Urinary System Test
The first signal that triggers urination occurs when the urinary bladder contains _______ of urine.
200ml
The involuntary internal sphincter is forced open when the urinary bladder exceeds about _______ of urine.
500ml
The hormone that stimulates water conservation in the kidneys is ______
ADH
What four hormones affect urine production?
ADH - decrease urine volume RENIN- cause angiotensin II production and stimulates aldosterone production ALDOSTERONE - causes increased sodium ion reabsorbtion; causes decreased urine concentration and volume ANP- inhibits ADH production; results in increased urine production.
The actions of _________ oppose those of the renin-angiotensin system.
ANP
In addition to removing organic wastes, the urinary system..... a) regulates blood volume, blood pressure and plasma ion concentrations b) helps stabilize blood pH c) conserves valuable nutrients d) all of the above
D
Water circulates freely within the ______ compartment.
ECF
The muscular ring that provides involuntary control over the discharge of the urine from the urinary bladder is the....
Internal sphincter
Urine production occurs in the......
Kidney
Urine exits the body via the......
Urethra
When the production of hydrogen ions is equal to their loss, you are in __________.
acid-base balance
Blood enters the glomerulus via the....
afferent arteriole
The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by_______
aldosterone
The hormone that promotes sodium retention in the kidneys is ______
aldosterone
Elderly men might experience difficulty with urination due to....
an enlarged prostate
The kidney is divided into.....
an outer cortex and an inner medulla
The amount of water reabsorbed along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting dict is controlled by the circulating levels of....
anti diuretic hormone
___________ can compensate for minor blood pressure variations through automatic adjustments of diameters in afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries.
autoregulation
What are three major buffer systems of the body?
bicarbonate, phosphate and protein
When a person holds their breath, the....
blood CO2 rises ; blood pH drops
The extracellular fluid (ECF) of the body includes....
blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid
In filtration, the force that pushes filtrate out of the glomerular capillaries and across the filtration membrane is supplied by.....
blood pressure
Maintaining body pH within narrow limits involves.....
buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms
In the ___________ of the nephron loop, water moves freely by osmosis into the peritubular fluid; in the ________ of the nephron loop, water movement is prevented because the tubular epithelium is impermeable to water.
descending limb; ascending limb
The muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra is the....
detrusor
The body systems that complement and coordinate their activities with the urinary system include.....
digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory
The primary site for secretion of substances into the filtrate is the....
distal convoluted tubule
When their is neither a net gain nor a net loss of any ion in body fluids, ______ exists.
electrolyte balance
Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole causes....
elevation of glomerular blood pressure
The three layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys are the.....
fibrous capsule, adipose tissue and overlying peritoneum
The initial factor that determines urine production is.....
filtration
The three processes involved in urine formation are....
filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion
When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in ________.
fluid balance
If the ECF becomes more concentrated (hypertonic) with respect to the ICF, water will move.....
from the cells into the ECF until equilibrium is reached
The network of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle is the....
glomerulus
Glucose in the urine is called _______
glycosuria
Buffers stabilize the pH of body fluids by adding or removing.....
hydrogen ions
A rise in carbon dioxide in the blood will ultimately cause the breathing rate to.....
increase
As the aging process proceeds, the elderly might lose control of the__________ and ____________.
internal sphincter and external sphincter
Releases renin and erythropoesin.....
juxtagolmerular apparatus
Excessive potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the ______
kidneys
If the ECF solute concentration rises, water will....
leave the ICF
The primary purpose of urine production is to....
maintain homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of the blood
The renal pyramids are located in the renal.....
medulla
The basic functional unit in the kidney is the.....
nephron
The part of the kidney involved in removing or adding hydrogen ions to the blood is the.....
nephron
Over time, the highest concentration of solutes in the nephron occurs near the bend in the.....
nephron loop
Urine production begins in the renal cortex in the microscopic tubular structures called.....
nephrons
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the....
peritubular capillaries
Filtration slits are called ______
podocytes
The principal cation in the ICF is.....
potassium
What are the direct effects of sympathetic ANS action in the kidneys?
powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, thereby decreasing glomerular filtration rate and slowing the production of filtrate.
Approx. 60-70% of the volume of the filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle is reabsorbed in the.....
proximal convoluted tubule
Virtually all of the glucose, amino acids, and other organic nutrients are reabsorbed in the....
proximal convoluted tubule
In a nephron, the tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes....
proximal convoluted tubule, nephron lube, and distal convoluted tubule
What are the essential functions of the urinary system?
regulates plasma concentration of ions, regulates blood volume and pressure, contributes to stabilization of blood pH, conserves valuable nutrients and eliminates organic wastes
Once formed, urine follows which of the following sequential pathways through the kidney?....
renal Pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis , ureter
Each kidney receives blood from a
renal artery
The expanded, funnel shaped upper end of the ureter in the kidney is the....
renal pelvis
Blood leaves the kidney via the...
renal vein
If blood volume decreases, the juxtaglomerular complex secretes _________, which initiates the production of angiotensin II - a potent hormone that increases blood pressure and water absorption in an effort to normalize GFR
renin
Consuming a lot of salt will......
result in a temporary increase in blood volume
How do pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the chemical buffer system?
secrete or absorb hydrogen ions, control excretion of acids and bases, and generate additional buffers when necessary.
What two major effects does ADH have on homeostatic regulation of water volume in the body?
stimulates water conservation at the kidney, reducing urinary water losses; stimulates the thirst center to promote the drinking of fluids
During the micturition reflex....
stretch receptors in the bladder are simulated, the internal sphincter is unconsciously relaxed, and the external sphincter is consciously relaxed
GFR is maintained by....
sympathetic ANS activity, autoregulation and hormonal regulation initiated by the kidneys
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in.....
the cells of the body
Urination in the elderly might occur more frequently because.....
the nephrons are not responding to ADH
Urine leaves the kidneys on its way to the urinary bladder via the.....
ureters
The hollow, muscular organ that stores urine prior to urination is the....
urinary bladder
Increased levels of aldosterone cause the kidneys to produce....
urine with higher concentration of potassium ions and urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
The slender capillary network that accompanies the nephron loop into the medulla is known as the....
vasa recta
The external urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle fibers, and its contractions are under.....
voluntary control
If filtration does not occur.....
waste products are not excreted, blood volume regulation is eliminated and pH control is jeopardized