U.S. 19th Century

Joseph Warren Revere raised the American flag for this nation after reading out naval commander John Sloat's proclamation. The Battle of Olompali was fought to preserve this nation's independence. This nation was founded by William B. Ide after the capture of Sonoma by Ezekiel Merritt. Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was opposed by the founders of this nation, who were secretly supported by John C. Fremont. For the point, name this short-lived Republic declared during the Mexican-American War.

ANSWER: Bear Flag Republic (accept California Republic)

In this conflict, Henry Pate was captured at the Battle of Black Jack and subsequently exchanged for the winning commander's two imprisoned sons. Sharps rifles known as "Beecher's Bibles" were delivered during this conflict. Failed attempts to resolve this conflict included the Lecompton Constitution and Topeka Constitution. John Brown perpetrated the Pottawatomie Massacre during, for the point, what 1850s conflict in which border ruffians and free-staters fought over a popular sovereignty vote in a Midwest state?

ANSWER: Bleeding Kansas

This conflict saw the "Border Ruffians" engage in electoral fraud, with one of its leaders depicted in the painting "Tragic Prelude." This conflict, derived from popular sovereignty, saw James Buchanan support a "Lecompton" constitution. After Charles Sumner was (+) caned for speaking against this event, radical abolitionists killed five people in the (*) Pottawatomie Massacre. For ten points, name this conflict during James Buchanan's presidency over whether a Midwestern state would adopt slavery.

ANSWER: Bleeding Kansas (accept Bloody Kansas or the Kansas Border War)

A woman with this surname was called "the female Beecher of the rostrum" for her role as minister at a church in Racine, Wisconsin. That woman helped found the New England Suffrage Association and was named Olympia. The death of Elijah (+) Lovejoy prompted a man of this surname to state, "I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery." That man was the namesake of a song whose tune was adapted into the (*) "Battle Hymn of the Republic." For the point, give this surname of John, who led the raid on Harper's Ferry.

ANSWER: Brown (accept John Brown; accept Olympia Brown)

This man's son was the first curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, developing the theory of "architectural refinement." Leverett Candee was the first to take advantage of one process this man discovered. This man made a welt for shoemaking and disputed an invention with Thomas Hancock. This man worked with gum elastic, and with Nathaniel Hayward, this man found a process that combined rubber and sulfur. For the point, name this man who created waterproof rubber and developed vulcanization, for whom a large tire company is named.

ANSWER: Charles Goodyear

This tribe's "Freedmen" were barred from citizenship by Principal Chief Wilma Mankiller. These people prevailed in a Supreme Court case against Samuel Austin Worcester. Elias Boudinot published the Phoenix newspaper in this tribe's syllabary. This group was led by John Ross after the Treaty of New Echota forced them to relocate from Georgia. For the point, name this Native American tribe who were forced west along the Trail of Tears.

ANSWER: Cherokee (accept Aniyunwiya or Tsalagi)

Early settlers from these people destroyed an Osage village in the Claremore Mound Massacre. This people's sovereignty was affirmed in the case Worcester [[WUR-STUR]] v. Georgia, and their writing system was developed by Sequoyah. These people were rounded up by Winfield Scott after a small group signed the Treaty of New Echota on their behalf. For the point, name this Native American tribe which made up the majority of the dead on the Trail of Tears.

ANSWER: Cherokee (or the Cherokee Nation; accept Anigiduwagi; accept Tsalagi)

Alexander Cumming, a Scottish adventurer, once "crowned" Moytoy of Tellico as "Emperor" of this tribe. A leader of this tribe named Major Ridge was assassinated by supporters of John Ross. Elias Boudinot founded this tribe's newspaper the Phoenix. This tribe signed the Treaty of New Echota, which, despite the ruling in Worcester v. Georgia, allowed Andrew Jackson to relocate them to Oklahoma. Sequoyah created the syllabary of, for the point, what tribe forcibly removed on the "Trail of Tears?

ANSWER: Cherokee (or the Cherokee Nation; accept Tsalagi)

A desk built for the owners of this company was used by George H.W. Bush in the Oval Office. One mascot for this company had a husband named "Peake'' and appeared in advertisements with the slogan "Sleep Like a Kitten and Arrive as Fresh as a Daisy." (+) One train this company ran to The Greenbrier was named the Resort Special. This company shares its name with a 19th century (*) canal that ended in Cumberland, Maryland. For the points, name this railroad that merged with the Baltimore & Ohio and the Western Maryland Railroad to form the Chessie System in 1973.

ANSWER: Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (or C&O Railway)

After being captured on this body of water, the Edmunson sisters had their freedom purchased by Henry Ward Beecher's church; over 70 other slaves were captured during that escape attempt, the 1848 Pearl Incident. Bans on dredging this body of water were ignored by "pirates" during the Oyster Wars. This body of water's namesake flotilla carried the troops that burned Washington during the War of 1812. The Potomac River empties into, for the point, what bay of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the Delmarva Peninsula from Virginia?

ANSWER: Chesapeake Bay (prompt on Potomac River before "Oyster" is read)

Due to remarks he made about this event, Stephen Decatur [[dee-KAY-tuhr]] was shot and killed in a duel. This event resulted in the court-martial of James Barron, who was swiftly removed from command. In the aftermath of this event, James Monroe demanded the recall of Sir George Berkeley, as well as a ban on impressment against American ships. The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed in the aftermath of, for the point, what international incident, in which sailors from a British warship boarded an American frigate to search for deserters?

ANSWER: Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (prompt on "Chesapeake Affair")

A man with this surname recaptured Fort Sackville in the Battle of Vincennes, a year after capturing Kaskaskia without firing any weapons. That man with this surname was nicknamed "Conqueror of the Old Northwest." A man with this surname was the younger of a pair of men who stayed at Fort Mandan while accompanied by a child named Pompey. That man with this surname hired Toussaint Charbonneau and his Shosone wife, Sacagawea. For the point, name this shared surname of George and William, who mapped the Louisiana Territory with Merriweather Lewis.

