Urinary System Test

The first signal that triggers urination occurs when the urinary bladder contains _______ of urine.

200ml

The involuntary internal sphincter is forced open when the urinary bladder exceeds about _______ of urine.

500ml

The hormone that stimulates water conservation in the kidneys is ______

ADH

What four hormones affect urine production?

ADH - decrease urine volume RENIN- cause angiotensin II production and stimulates aldosterone production ALDOSTERONE - causes increased sodium ion reabsorbtion; causes decreased urine concentration and volume ANP- inhibits ADH production; results in increased urine production.

The actions of _________ oppose those of the renin-angiotensin system.

ANP

In addition to removing organic wastes, the urinary system..... a) regulates blood volume, blood pressure and plasma ion concentrations b) helps stabilize blood pH c) conserves valuable nutrients d) all of the above

D

Water circulates freely within the ______ compartment.

ECF

The muscular ring that provides involuntary control over the discharge of the urine from the urinary bladder is the....

Internal sphincter

Urine production occurs in the......

Kidney

Urine exits the body via the......

Urethra

When the production of hydrogen ions is equal to their loss, you are in __________.

acid-base balance

Blood enters the glomerulus via the....

afferent arteriole

The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by_______

aldosterone

The hormone that promotes sodium retention in the kidneys is ______

aldosterone

Elderly men might experience difficulty with urination due to....

an enlarged prostate

The kidney is divided into.....

an outer cortex and an inner medulla

The amount of water reabsorbed along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting dict is controlled by the circulating levels of....

anti diuretic hormone

___________ can compensate for minor blood pressure variations through automatic adjustments of diameters in afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries.

autoregulation

What are three major buffer systems of the body?

bicarbonate, phosphate and protein

When a person holds their breath, the....

blood CO2 rises ; blood pH drops

The extracellular fluid (ECF) of the body includes....

blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid

In filtration, the force that pushes filtrate out of the glomerular capillaries and across the filtration membrane is supplied by.....

blood pressure

Maintaining body pH within narrow limits involves.....

buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms

In the ___________ of the nephron loop, water moves freely by osmosis into the peritubular fluid; in the ________ of the nephron loop, water movement is prevented because the tubular epithelium is impermeable to water.

descending limb; ascending limb

The muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra is the....

detrusor

The body systems that complement and coordinate their activities with the urinary system include.....

digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory

The primary site for secretion of substances into the filtrate is the....

distal convoluted tubule

When their is neither a net gain nor a net loss of any ion in body fluids, ______ exists.

electrolyte balance

Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole causes....

elevation of glomerular blood pressure

The three layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys are the.....

fibrous capsule, adipose tissue and overlying peritoneum

The initial factor that determines urine production is.....

filtration

The three processes involved in urine formation are....

filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion

When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in ________.

fluid balance

If the ECF becomes more concentrated (hypertonic) with respect to the ICF, water will move.....

from the cells into the ECF until equilibrium is reached

The network of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle is the....

glomerulus

Glucose in the urine is called _______

glycosuria

Buffers stabilize the pH of body fluids by adding or removing.....

hydrogen ions

A rise in carbon dioxide in the blood will ultimately cause the breathing rate to.....

increase

As the aging process proceeds, the elderly might lose control of the__________ and ____________.

internal sphincter and external sphincter

Releases renin and erythropoesin.....

juxtagolmerular apparatus

Excessive potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the ______

kidneys

If the ECF solute concentration rises, water will....

leave the ICF

The primary purpose of urine production is to....

maintain homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of the blood

The renal pyramids are located in the renal.....

medulla

The basic functional unit in the kidney is the.....

nephron

The part of the kidney involved in removing or adding hydrogen ions to the blood is the.....

nephron

Over time, the highest concentration of solutes in the nephron occurs near the bend in the.....

nephron loop

Urine production begins in the renal cortex in the microscopic tubular structures called.....

nephrons

Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the....

peritubular capillaries

Filtration slits are called ______

podocytes

The principal cation in the ICF is.....

potassium

What are the direct effects of sympathetic ANS action in the kidneys?

powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, thereby decreasing glomerular filtration rate and slowing the production of filtrate.

Approx. 60-70% of the volume of the filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle is reabsorbed in the.....

proximal convoluted tubule

Virtually all of the glucose, amino acids, and other organic nutrients are reabsorbed in the....

proximal convoluted tubule

In a nephron, the tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes....

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron lube, and distal convoluted tubule

What are the essential functions of the urinary system?

regulates plasma concentration of ions, regulates blood volume and pressure, contributes to stabilization of blood pH, conserves valuable nutrients and eliminates organic wastes

Once formed, urine follows which of the following sequential pathways through the kidney?....

renal Pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis , ureter

Each kidney receives blood from a

renal artery

The expanded, funnel shaped upper end of the ureter in the kidney is the....

renal pelvis

Blood leaves the kidney via the...

renal vein

If blood volume decreases, the juxtaglomerular complex secretes _________, which initiates the production of angiotensin II - a potent hormone that increases blood pressure and water absorption in an effort to normalize GFR

renin

Consuming a lot of salt will......

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

How do pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the chemical buffer system?

secrete or absorb hydrogen ions, control excretion of acids and bases, and generate additional buffers when necessary.

What two major effects does ADH have on homeostatic regulation of water volume in the body?

stimulates water conservation at the kidney, reducing urinary water losses; stimulates the thirst center to promote the drinking of fluids

During the micturition reflex....

stretch receptors in the bladder are simulated, the internal sphincter is unconsciously relaxed, and the external sphincter is consciously relaxed

GFR is maintained by....

sympathetic ANS activity, autoregulation and hormonal regulation initiated by the kidneys

The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in.....

the cells of the body

Urination in the elderly might occur more frequently because.....

the nephrons are not responding to ADH

Urine leaves the kidneys on its way to the urinary bladder via the.....

ureters

The hollow, muscular organ that stores urine prior to urination is the....

urinary bladder

Increased levels of aldosterone cause the kidneys to produce....

urine with higher concentration of potassium ions and urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

The slender capillary network that accompanies the nephron loop into the medulla is known as the....

vasa recta

The external urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle fibers, and its contractions are under.....

voluntary control

If filtration does not occur.....

waste products are not excreted, blood volume regulation is eliminated and pH control is jeopardized