted from 1710-1750; English Parliament encouraged the production, consumption, and taxation of gin. This caused alcoholism and mortality.

Dopamine and serotonin

Regarding ADHD: Stimulant drugs taken for ADHD reduce symptoms by increasing the release of _________ and _____________

Electrical Chemical Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body by increasing the brains __________ activity, increasing the brains _________ activity, increasing _______________ activity, and increasing __________________ activity

Terminals

Relay the messages to the next cell

Axon

Sends the message to the terminal to be sent out

Who introduced "tobacco smoking for recreation"?

Sir Walter Raleigh

What is freebase?

Smokable cocaine

True

Synapses are able to change strength and function when a pathway is stressed, overused, or underused, such as by the intake of psychoactive substances.

Stimulant use

Tachycardia, weight loss, blood vessel constriction, and elevated blood pressure are all physical reactions to

True

The CNS is comprised of the spinal cord and the brain

on which part of the body does long term use of stimulants have the most significant impact

cardiovascular system

4 parts of a nerve cell:

dendrites cell body axon terminal

Physical affects of frequent use of strong stimulants _______________________________________.

depletes the body's energy chemicals and exhausts the user

Physical effects of inhalants

dizziness, slurred speech, unsteady gait, drowsiness, lowered blood pressure (fainting), stupor, coma, asphyxiation.

Behavior/Environmental model

emphasizes the overriding significance of environmental and developmental influences in leading a user to addiction.... environmental factors can change brain chemistry just like genetics

Example of how a drug can inhibit enzymes that metabolize or synthesize NTs

heroin inhibits the release of substance P

The use of psychoactive drugs spread through ____________.

migration

Mental/Emotional effects of small to moderate dose of strong stimulants

more confidence, excitability, more outgoing, eagerness to preform; rush or high

heavy prolonged use of stimulants can induce what kind of psychosis

schizophrenic-like psychosis

Eyeballing

taking in straight vodka through the eye

Addictive disease model

the disease is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable potentially fatal condition that is a consequence of mainly genes and irregularities in brain chemistry

when a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug what occurs

the user becomes exhausted emotional depression sets in

Physiological Responses to Drugs include:

tolerance tissue dependence psych. dependence withdrawal the stay-stopped circuit and relapse

Reverse Tolerance

user becomes more sensitive and less able to handle moderate amounts

true

when the body speeds up the metabolism and the breakdown of a drug, it is known as dispositions tolerance.

Physical effects of psychiatric medications

wide variety involving heart, blood, and musculoskeletal systems (page 1.5)

The "mild" cigarette was marketed to _________, ___________, and ___________.

women, young people, and those who wanted to lose weight

According to the authors of Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as: A. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system B. any substance that is illicit or illegal C. those substance that cause numbness and drowsiness D. those substances that cause increased energy and alertness

ANSWER: A. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system Pg. 1.1

Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C? #1. sharing of contaminated needles #2. drug-induced high-risk sexual practices #3. poor hygiene among restaurant workers #4. consistent and regular use of condoms during sex A. factors 1 and 2 only B. factors 3 and 4 only C. factors 1, 2, and 3 only D. factors 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: A. factors 1 and 2 only PGS. 1.33

Which of the following statements are true about plants and plant byproducts that produce psychedelic effects? #1. Plants with psychedelic properties have been used in religious, magical, and social ceremonies throughout history. #2. There is a type of mold that can infect rye plants and produce an LSD-like experience. #3. The use of psychedelic mushrooms is a relatively new practice first documented in the mid-1900s. #4. Certain types of cactus produce psychedelic experiences when eaten. A. statements 1 and 3 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 2, 3, and 4 only

ANSWER: C. Pgs. 1.11, 1.12, 1.13,

Who brought chocolate to Europe?

Hernan Cortes

The other psychoactive drug groups can be defined by their purpose; these are

Inhalants, anabolic steroids and other sports drugs, and psychiatric medications

Drugs can turn on and off genes which change the network of cells. The increase in neural alterations results in ________________ sensitivity to a drug which increases the risk of relapse after use stops.

heightened sensitivity

The Industrial Revolution brought forth _________, ___________, _______________, and ___________, spreading the use of opiates that often escalated into abuse and addiction.

scientific advancements, changes in methods of drug use, aggressive economic policies, political expediency

What does the somatic part do?

transmits sensory information from the environment and then sends instructions back to the CNS back to skeletal muscles

5 Routes of administration (from fastest to slowest):

1. inhalation (5-10 seconds) 2. injection (15-30 seconds) (intramuscular and skin 3 to 5 minutes) 3. snorting (3-5 minutes) 4. oral (20-30 minutes) 5. contact absorption (1-2 days)

Injection consists of 3 methods:

1. intravenous "slamming" (15 to 30 seconds) 2. intramuscular "muscling" (3 to 5 minutes) 3. subcutaneous "skin popping" (3 to 5 minutes)

Marijuana smoking was not common in the United States until

1910

The federal government concerned drug use a criminal activity beginning in

1918

Snorting (insufflation) takes how long?