ANSWER: Clark

The Supreme Court ruled that Wisconsin could not nullify a part of this bill in Ableman v. Booth. In anticipation of this bill's consequences, the Nashville Convention was held. Senator William Seward argued against this bill on the basis of a \higher law than the Constitution." This agreement, supported by President Fillmore and brokered by Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay, admitted California to the Union in exchange for revision to the Fugitive Slave Act. For the point, name this successor to the Missouri Compromise that postponed secession.

ANSWER: Compromise of 1850 (anti-prompt on "Fugitive Slave Act" or "Fugitive Slave Law" before "admitted")

A leader of this country mistakenly believed it had been recognized by the Holy See after Ambrose Dudley Mann mistranslated a letter from Pope Pius IX. Two diplomats from this country were illegally seized from a British ship in the Trent A air. This country attempted to persuade France and the United Kingdom to support it in a war against its northern neighbor by engaging in cotton diplomacy. For the point, name this rebellious state that was defeated in the American Civil War.

ANSWER: Confederate States of America (accept CSA; accept The Confederacy)

John Boley was removed from this group after causing issues at Camp Dubois. A leader of this group brought his slave York, who may have escaped after experiencing freedom. Cameahwait helped this group cross the Rocky Mountains after reuniting with his long-lost sister Sacajawea. Thomas Jefferson commissioned, for the point, what expedition, led by two army officers, meant to explore the newly-acquired Louisiana territory?

ANSWER: Corps of Discovery (accept Lewis and Clark Expedition)

A John Tyler-led "Peace Conference" at the Willard Hotel created a seven-point plan similar to this proposal in an effort to attract mass Republican support. This bill aimed to ban all future congresses from prohibiting slavery as well as to modify the Fugitive Slave Act to have structured payment plans for slaveholders whose slaves escaped. This bill aimed to revive the Missouri Compromise line at the latitude of 36° 30 [[thirty-six thirty]]. For the point, name last-ditch effort to avert the U.S. Civil War, an unpassed "Compromise" named for a Kentucky senator.

ANSWER: Crittenden Compromise (accept Crittenden Proposal)

This man helped found the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, the oldest AME church in the US South, which was burned by an angry crowd. Governor Thomas Bennett objected to the secret court proceedings surrounding this man, arguing that he deserved the right of (+) habeas corpus as he was a free man. This man had purchased his freedom with lottery winnings and had previously been known as Telemaque. George Wilson and Joe LaRoche (*) exposed this man's Bastille Day plans. For the points, name this leader of "The Rising," a planned 1822 slave revolt in Charleston.

ANSWER: Denmark Vesey (accept Telemaque before mentioned)

This man won a lottery and purchased his freedom around the age of thirty-two. Following his capture by authorities, this man and five others were rapidly judged guilty, sentenced to death, and hung on July 2, 1822. This man was arrested for allegedly planning a revolt which would have led to the deaths of all slaveholders in Charleston, South Carolina. For the point, name this Black carpenter who was born in the Virgin Islands with the name Telemaque [[TEH-leh-mahk]].

ANSWER: Denmark Vesey (accept Telemaque before mentioned)

While staying in Nova Scotia, this person helped rescue the survivors of a shipwreck at Sable Island. In a report to the New Jersey legislature in 1845, this person pointed out the condition of a feeble former judge the legislators used to know as an example of the plight of those like him. This woman served as the Superintendent of Union Army nurses during the Civil War, though she is more famous for inspiring the creation of institutions such as Harrisburg State Hospital. For the point, name this American reformer who improved the conditions of mental asylums.

ANSWER: Dorothea Dix

This politician represented Daniel Sickles in the murder trial of Philip Barton Key II. This man's death in 1869 occurred four days after the Senate confirmed him as a Justice on the Supreme Court. This man said, "Now he belongs to the ages" after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Lorenzo Thomas was selected to replace this man in one post during an ordeal that violated the Tenure of Office Act. For the point, name this Civil War-era Secretary of War whose dismissal led to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

ANSWER: Edwin Stanton (or Edwin McMasters Stanton)

A flour merchant named Jesse Hawley advocated that the path of this project was conceived by the "Author of Nature" as it would bring more business to the Finger Lakes. The first section of this structure was a fifteen mile stretch ending in the city of Utica on the Mohawk River. The man who championed this structure was governor of New York when it was completed in 1825, and this structure was sometimes denigrated as "Clinton's Folly." For the point, name this structure that connects the Hudson River to a namesake Great Lake.

ANSWER: Erie Canal

To complete this project, Canvass White was forced to study in the United Kingdom as there were no civil engineers in the United States at the time. Over a thousand workers on this project were afflicted with malaria while working in Montezuma's Marsh. This waterway ends with the Black Rock Lock in Bu alo. For the point, name this canal in New York, derisively called "Clinton's Big Ditch," that connected the Hudson River to the namesake Great Lake.

ANSWER: Erie Canal

At a grand opening of one of this company's projects, Daniel Webster occasionally stood up from a rocking chair to give speeches. A 1938 court case involving this company found that diversity jurisdiction cases must apply state law when not in conflict with federal law. Jay Gould triumphed in a competition involving Daniel Drew and Cornelius Vanderbilt to gain control of this company, the subject of the Tompkins case. This company was created to connect a city on the Hudson River to its namesake body. For the point, name this New York railroad named for a lake.

