Urinary system
Sequence the arterial blood flow through the kidney, beginning with the renal artery and ending at the efferent arteriole.
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Approximately ______ of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by osmosis from the PCT.
60-65
______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.
ADH, aldosterone
The solutes and water that are reabsorbed from the PCT enter the blood through the and are returned to the general circulation.
Blank 1: peritubular or Peritubular Blank 2: capillaries or Capillaries
The hilum of the kidney is where which of the following connect to the kidney?
Blood vessels Nerves Ureter
Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?
Blood volume regulation Urine storage Acid base balance Regulation of ion levels Regulation of erythrocyte production
Which type of nephrons have relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla?
Cortical
Which of the following happens first in urine formation?
Filtration
Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?
Filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption
which of the following are the most accurate descriptions of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?
Glomerulal endothelium Filtration slits
The renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?
Glomerular capsule Glomerulus
Which of the following escape into the filtrate?
Ions Vitamins Vital nutrients Water Plasma proteins Glucose
Blood is carried to a kidney in a renal artery, which arises and extends from descending abdominal aorta at the level of ______.
L1 or L2
Which of the following are responsible for refining and modifying the filtrate?
Nephron loop DCT PCT
The renal tubule consists of which of the following?
Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?
The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?
A structure called the ______ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it outside of the body.
Urethra
Which structure extends through muscles of the pelvic floor and opens into the perineum?
Urethra
Which are parts of the urinary tract?
Urinary bladder Ureters Urethra
Tubular secretion is the ______ of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.
active transport
As the interlobular arteries enter the cortex, they extend small branches called arterioles.
afferent
The wider diameter of the arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.
afferent
The ______ arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the ______ arteriole leads away from the glomerulus.
afferent, efferent
The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla.
arcuate
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates ______.
bp
The renal is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of the kidney.
capsule
At least 20- 25% of the resting ______ normally flows through the kidney via the renal artery.
cardiac output
When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______.
collecting tubules, collecting ducts
Extensions of the cortex, called renal ______, project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal ______.
columns, pyramids
The kidney has a ______ border called the hilum.
concave medial
The nephron loop originates in the ______ and descends down into the ______ and then ascends back into the ______.
cortex, medulla, cortex
The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla.
cuboidal, columnar
The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______.
detrusor muscle, ANS
The sympathetics innervate the ______ in the kidneys.
efferent arterioles juxtaglomerular apparatuses afferent arterioles
Urine consists of solutes and water that have been ______ and ______ into the tubular fluid.
filtered, secreted
Glomerular is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle.
filtration
The pedicels are separated by thin spaces called __, __ which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space.
flirtation, slits
An afferent arteriole enters a structure called a renal corpuscle and forms a capillary network called the
glomerulus
In the nephron, the is designed to be "leaky" to allow some plasma and solutes to be filtered.
glomerulus
The renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______.
glomerulus
In the nephron, as blood flows through the , the solutes and water within the blood are filtered into the capsular space.
glomerus
The arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex.
interlobar
The segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that travel through the renal columns.
interlobar
The urethral sphincter is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder.
internal
The macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid.
ion concentration
The two types of nephrons are cortical nephrons and nephrons.
juxtamedullary
Which type of nephrons have renal corpuscles that lie close to the corticomedullary junction with long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
juxtamedullary
The right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney due to accommodate the ______
liver
Urine from the renal pyramids is collected by the ______ and then drained into the ______.
minor calyces, major calyces
Several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces.
minor, major
The lining of the ureter is called the ______.
mucosa
The functional filtration unit in a kidney is the ______.
nephron
The ______ innervation to the kidney has no known effect.
parasympathetic
The podocytes have long processes called or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.
pedicels
The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______.
pelvis
When the water and solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop, they are reabsorbed to the blood via a capillary network called the ______.
peritubular capillaries
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called
podocytes
The kidneys are located in the ______ abdominal wall.
posterior
The ______ is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule
In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called , that allow for even greater distension.
rugae
Blood flows from the renal artery to the ______ arteries in the area of the renal sinus.
segmental
Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by _____
simple epi
The superior pole of the left kidney is at about the level of which vertebra?
t12
The of the bladder is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening.
trigone
The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the pole.
tubular
Urine flows from the renal papilla through the calyces into the renal pelvis and then directly into the
ureter
The are long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureters
Once the tubular fluid exits the collecting duct, it is called
urine
The renal corpuscle has two poles. Where the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles are found is called __ pole.
vascular