3 to 5 minutes

how long will the high from a typical ORAL/ SNORTED does of AMPHETAMINE generally last

4 to 6 hours

The American Revolution was supported by exportation and taxation of tobacco, hemp, rum, and whiskey. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1,7

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies drugs into five levels or schedules based on their potential medical benefits and their abuse/addiction potential. Schedule I includes drugs the DEA has classified as having high abuse/addiction potential and no accepted medical use. The DEA includes which of the following drugs in the Schedule I category? #1. marijuana #2. heroin #3. LSD #4. cocaine A. drugs 1 and 2 only B. drugs 3 and 4 only C. drugs 1, 2, and 3 only D. drugs 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: C. Pgs. 1.24

Alcohol and other psychoactive drugs affect which parts of the brain? #1. primitive brain #2. reasoning center of the new brain #3. neocortex #4. old brain A. options 1 and 2 only B. options 2 and 3 only C. options 1, 2, and 3 only D. options 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: D options. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The reasoning center of the new brain is also called the neocortex. The primitive part of the brain is also called the old brain. Both the new and old brain are affected by alcohol and other psychoactive drugs. Page 1.7

False

Dendritic spines or "memory bumps" grown in the synapse when the nerve is stimulated by sensory input.

______________ is the body's mechanism for eliminating foreign substances and their metabolites.

Excretion

Marketing strategies

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • Aggressive __________________________

What is the sinsemilla growing technique?

a way of growing marijuana that increased the concentration of THC

Physical effects of PCP and ketamine

anesthetic

Three most common psychiatric medication types

antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxiety

Mental/Emotional effects of antipsychotics

controlled schizophrenic mood swings and hallucinations by manipulating dopamine

4 psychedelic hexing herbs from the Middle Ages

datura, henbane, belladonna, mandrake

False

drugs promote a homeopathic condition in the central nervous system

Mental/Emotional effects of prolonged use of strong stimulants

extreme anxiety, paranoia, anhedonia, mental confusion, induced psychosis

The Gin Epidemic is an example of:

how unlimited availability of a desirable substance causes excess use.

Hyperkatifeia

hypersensitivity to emotional distress

when a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, what occurs

increase the brain's electrical activity increase the brain's chemical activity increase central nervous system activity increase peripheral nervous systems activity

Mental/Emotional effects of antianxiety medications

inhibits anxiety-producing thoughts by manipulating GABA

Cross-Tolerance

once a person develops a tolerance to one drug, a tolerance to a similar drug occurs

A nerve cell produces ________ neurotransmitter(s), a nerve cell can have receptors for ________ neurotransmitter(s).

only 1; multiple

Exogenous Opioids examples

outside the body; heroin, morphine, etc

Allostasis

process of maintaining functionality/balance by behavioral/physiological change through synaptic plasticity and altered NTs

What does the old brain do?

regulates physiological functions, basic emotions, cravings, imprints survival memories, orchestrates euphoric recall that become addiction memories

which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high

smoking crack coaine

When an electrical message arrives at the ______________, it releases ________________, which trigger another electrical signal in the adjoining cell

synaptic gap; neurotransmitters

Tissue Dependence

the biological adaptation of the body due to chronic drug use... tissues and organs come to depend on the drug to function

Withdrawal

the body's attempt to rebalance itself after prolonged use

Abuse

the continued use of a drug despite negative consequences

Alcoholics Anonymous was founded by

two alcoholics; Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith

death as a result of cocaine use can occur

within 40 mins, or up to five to ten hours of use during the stimulation phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system after the cocaine wears off

Factors that determine drugs' effects and abuse potential include (3 things):

1. route of administration 2. speed of transit to the brain 3. affinity for nerve cells and neurotransmitters

The "go" part of the reward circuit communicates:

1. the action is necessary for survival 2. remember how the action was achieved 3. do it again and again

It takes ___________ for drugs to get to the BBB after hitting the bloodstream.

10-15 seconds

Morphine is ________ than opium.

10x more potent

Caffeine was identified in ______.