ANSWER: Erie Railroad (accept New York and Erie Railroad; accept just Erie after "Railroad" is read)

During this battle, officer Nathan George Evans had a military aide carry a barrel of whiskey on his back. Early skirmishing in this battle occurred at Blackburn's Ford, leading P.G.T. Beauregard to send a telegraph to Joseph E. Johnston asking for reinforcements. Shortly before being wounded at this battle, Barnard Bee coined the nickname "Stonewall" for Thomas Jackson. For the point, name this first major battle of the Civil War, a Virginia engagement sometimes known as the Battle of Manassas.

ANSWER: First Battle of Bull Run (accept First Battle of Manassas before mentioned)

Mayor George William Brown, the mayor of the city where this facility is located, was held prisoner here during the Civil War on suspicion of having Confederate sympathies. The first official 49-star and 50-star flags flew over the main building of this facility, which was named for a Secretary of War during the Washington and Adams administrations. George Armistead commanded this fort during its most famous action, which was observed from the HMS Tonnant by a lawyer conducting prisoner exchange. For the point, name this fort overlooking Baltimore Harbor whose bombardment by the British during the War of 1812 inspired the "Star Spangled Banner."

ANSWER: Fort McHenry

This thinker was inspired by Lysander Spooner's The Unconstitutionality of Slavery to break with William Lloyd Garrison after Garrison burned copies of the Constitution. In 1872, this figure was nominated for Vice President by the Equal Rights Party, pairing him with Victoria Woodhull, the first woman to run for President. This man detailed being beaten by Edward Covey and escaping to New York City in one of his autobiographies. For the point, name this former slave who wrote My Bondage and My Freedom and a Narrative of his life.

ANSWER: Frederick Douglass

This man discussed antebellum Southern poverty in his book Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom. A plan proposed by this man and an English partner led to the construction of the Ladies' Refreshment Salon and the Bethesda (+) Fountain. In 1887, this man designed a public attraction in Trenton centered on the Ellarslie Mansion. In an effort to protect the Muddy River, this man created Boston's Emerald Necklace. This man won an 1858 design competition with the (*) Greensward Plan he created with Calvert Vaux. For the points, name this American landscape architect who co-designed Central Park.

ANSWER: Frederick Law Olmsted

This man was assisted by figures like Sam Byrd, Jr. and Jack Bowler in his best-known action. Virginia governor Tim Kaine noted that this man's cause \has prevailed in the light of history" as part of a 2007 informal pardon. (+) Ben Woolfolk, one of his recruits, testified at the trial of this man, whose plans were foiled by flooding in the Brook Swamp. This blacksmith led an unsuccessful (*) rebellion that was followed by his execution along with his brothers, Solomon and Martin, and twenty-three other enslaved persons by James Monroe. For the points, name this enslaved person who led a rebellion in Richmond in 1800.

ANSWER: Gabriel Prosser (accept either underlined portion)

Edwin Sumner and this man were the two Union generals wounded at the Battle of Glendale. At his most famous battle, this general established the Pipe Creek Line, setting Emmitsburg as the western boundary of his perimeter. At that battle, the Third Corps made an unauthorized relocation under Daniel Sickles, who often butted heads with this general. Three days before his most famous battle, this man replaced Joseph Hooker as leader of the Army of the Potomac. Pickett's Charge was thwarted by, for the point, what general who commanded Union forces at the Battle of Gettysburg?

ANSWER: George Gordon Meade

William Harney dispatched this man to establish an American military presence on the San Juan Islands during the bloodless Pig War with Great Britain. Lewis Armistead died in an action named for this major general, which is commemorated by a monument to the \High-Water Mark of the Confederacy." An assault on Cemetery Ridge that sustained massive Southern casualties is named for, for the point, what commander whose "charge" took place on the third day at Gettysburg?

ANSWER: George Pickett

This onetime assistant engineer on the gunboat USS Muscoota helped found the Duquesne [[doo-KANE]] Mining & Reduction Company. This businessman invented a reversible frog and "car replacer," which pre-empted his most well-known invention. This man improved upon a system that forced individuals to catwalk between cars to manually conduct one process. Oil lamps were replaced as signals for railways by this man, who competed with Thomas Edison by providing alternative current solutions. For the point, name this American inventor of the railway air brake.

ANSWER: George Westinghouse Jr.

Harriet Beecher Stowe In a novel by this author, the slave Harry runs Nina Gordon's southern plantation while another character preaches violent retribution for slavery. Pro-slavery author William Gilmore Simms strongly critiqued this author of Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. Abraham Lincoln called this author "the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war," in reference to a novel in which Eliza escapes to Canada by crossing an icy river. The title character is beaten to death by Simon Legree in, for the point, what author's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin?

ANSWER: Harriet Beecher Stowe

This man's success as a lawyer allowed him to build the first fireproof building in San Francisco. This general's scholarly work, Elements of Military Art and Science, contributed to his nickname "Old (+) Brains." This man's only victory on the field of battle was in Mississippi at the Siege of Corinth. Abraham Lincoln was disappointed with the leadership of this general, whom he referred to as "little more than a (*) first-rate clerk." For the point, name this Civil War general who, from 1862 to 1864, commanded all Union armies following the failure of McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.

ANSWER: Henry Halleck (or Henry Wager Halleck)

After failing to become a governor on the Free Soil ticket, this man appointed his niece, Rebecca Pennell, as the first full time female faculty member of an American college during his time as President of Antioch College. This man spearheaded the creation of the "Normal Schools" for educating teachers, derived from the Prussian education system. The first Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education was, for the point, which education reformer of the 19th century and advocate of the Common School Movement?

ANSWER: Horace Mann

Tennessee congressman Davy Crockett declared that his opposition to this act would "not make [him] ashamed in the Day of Judgment." This act led to John Eaton negotiating the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with the Choctaw nation. Resistance to this law led to many Cherokee being sent west on the "Trail of Tears." The Southern Native Americans were deported west of the Mississippi by, for the point, what Andrew Jackson-era legislation?

