Urinary system

Sequence the arterial blood flow through the kidney, beginning with the renal artery and ending at the efferent arteriole.

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Approximately ______ of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by osmosis from the PCT.

60-65

______ and ______ are secreted in response to low blood volume or low solute concentration in the tubular fluid within the kidney.

ADH, aldosterone

The solutes and water that are reabsorbed from the PCT enter the blood through the and are returned to the general circulation.

Blank 1: peritubular or Peritubular Blank 2: capillaries or Capillaries

The hilum of the kidney is where which of the following connect to the kidney?

Blood vessels Nerves Ureter

Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the urinary system performs many other functions, including which of the following?

Blood volume regulation Urine storage Acid base balance Regulation of ion levels Regulation of erythrocyte production

Which type of nephrons have relatively short nephron loops that barely extend into the medulla?

Cortical

Which of the following happens first in urine formation?

Filtration

Which of the following are the processes by which urine is formed?

Filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption

which of the following are the most accurate descriptions of the structures that make up the filtration membrane?

Glomerulal endothelium Filtration slits

The renal corpuscle is composed of which of the following?

Glomerular capsule Glomerulus

Which of the following escape into the filtrate?

Ions Vitamins Vital nutrients Water Plasma proteins Glucose

Blood is carried to a kidney in a renal artery, which arises and extends from descending abdominal aorta at the level of ______.

L1 or L2

Which of the following are responsible for refining and modifying the filtrate?

Nephron loop DCT PCT

The renal tubule consists of which of the following?

Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule

The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?

The fibrous or renal capsule has which of the following functions?

A structure called the ______ transports urine from the urinary bladder and expels it outside of the body.

Urethra

Which structure extends through muscles of the pelvic floor and opens into the perineum?

Urethra

Which are parts of the urinary tract?

Urinary bladder Ureters Urethra

Tubular secretion is the ______ of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid.

active transport

As the interlobular arteries enter the cortex, they extend small branches called arterioles.

afferent

The wider diameter of the arteriole allows the blood to enter the glomerulus under high pressure which helps filter the plasma and solutes out of the glomerulus.

afferent

The ______ arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the ______ arteriole leads away from the glomerulus.

afferent, efferent

The ______ arteries are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramid at the junction of the cortex and the medulla.

arcuate

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates ______.

bp

The renal is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of the kidney.

capsule

At least 20- 25% of the resting ______ normally flows through the kidney via the renal artery.

cardiac output

When the tubular fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubules, it must travel through a series of small ______ that empty into ______.

collecting tubules, collecting ducts

Extensions of the cortex, called renal ______, project into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal ______.

columns, pyramids

The kidney has a ______ border called the hilum.

concave medial

The nephron loop originates in the ______ and descends down into the ______ and then ascends back into the ______.

cortex, medulla, cortex

The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules are ______ but are ______ cells in the collecting ducts near the renal papilla.

cuboidal, columnar

The internal urethral sphincter is a circular thickening of the ______ and is controlled by the ______.

detrusor muscle, ANS

The sympathetics innervate the ______ in the kidneys.

efferent arterioles juxtaglomerular apparatuses afferent arterioles

Urine consists of solutes and water that have been ______ and ______ into the tubular fluid.

filtered, secreted

Glomerular is the process by which water and some dissolved solutes in the blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle.

filtration

The pedicels are separated by thin spaces called __, __ which allow materials from the plasma to pass into the capsular space.

flirtation, slits

An afferent arteriole enters a structure called a renal corpuscle and forms a capillary network called the

glomerulus

In the nephron, the is designed to be "leaky" to allow some plasma and solutes to be filtered.

glomerulus

The renal corpuscle has a thick tangle of capillaries called the ______.

glomerulus

In the nephron, as blood flows through the , the solutes and water within the blood are filtered into the capsular space.

glomerus

The arcuate arteries give off branches called ______ arteries that project peripherally into the cortex.

interlobar

The segmental arteries branch to form the ______ arteries that travel through the renal columns.

interlobar

The urethral sphincter is the involuntary, superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the urinary bladder.

internal

The macula densa cells continuously monitor ______ in the tubular fluid.

ion concentration

The two types of nephrons are cortical nephrons and nephrons.

juxtamedullary

Which type of nephrons have renal corpuscles that lie close to the corticomedullary junction with long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?

juxtamedullary

The right kidney is slightly inferior to the left kidney due to accommodate the ______

liver

Urine from the renal pyramids is collected by the ______ and then drained into the ______.

minor calyces, major calyces

Several ______ calyces merge to form larger spaces called ______ calyces.

minor, major

The lining of the ureter is called the ______.

mucosa

The functional filtration unit in a kidney is the ______.

nephron

The ______ innervation to the kidney has no known effect.

parasympathetic

The podocytes have long processes called or feet that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

pedicels

The major calyces merge to form a large funnel-shaped renal ______.

pelvis

When the water and solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop, they are reabsorbed to the blood via a capillary network called the ______.

peritubular capillaries

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called

podocytes

The kidneys are located in the ______ abdominal wall.

posterior

The ______ is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with tall microvilli for maximum reabsorption.

proximal convoluted tubule

In the urinary bladder, there are mucosal folds, called , that allow for even greater distension.

rugae

Blood flows from the renal artery to the ______ arteries in the area of the renal sinus.

segmental

Both collecting tubules and collecting ducts are lined by _____

simple epi

The superior pole of the left kidney is at about the level of which vertebra?

t12

The of the bladder is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening.

trigone

The proximal convoluted tubule attaches to the renal corpuscle at the pole.

tubular

Urine flows from the renal papilla through the calyces into the renal pelvis and then directly into the

ureter

The are long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

ureters

Once the tubular fluid exits the collecting duct, it is called

urine

The renal corpuscle has two poles. Where the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles are found is called __ pole.

vascular