1819

When drugs are taken orally, the effects are delayed for approx.

20- 30 mins

Oral consumption takes how long?

20-30 minutes

among those who try a cigarette what % will become daily smokers

25%

how long will the high from SNORTING a typical dose of POWDER cocaine generally last

40 to 60 mins

how long will the high from SMOKING a typical does of CRACK cocaine

5 to 20 mins

From our nation's early beginnings, the United States strictly regulated alcohol, opium, morphine, cannabis and other psychoactive medications. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.22

In the United States, the legal drinking age varies from state to state. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.24

The monetary value of drugs has never been a part of legitimate government's economic plans, but it has often been a part of illegitimate government's economic plans. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.31

The good news is that Illegal methamphetamine superlabs rapidly diminishing in Mexico and the United States A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pgs. 1.31

Compulsive behaviors, including eating disorders, result in the development of which of the following? #1. withdrawal symptoms #2. psychological dependence #3. tolerance #4. neurological and medical problems A. results 1 and 2 only B. results 3 and 4 only C. results 1, 2, and 3 only D. results 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER:D. results 1, 2, 3, and 4 #1. withdrawal symptoms #2. psychological dependence #3. tolerance #4. neurological and medical problems Pg. 1.5

false

Contact absorption through drug saturated patches applied to the skin allow errqcric amounts of drugs to be passively absorbed into the body over an indefinite period of time.

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914:

Controlled the sale of opium so that it could be monitored by the federal government

Morning

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -occasionally the _____________ after use,

40 minutes to 5 hours

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -within ________________ of use

Schedule I drugs:

Drugs with a high abuse potential and no approved medical use.

________ and ________ needs of a country often transformed the way a substance was used.

Economic, political

What did the Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1914 do?

Encouraged gradual reduction in the worldwide opium production and eventually banned smoking the drug.

______________ is the measure of time it takes a drug to be inactivated or eliminated from the body.

Half-life

___________ were targeted to benefit society and the addict.

Harm reduction programs

80%-85% of injection drug users have __________.

Hepatitis C.

Topical anesthetic

Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as a

Synthetic stimulant

Mephedrone is a

Resources Damage Paranoia

Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) results in depletion of the body's energy __________, cellular and organ _________, and ____________

What is a psychoactive drug

The author define a psychoactive drug as any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system. This also includes compulsive behaviors such as gambling and electronic games.

Down regulation of a brain cells receptors occur when a person uses drugs and

The cells retract receptor sites to slow down message transmission because there are too many neurotransmitters

True

The compulsive gambler's addiction pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addictions.

Amygdala

The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place or thing, that reminds them of their addiction.

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?

The federal government enacted a tax on liquor to help pay off federal debt and Pennsylvania farmers revolted for 3 years until President George Washington sent troops to stop it.

3 to 7 hours

The half-life of caffeine is

Blood Pressure Pulse Rate Temperature of Hands and Feet

The health benefits of quitting smoking include that within just 20 minutes of quitting, ___________, ___________, and ___________ drop to normal

4 to 6 hours

The high from amphetamine generally last

5 to 20 minutes

The high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally lasts

False

The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its CNS target, the less reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.

Dietary changes Nutritional supplements

The most common alternative therapies to prescription medications for treating ADHD are ________ and ________

Dopamine

The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse

False

The most rapid route of administering a drug to The brain is intravenously

DSM

The name of the primary evaluation document used in the U.S. to assess whether a person has a substance- related disorder

Allostatis

When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created

25%

_________ % of those who try a cigarette will become daily habitual smokers

Stimulants

___________ are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world

Methcathinone

___________________ is known on the streets as "plant food", "M-KAT", and "meow"

Habituation

a definite pattern of use

Second messenger system

a drug will mimic a neurotransmitter and cause biological and chemical changes (ex. heroin- the drug mimics enkephalins and slides into the opioid receptor site and also inhibits substance P so the person feels less pain BUT ALSO is like a first messenger system because it slots directly into substance P receptor sites to inhibit pain)

Hyperalgesia

a magnified reaction to pain caused when excess opioid use over-sensitizes nerve cells and ends up causing much more pain than expected as the drug leaves the body.

Allodynia:

a painful response to a normally innocuous stimuli

Historically, cannabis was prized as

a source of oil and fiber, edible seeds, medicine, psychedelic

Dual-Diagnoses

a substance use disorder and a serious mental illness

Many humans can naturally create all of the sensations and feelings that drugs provide... example?

a terrifying experience forces the release of adrenaline like a cocaine rush

What is laudanum?

a tincture of opium mixed with alcohol and henbane juice, crushed pearls, coral, amber, musk, and essential oils.