ANSWER: Indian Removal Act (prompt on "Trail of Tears" before mentioned)

This man financially backed a company led by John Gregory Smith. George Stephens and Donald Smith picked up shares this man held in a company for pennies on the dollar. Charles D. Barney helped this man run one company, and in 1849, this man was made a partner of the E.W. (+) Clark Company. The "wire-house firm" concept was created by this man who nanced the Northern Paci c Railway and tried to make Duluth a metropolis. Helping the Treasury Department under (*) Salmon Chase sell bonds during the Civil War, for the points, name this financier whose namesake company collapsed during the Panic of 1873.

ANSWER: Jay Cooke

In a failed attempt to capture this man, Allan Pinkerton detonated an incendiary device that gravely wounded Zerelda Samuel. Thomas Crittenden, the governor of Missouri, immediately pardoned the man who killed this outlaw. During one event, this man failed to rob a bank in North eld, Minnesota, leading to the near-destruction of the gang he established with Cole Younger and his brother, Frank. For the point, name this American outlaw who was killed by Robert Ford.

ANSWER: Jesse James

A "Provisional Constitution" written by this leader called for an elected Supreme Court and the death penalty for raping prisoners. An English mercenary named Hugh Forbes threatened to expose this leader's "Secret Six." This leader defeated Henry Clay Pate at the Battle of Black Jack as revenge for the sack of Lawrence. This leader's forces killed slave owners at the Pottawatomie Massacre during Bleeding Kansas. For the point, name this abolitionist who tried to incite a slave rebellion with his raid on Harpers Ferry.

ANSWER: John Brown

This man founded the League of Gileadites to prevent the capture of former slaves through the Fugitive Slave Act. In response to the Sacking of Lawrence, this man killed five settlers in the Pottawatomie Massacre. Marines led by Robert E. Lee defeated this man at a federal armory in Virginia. For the point, name this abolitionist who was hanged after his raid on Harpers Ferry.

ANSWER: John Brown

During this event, Quaker Edwin Coppock killed Mayor Fontaine Beckham and freed his five slaves. Much of this event's planning occurred in the Kennedy farmhouse, and this event's leader sent an invitation to Frederick Douglass to join the armed cohorts. Colonel Robert E. Lee was assigned to defeat this attack against a certain arsenal. For the point, name this attempt by John Brown to start a slave revolt in Virginia.

ANSWER: John Brown's raid on the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry

This politician criticized the United Kingdom for pushing abolition in Texas in a letter written to British ambassador Richard Pakenham. This man resigned during his lame duck period after casting the most tie-breaking votes of any U.S. vice president. This man's wife, Floride, turned women against Peggy Eaton in the Petticoat Affair. This man argued in his \Exposition and Protest" that his state was able to veto the Tariff of 1828, beginning the Nullification Crisis. For the point, name this vice president of Andrew Jackson from South Carolina.

ANSWER: John C(aldwell) Calhoun

This Know Nothing politician left his position as Attorney General in the JohnTyler cabinet in 1841 after Tyler refused to follow a Whig agenda. This senator authored a series of bills in 1860 which aimed to solve the impending (+) secession crisis by reviving the Missouri Compromise and fully compensating planters who lost their (*) "fugitive slaves." For the points, name this Kentucky statesman and namesake of a"Compromise" that failed to prevent the U.S. Civil War.

ANSWER: John Crittenden (or John Jordan Crittenden; accept Crittenden Compromise)

This ship was captured by the USS Washington after Jose Ruiz and Pedro Montez secretly turned the ship north. Joseph Cinque was successful in taking over this ship, whose occupants of Mende [men-dee] descent revolted against Ramon Ferrer's crew and were held in New Haven, Connecticut during court proceedings. John Quincy Adams argued for the defendants in an 1841 case regarding, for the point, what Spanish ship that was the subject of a slave revolt near Cuba?

ANSWER: La Amistad

This man ruled that Harrison Gray Dyar was the rst man to transmit a telegraph message in America. James Madison's administration was defended by this man's Hillsborough Resolves. Benjamin Curtis re ned this man's reasoning for determining state (+) regulatory power in the Cooley Doctrine. Joseph Story was replaced as Associate Justice by this man, who was appointed by James Polk. Under this Secretary of the Treasury, (*) an act was passed that led to the Panic of 1837. For the points, name this New Hampshire politician who was ordered by Andrew Jackson to implement the Specie Circular.

ANSWER: Levi Woodbury

During this journey, a bluff along the Missouri River was named for officer Charles Floyd, who died of a ruptured appendix. This expedition constructed Fort Clatsop on the Columbia river shortly before reaching the Pacific Ocean. The hiring of trapper Toussaint Charbonneau [[shar-bah-NOH]] led to this group recruiting the Shoshone [[shoh-SHOH-neh]] translator Sacagawea [[sah-kah-juh-WEH-ah]]. The Corps of Discovery undertook, for the point, what "Expedition" to explore the Louisiana territory?

ANSWER: Lewis and Clark Expedition (accept the Corps of Discovery Expedition before mentioned)

One caricature about these events depicts a footrace, with one man saying, "How can I get over the rail fence?" while his opponent remarks, "It can't stop me for I built it." One participant of these events suggested the Freeport Doctrine in place of the Lecompton Constitution. The incumbent participant in this event won an election after receiving the public support of John J. Crittenden. For the point, what series of highly-publicized debates were conducted between two candidates for a United States Senate seat in Illinois?

ANSWER: Lincoln-Douglas Debates (accept the Great Debates of 1858; accept descriptive answers involving debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas)

Jewish-American sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel is considered vital to this viewpoint by historians like Gabriel Reich due to his creation of works like John W. Daniel and Virginia Mourning Her Dead. The intervention of UDC President-General Mildred Rutherford led to this narrative being (+) codified in turn-of-the-century history textbooks. Alexander Stephens's contemporary "Cornerstone Speech" is often cited by modern historians when (*) dismissing this viewpoint as revisionist. For the points, name this pseudo-historical denialist ideology which rejects the idea that slavery was a cause of the Civil War in favor of a "heroic" Confederacy.

ANSWER: Lost Cause of the Confederacy (prompt on descriptions like "pro-Confederacy", "pro-Southern", or "slavery denialist")

John Gast painted an angelic woman representing this specific concept towing telegraph wires while a tribe of Native Americans flee. A political cartoon advocating this position depicts an eagle below the words "Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip." Proponents of this ideological position led the "All of Mexico Movement" during the Mexican-American War. Aiming to "civilize" the West, for the point, what 19th-century American cultural belief held that the United States should control all of North America?

ANSWER: Manifest Destiny (accept American Progress; prompt on "American Exceptionalism"; prompt on answer which imply the "US is expanding")

Jacob Wagner and Daniel Brent attempted to refuse to testify during this event. William Cushing and Alfred Moore recused themselves from this case which determined that the court could not decree a writ of mandamus [[man-DAY-muss]]. The plaintiff in this Supreme Court case was appointed Justice of the Peace but never received his commission, all in an attempt to thwart John Adams's "midnight judges." For the point, name this case from the Marshall court which established judicial review.

ANSWER: Marbury v. Madison (or William Marbury v. James Madison, Secretary of State of the United States)

Dressmaker Elizabeth Keckley's 1868 memoir, Behind the Scenes, ended her friendship with this woman. This woman lived to see her son Robert become U.S. Secretary of War, but she outlived her other three children. Most of this woman's Lexington, Kentucky family supported the Confederacy, opposing her husband's government. For the point, name this First Lady, who was seated next to her husband when he was assassinated at Ford's Theatre.

ANSWER: Mary Todd Lincoln

This U.S. case was cited as a primary example in the first major case overseen by the High Court of Australia, D'Emden v. Pedder. In this case, one state's attempt to tax a federal holding violated the Supremacy Clause, according to John Marshall. The representative of the namesake Mid-Atlantic state in this case, which sought to impose a tax on a federal institution, argued that the "Constitution is silent on the subject of banks." For the point, name this 1819 case argued by Daniel Webster, who represented the Second Bank of the U.S.

ANSWER: McCulloch v. Maryland (or James McCulloch v. The State of Maryland, John James)

Followers of this man murdered Rebecca Vaughan and her family. The eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused a blueish-green solar eclipse that this man took as a divine message. Thomas Ruffin Gray used conversations in a jail cell to write The Confessions of this man. In his work Children of Darkness, Stephen Oates claims that this man gave an order to \kill all the white people" to begin a raid through Southampton County, Virginia. For the point, name this leader of an 1831 slave rebellion.

ANSWER: Nat Turner

This man's great-grandson with the same name carried out an ill-fated air raid on Kiel, becoming the first American general to be killed in World War II. A raid on Memphis in 1864 was carried out by this general, who defeated Samuel Sturgis at Brice's Cross Roads. At Fort Donelson, this man led forces to break out against Ulysses Grant. An 1867 meeting at the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville promoted, for the point, what "Wizard of the Saddle," a Confederate general from Tennessee, to become the first Grand Wizard of the KKK?

ANSWER: Nathan Bedford Forrest

This organization is depicted in a political cartoon in which men sleep under railway lines while a figure warns them of an approaching train. The seventh degree of this organization was called the High Priest in the Assembly of Demeter, and this organization was founded by Oliver Hudson Kelley This organization won a victory in the case Munn v. Illinois which allowed states to regulate grain elevators, but the decision was overturned in the Wabash case. For the point, name this 19th century fraternal order of farmers.

ANSWER: National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (accept Patrons of Husbandry, accept Grangers

Eli Hart's store of flour was attacked in the aftermath of this event after a fiery meeting of the Locofocos. Devaluation of paper currency occurred in this event due to the issuance of a presidential executive order that was favored by Thomas Hart Benton and the advocates of gold and silver. New York banks refused to redeem paper money at full value after this event, which was largely the work of Andrew Jackson. For the point, name this economic recession that followed the Specie Circular during Martin van Buren's administration.

ANSWER: Panic of 1837

A Confederate general with this surname was a priest who named four of his guns after the gospel writers; that man was nicknamed 'Parson." Another man with this surname ran on George McClellan's ticket as the Democratic Party's vice-presidential candidate in 1864. That man, nicknamed "Gentleman George," names and helped write a bill supported by the Half-Breeds that was finally passed by lame duck Republicans in early 1883 after the assassination of James Gar eld. For the point, give this surname of the namesake of a Civil Service Reform Act.

ANSWER: Pendleton (accept William Pendleton; accept George Pendleton; accept Pendleton (Civil Service Reform) Act)

Dan Desdunes [[deh-DOON]] was meant to be the plaintiff of this case but failed to get himself arrested. Albion W. Tourgée [[toor-ZHAY]] is said to have introduced the metaphor "color blind justice" while litigating this case. John Marshall Harlan was this case's lone dissenter on the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the Louisiana Separate Car Act of 1890 was unconstitutional. For the point, name this 1896 case which affirmed the doctrine of "separate but equal" later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.

ANSWER: Plessy v. Ferguson (accept Homer A. Plessy v. John H. Ferguson)

This service required employees to pledge to refrain from using profane language or drinking alcohol. An advertisement for employees for this service asked for young fellows "willing to risk death daily," noting "Orphans preferred." This service was founded by the trio of Russell, Majors, and Waddell and began operations in April 1860, when a man who may be Johnson William Richardson left St. Joseph with objects that arrived in Sacramento ten days later. The transcontinental telegraph rendered obsolete, for the point, what mail service that utilized riders and horses?