Synaptic Plasticity

ability of the synapse to change in strength and function when the pathway is overused or underused due to constant stress or drug use

Academic model

addiction occurs when the body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the biochemical and cellular levels, marked by tolerance, tissue dependence, withdrawal and psych. dependence

The most popular psychoactive substance

alcohol

the drug that continues to have the most wide-ranging impact on society

alcohol

Almost all of the patent medicines contained _____, _____, ______, _______, and/or _______.

alcohol, opium, morphine, cocaine, cannabis

GABA

amino acid; brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter

Any-door policy

an addict can receive treatment for multiple addictions or mental health issues no matter where they start

Drug Automatism

an aimless, unconscious, repetitive drug taking behavior... continually taking a substance without being fully aware of the action.... compulsive gambling, sedatives, opiates "zoning out"

"Shake and bake" method refers to:

an easy, at-home method of making methamphetamine

Psychoactive Drug

any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system

The PNS is broken up into 2 parts:

autonomic and somatic

Inverse Tolerance

body becomes more sensitive to drug effects as brain chemistry changes

Select Tolerance

body develops tolerance to mental and physical effects at different rates

Dispositional Tolerance

body speeds up the metabolism of the drug to eliminate it

Acute Tolerance

brain and the body begin to adapt almost instantly to the toxic effects of the drug

The recognition of ______________________ spurred the development of psychiatric medications.

brain chemical imbalances as the cause of almost all mental illnesses

Behavioral Tolerance

brain learns to compensate for the drug effects by using the parts of the brain that are not affected

Coca-Cola was originally used as a _____

brain tonic

Drugs directly affect the __________

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Albert Niemann isolated the alkaloid ____ from the coca leaf.

cocaine

according to researchers a person who smokes cigarettes is 22 times more likely to use what drug

cocaine

Example of how a NT can block or force the release of NTs

cocaine forces the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

Fasciculus Retroflexus

communicates messages from the new brain to the old brain

The step between abuse and addiction involves _______________

compulsion

What does the autonomic part do?

controls INVOLUNTARY functions; digestion, respiration (sympathetic and parasympathetic and enteric divisions)

Serotonin

controls mood stability; depression, anxiety, appetite, sleep

Substance P

conveys pain impulses

Technical advances in _______ and _______ of alcohol made a difference in consumption.

cultivation, distillation

cocaine epidemics occur in

cycles every few generations

Three strategies to address the problems of abuse, addiction, and crime related to drugs.

demand reduction, supply reduction, and harm reduction

Demand reduction vs supply reduction

demand reduction: drug-abuse treatment and prevention supply reduction: interdiction, laws, incarceration; harder to get drugs

prolonged use of strong stimulants results in

depletion of the body energy resources cellular and organ damage paranoia

Most Islamic religions (encourage OR discourage) alcohol use.

discourage

Kinds of Tolerance:

dispositional pharmacodynamic behavioral reverse acute select inverse cross-tolerance

Physical effects of excessive use of downers

disrupted physical coordination, slurred speech, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, tissue dependence

Mental/Emotional effects of all arounders

distorted sensory messages to and from the brain stem, causing illusions, hallucinations, and delusions

3 ways drugs are psychologically reinforced

drug automatism positive and negative reinforcement social reinforcement

Inverse agonists

drugs that bind to receptors and stabilize the receptor in its inactive state by hyperpolarizing it so that it can't react

Antagonists

drugs that bind to receptors but do not activate them and BLOCK neurotransmitters

Agonists

drugs that mimic the effects of NTs

Partial agonists

drugs that only partly mimic the effects of NTs

Compulsive behaviors include

eating disorders, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion, internet addiction, compulsive shopping, codependency

2 types of endogenous opioids

endorphins and enkephalins

Physical affects of a small to moderate dose of a stimulant

energized muscles, increased alertness, insomnia, increased heart-rate and blood pressure, decreased appetite

Purposive withdrawal

false portrayal of severe withdrawal symptoms to manipulate a physician into giving more drugs to manage the false symptoms ex. scamming a doctor using emotional expectation of physical effects

Protracted withdrawal (environment triggers and cues)

flashback or recurrence of withdrawal symptoms and a triggering of heavy craving for the drug long after an addict has detoxed ... most dangerous for recovering addicts can last up to 6 months .. often causes addicts to slip

What does the new brain do?

gathers information from the senses and other parts of the brain, deals with speaking, reasoning, logic, rational