ANSWER: Pony Express

This historical period was characterized by the Dunning School as a failure, and historian Eric Foner called it \America's Unfinished Revolution." Hiram Revels represented Mississippi as the first African-American Senator during this period, in which carpetbaggers and scalawags gained control of local politics in the South. The election of Rutherford B. Hayes and the Compromise of 1877 ended, for the point, what era in which the South was re-incorporated into the United States after the Civil War?

ANSWER: Reconstruction

The film One Man's Hero focuses on this unit which is remembered on the Wall of Honor in the Chamber of Deputies. Following William Worth's attack, many members of this group were captured and hanged at the Battle of Churubusco. This group was led by a U.S. army defector named John Riley. Fifty members of this group were executed, which remains the largest mass execution in U.S. history. For the point, name this military unit which fought for Mexico in the Mexican-American War under a flag with a yellow harp and sixteen shamrocks.

ANSWER: Saint Patrick's Battalion (accept Batallón de San Patricios; accept Foreign Legion of Patricios)

This man was inspired by the work of Francois Marius Granet [grah-NEH] to create the painting The House of Representatives in 1821. This Nativist quoted the Book of Numbers by saying, "What hath God wrought?" while telecommunicating to Baltimore from Washington, D.C. This man's namesake code represents the Latin alphabet through dots and dashes. For the point, name this American inventor of the single-wire telegraph.

ANSWER: Samuel Morse (or Samuel Finley Breese Morse)

An African-American orator nicknamed \Black Harry" Hosier was a popular circuit-rider during this event. The newspaper Signs of the Times promoted the ideas of one group from this event in the lead-up to the "Great Disappointment." A 20,000-strong camp meeting in Bourbon County, Kentucky during this event was called the Cane Ridge Revival. Followers of Baptist preacher William Miller during this event later split into various Adventist sects. For the point, name this Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century.

ANSWER: Second Great Awakening

During this period, the illiterate freeman Black Harry Hosier was nicknamed the "Great American Orator" by Benjamin Rush. This period sparked the creation of \camp meetings" including a massive one hosted in Cane Ridge, Kentucky. Charles Finney described a portion of western New York as the "burned-over district" due to its role in this period. The Seventh-day Adventists were established during, for the point, what early 19th century period of religious revival in the United States?

ANSWER: Second Great Awakening (prompt on Great Awakening)

The Restoration Movement began during this larger historical period as an ideology which aimed to remove all the denominational labels from Christianity and (+) uniting the church. This period influence in western New York led to that region being dubbed the (*) "Burned-Over District". For the point, name this 19th century period of religious revivalism in the U.S. which saw the growth of Methodism and the Baptists, along with the birth of Mormonism and Adventism.

ANSWER: Second Great Awakening (prompt on partial answers; do not accept or prompt on "First Great Awakening")

After signing the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, this tribe, under the leadership of Neamaltha, moved south of Ocala. This tribe was the subject of Scott's Massacre which was carried out as part of a campaign that included the burning of Anhaica. After successfully defending Fort Myers, American troops forced 500 members of this tribe to retreat into the Everglades. Andrew Jackson fought multiple wars against, for the point, what Native American tribe in Florida?

ANSWER: Seminole Nation

A leader of the Alachua branch of these people named Ahaya was referred to as Cowkeeper for owning many cattle. Neamathla negotiated an agreement on behalf of this people that gave them a four-million-acre reservation. A statue depicting a leader of these people stabbing a treaty with a dagger is found in Silver Springs. The treaties of Moultrie Creek and Payne's Landing were signed by these people, who were led by Osceola. Andrew Jackson led a campaign against, for the point, what primarily Muscogee Creek-descended Native American tribe from Florida?

ANSWER: Seminoles (accept Yat'siminoli; prompt on "Muscogee" or "Creek" before mentioned)

Ukawsaw Gronniosaw published the first of these works in England. In a work in this genre, the protagonist, Linda Brent, gives birth to Ellen and Benny after sleeping with Mr. Sands to avoid being raped by Dr. Flint. In a work in this genre, Mr. (+) Covey tries to "break" the protagonist, who later flees to New Bedford. That protagonist is taught how to read by Sophia, the daughter of the oppressive Mr. (*) Hugh Auld. For the points, name this genre that includes the memoirs of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass, who recounted their experiences in captivity.

ANSWER: Slave narratives

This order created an exception extending to December 15th which allowed for certain actions to be carried out with Virginia scrip. In a cartoon created in response to this order, a man despondently says, "I have no money, and cannot get any work." Levi Woodbury (+) oversaw the enactment of this order that was partly issued in response to the Indian Removal Act. Cries to "rescind" this order were common during the (*) Panic of 1837. Aiming to curb speculation, for the points, what was this executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring silver or gold for land purchases?

ANSWER: Specie Circular (accept Specie Clause; prompt on "Specie")

The Department of the Treasury was required to inspect these vehicles. Tom Lee Park in Memphis is named for a man who rescued people from these vehicles. Many of these vehicles like the Annie Faxon were destroyed because of the failure of fusible plugs. Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston owned one of these vehicles on the Hudson called the Clermont. Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi documents, for the point, what type of boat?

ANSWER: Steamboat(s) (or Steamers; accept Paddle Steamer; accept Screw Steamer)

In one speech, this leader protested "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights." This leader introduced a resolution to create the AERA, which split into wings led separately by this leader and Lucy Stone over the 15th Amendment. Justice Ward Hunt fined this leader $100 for voting in the U.S. presidential election of 1872. For the point, name this woman who founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

ANSWER: Susan B. Anthony

Laura Bullard's support for patent medicines upset this woman, who sold Bullard her newspaper in 1870. This woman protested a \high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights" after Ward Hunt ordered her to stop talking during a trial. This woman refused to pay a one hundred dollar fine, which was levied after she was arrested for attempting to vote in the 1872 elections. For the point, name this woman who founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

ANSWER: Susan B. Anthony

Pavel Schilling improved upon a version of this non-medical technology developed by Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring. Wilhelm Weber [[VEH-buh]] worked with a mathematician who created his own commutator to improve this technology, which made use of a register developed by Alfred Vail. A needle-based technology of this type was developed by Charles Wheatstone. Induction impulses improved the throughput of this technology, a version of which was patented by Samuel Morse. For the point, name this electric communication technology.

ANSWER: Telegraphy (accept Telegram)

This leader was the only person in the 19th century to die as a member of the House of Representatives and then lie in state in the U.S. Capitol building. This leader went beyond the Ironclad Oath by proposing total disenfranchisement for five years. This leader claimed that certain territories were "conquered provinces," and thus legal protections did not apply to them. Along with John Bingham, this leader introduced articles of impeachment against Andrew Johnson. For the point, name this leader of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction.

ANSWER: Thaddeus Stevens

In this nation, the housewife Mary Jackson used Belvidere Baptist Church to organize a bread riot in its capital city. John Pool led the Red Strings society, aiming to peacefully end a war fought by this breakaway state and return to its mother nation. This state believed "King Cotton" would pull the UK into the war on their side. The surrender at Appomattox Courthouse nominally ended, for the point, what state, which fought the Union in the U.S. Civil War?

ANSWER: The Confederacy (accept the Confederate States of America; accept CSA; prompt on "South"; do not accept the "USA")

A delay in movement toward this location may help explain the high casualties James Ledlie's troops faced at the hands of William Mahone's"\turkey shoot." Such heavy casualties in this location were described as "the saddest affair...witnessed in [the Civil] war" by Ulysses Grant. Initially creating a gap in the Petersburg defenses, this location was formed with the help of Pennsylvania miners under Ambrose Burnside. A large mineshaft explosion created, for the point, what location that was the namesake of a major Union defeat?

ANSWER: The Crater (accept Battle of the Crater)

Captain Robert Ensor was wounded during this event, in which all 128 captives aboard the namesake brig were offered freedom when the ship arrived in Nassau. Madison Washington and the nineteen engineers of this (+) revolt were imprisoned on charges of mutiny but were released after the British Admiralty Court deemed they had the right to use force to gain their freedom. Overshadowed by the earlier (*) Amistad case, For the point, what is this "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history" aboard a namesake American slave ship in November 1841?

ANSWER: The Creole case (accept Slave Revolt aboard the Creole)

Free Soil representative Gerritt Smith personally funded this periodical due to his ties to its primary editor. This periodical, headquartered in Rochester, New York, used the slogan "Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and all we are Brethren." This publication was founded after a former slave was inspired by the production of The Liberator. Frederick Douglass founded and published, for the point, which abolitionist newspaper named for celestial object followed by escaping slaves?

ANSWER: The North Star

This novel's narrator remembers how his mother said "The Lord's will be done" and continued to milk a cow when she heard that he had enlisted in the army. After receiving a head wound, the main character of this novel witnesses the death of the Tall Soldier, Jim Conklin. This novel, which is set during the Battle of Chancellorsville, is about the inexperienced private Henry Fleming. For the point, name this Civil War novel by Stephen Crane.

ANSWER: The Red Badge of Courage

This man failed to decisively influence the Skirmish at Glendale during the larger Battle of the Seven Pines after failing to ford White Oak Swamp. On the eve of secession, this man organized a raid on the B & O Railroad by blowing up a bridge in Martinsburg in his home state of West Virginia. This general, who died from wounds received from friendly fire, earned his nickname after holding firm during the Battle of Bull Run. For the point, name this tactically brilliant Confederate general who fell at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

ANSWER: Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (or Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson

During his tenure at the Virginia Military Institute, this man was nicknamed "fool" by several students, though he later earned the nickname "Old Blue Light" for his zeal in battle. Though he opened with a tactical defeat at Kernstown, this man successfully outmaneuvered several larger Union armies in the Shenandoah Campaign. Called "my right arm" by Robert E. Lee, for the point, who was this Confederate general who was killed by friendly fire at Chancellorsville?

ANSWER: Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (or Thomas Jonathan Jackson)

Dr. Richard Madden criticized a negotiator of this treaty because that man profited from slaving fees as U.S. Consul in Havana. Article 11 of this treaty was annulled due to Indian raids that could not be stopped. Senator Jefferson Davis failed to amend this treaty, which was negotiated by Nicholas Trist. The Wilmot Proviso was also not added to this treaty, which was opposed by anti-expansionist Whigs. For the point, name this 1848 treaty in which the US acquired California while ending the Mexican-American War.

ANSWER: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (accept Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic)

This building is home to Emmanuel Leutze's [loyt-zuh's] painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way. A Constantino Brumidi "Apotheosis" decorates the oculus of a dome in this building, whose primary architect was William Thornton. John Quincy Adams was inaugurated in this structure's Statutory Hall, which is home to the Car of History clock depicting Clio recording the proceedings of the House of Representatives. For the point, name this building whose chambers host Congress.

ANSWER: U.S. Capitol Building

During this conflict, the Couronne escorted a ship under the command of Raphael Semmes [[SIMZ]] away from a harbor in the prelude to the Battle of Cherbourg [[SHEHR-boorg]]. Charles Wilkes caused an international incident during this conflict after seizing two envoys aboard the HMS Trent. One side in this conflict attempted to garner international support by appealing to "King Cotton." For the point, name this conflict in which diplomats attempted to convince Britain and France to support the Confederate States of America.