Physical affects of large amounts of stimulants used chronically

heart, blood vessel, and seizure problems

the neurotransmitter most often involved in the use of strong stimulants is dopamine which triggers feelings of

hunger satisfaction/satiety

Up regulation

if there are too few neurotransmitters available to trigger the message, the receiving neuron will increase the number of receptor sites so that the few remaining neurotransmitters have more receptors to activate

Physical effects of steroids

increased muscle mass and strength, acne, high blood pressure, shrunken testes, masculinization in women

what best descries how the FIRST cigarette of the day affects a smoker

increases blood pressure and heart rate

Five classifications of all arounders

indoles; phenylalkylamines; anticholinergics; cannabinoids; others

Sequence of fastest to slowest routes of drug administration

inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion

Anandamide

integrating emotional sensory experience with controlling learning, motor coordination and memory (mimicked by THC in marijuana)

Mental/Emotional effects of large doses of strong stimulants

jitters, anxiety, anger, rapid speech, aggressiveness

The market for cigarettes was vastly expanded due to:

lower-prices (due to automation), cultivation of a milder strain, plentiful supply of new leaf, widespread advertising

Inhalants can be directly toxic to cells in the ___________.

lungs, brain, liver, kidney tissues, and blood

Most psychoactive drugs follow this pattern: ____ at a low dose, ______ at a moderate dose, and _____ at a high dose.

medicine, psychoactive drug, deadly poison

LSD and other psychedelic drugs were experimented with as __________ and ______.

mind-control drugs and truth serums

Higher potency of Morphine caused

more rapid-development of tolerance and tissue dependence

Drugs have an affinity for ____________ mechanisms.

natural survival; old brain

Physical effects of other all arounders include

nausea, dizziness, increased appetite, bloodshot eyes, raised blood pressure, sweating, stimulant effects

continued smoking to AVOID the negative effects of nicotine withdrawl is known as

negative drug reinforcement

Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

nerve cells become less sensitive to drug effects

What started the first big cocaine epidemic?

new ways to use and prepare the drug

of all the stimulants the strongest physical and mental dependency develops from

nicotine in tobacco

When drugs are used, the _______________(or go switch) becomes stimulated, hijacking its functions.

nucleus accumbens

The reward/control pathway is located within the _____________

old brain

Cross-Dependence

once tissue dependence to a specific drug occurs, the body will develop a dependence to similar drugs

When a drug activates the reward circuit, the "go" switch becomes ___________ and the "stop" switch becomes ______________

overactive; dysfunctional

Hyperpathia

pain that can persist after the nociceptive pain stimulus is removed or healed

__________________ saturated the health consciousness of the public from the 1870s to the 1930s.

patent medicines

Social Reinforcement

peer pressure, the desire or need for social inclusion

Post-Acute withdrawal symptoms (PAWS)

persistence of subtle, yet significant, emotional and physical problems that can last for 3 to 6 months into recovery ex. memory problems, emotional over-reaction, cognitive impairment

when a person who has developed tolerance to caffeine subsequently withdraws from the caffeine it results in

physical pain, extreme fatigue, and degression

Diathesis-stress theory of addiction

predisposition to addiction... result of genes and environmental influences... when a person becomes stressed or challenged by the use of drugs, neurochemistry and brain function are changed to a point where return to normal use is very difficult

drinking alcohol before using cocaine will

prolong and intensify cocaine effects create cocaethykene, which increases violent tendencies

Ergot is also known as _______.

psychedelic mold and Saint Anthony's Fire

All Arounders are also called _______.

psychedelics

Mental/Emotional effects of prolonged use of downers

psychological/physical dependence and addiction

Dendrites

receive signals

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ________ cell firings

reduce

Advances in _______, _________, and ________ drugs have increased potency of drugs

refining, synthesizing, manufacturing

Psychological Dependence

relying on drugs physically and emotionally; an important factor in the development of addiction... drugs alter ones state of consciousness and distort perceptions and change emotions

in 1855 the ___________ was invented and drugs could be easily delivered directly into the bloodstream, causing more intense effects and overloading the brain.

reusable hypodermic needle

Historically, the _____________, ______________, and ___________, along with ____________, have been involved in growing, manufacturing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs

ruling classes, governments, industry, criminal organizations

formication the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (coke bugs) are crawling under ones skins is caused by what

sensory hallucinogenic effects

stimulants force the release of which neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it

serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine

Physical effects of small doses of downers

slowed heart-rate, slowed breathing, lower blood pressure, relaxed muscles, decreases coordination, induced sleep, dulled senses, diminished pain, controlled diarrhea