ANSWER: U.S. Civil War (accept American Civil War)

A statue titled Discovery of America was removed from this building in 1958 due to it depicting Christopher Columbus towering over a cowering native woman. This building's namesake "Rotunda" houses the original Surrender of General Cornwallis by John Trumbull. Charles Bulfinch designed this government building's dome, on which the fresco The Apotheosis of Washington is painted. The Senate and House of Representatives chambers are in, for the point, what Washington, D.C. building?

ANSWER: United States Capitol (accept The Capitol; or Capitol Building)

In a ballad, a worker from this country tells his captain that \a man is nothing but a man." That worker from this country supposedly died with a hammer in his hand shortly after beating a machine in a rock-drilling contest. In a story from this country, a companion of Sourdough Sam bestows the name "Babe" on a massive blue ox that he finds and adopts. For the point, name this country that developed folklore about John Henry and Paul Bunyan.

ANSWER: United States of America (accept either underlined portion; accept USA)

This general claimed that Phineas Riall exclaimed "Those are regulars, by God!" after meeting American forces at the Battle of Chippewa. Forces under Zachary Taylor were absorbed by this man in anticipation of his amphibious assault on Veracruz. Near the end of his life, this man developed the Anaconda Plan, which called for a massive blockade to suffocate the South. Mexico City was captured by, for the point, what general known as "Old Fuss and Feathers?"

ANSWER: Winfield Scott (prompt on Old Fuss and Feathers before it is read)

A mayor with this surname refused to disband the Municipal Police during the New York City Police Riot. Another man with this surname was accused of "wanton slaughter" by Secretary of War William Howard Taft after the First Battle of Bud Dajo. A mayor of New York with this surname advocated for the city to secede from the U.S. during the Civil War. The Moro Crater Massacre on Mindanao was carried out by a leader with this surname who worked with Teddy Roosevelt to found the Rough Riders. For the point, name this shared surname of Fernando and Leonard.

ANSWER: Wood

These places are called "total institutions" in a book by Erving Go man. In a study performed by David Rosenhan, participants entered these places while pretending to hear the words "empty," "hollow,"and "thud." Malpractice in one of these places on Blackwell's Island was exposed by Nellie Bly. Dorothea Dix campaigned for the creation of these places, where lobotomies and electric shocks were once used. For the point, name these institutions for the treatment of mental illnesses.

ANSWER: asylum (accept psychiatric wards; accept mental hospital before "mental" is read, and prompt on it after; prompt on \hospital" or similar generic terms)

The Ocala Demands called for the reclamation of land specifically owned by this industry. Monroe Heath, then the Mayor of Chicago, recruited five thousand men to suppress this industry's 1877 "Great Strike." Leland Stanford was a member of the \Big Four," a group that dominated this industry west of the Mississippi. The Interstate Commerce Commission was established to regulate this industry. Cornelius Vanderbilt made his fortune in, for the point, what industry used to transport freight over land?

ANSWER: railroad

Donald Graves argued that an officer lacking experience in this battle failed to use skirmish pickets to protect his soon-to-be-stolen guns. In this battle, James Miller responded, "I'll try, Sir" when told to capture enemy guns. Phineas Riall was captured in this battle which preceded an engagement at Chippawa. Jacob Brown was wounded in this battle after which the Americans retreated to Fort Erie. For the point, name this 1814 battle on the Ontario side of Niagara Falls, a strategic victory for the British in which Winfield Scott was wounded.

ANSWER: Battle of Lundy's Lane (accept Battle of Niagara Falls before mentioned)

The losing side in this battle planned a frontal attack whose failure was blamed on Alexander Cochrane. Thomas Mullins forgot to bring ladders to cross the Rodriguez Canal at this battle whose winning side was aided by a group of Choctaw and the Baratarians of Jean Lafitte. The losing commander, Edward Pakenham, was killed, but the Americans suffered only 62 casualties at this battle. Taking place eighteen days after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, for the point, name this battle of the War of 1812 that bolstered the reputation of Andrew Jackson.

ANSWER: Battle of New Orleans

At this battle, Colonel Bevier and his corps of sharpshooters attempted to avenge the death of Douglas the Camel, a domesticated pack animal killed by a Union sniper. At this engagement, the appropriately named Confederate leader States Rights Gist attempted to reinforce Joseph Pemberton's besieged troops. Following the surrender after this engagement and at Port Hudson, Abraham Lincoln said "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea." For the point, name this Ulysses S. Grant victory which resulted in the Union controlling the Mississippi River.

ANSWER: Battle of Vicksburg (accept Siege of Vicksburg or Vicksburg Campaign)

At this battle, a cavalry detachment led by John Hammond was attacked near Parker's Store by A.P. Hill's Third Corps. This battle began when Gouverneur Warren's Fifth Corps attacked Richard Ewell's Second Corps along the Orange Turnpike. On the second day of this battle, James (+) Longstreet was wounded in the neck by friendly fire. Several days after this inconclusive battle, one commander fought Robert E. Lee's men at the Battle of (*) Spotsylvania Court House. For the points, name this first major battle of Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign.

ANSWER: Battle of the Wilderness

A rearrangement of this song by Lee Hays was completed after he heard it sung by Aunty Laura. One version of this song claims that "the old man is a-waiting to carry you." This song claims that "the riverbank makes a very good (+) road" and was often sung by Peg Leg Joe. The title feature of this song was another name for the Big Dipper, two of whose stars pointed to Polaris, toward which (*) freedom seekers traveled after escaping their enslavers. For the points, name this folk song that was sung on the Underground Railroad.

ANSWER: "Follow the Drinkin' Gourd" (accept "Follow the Drinking Gourd"; prompt on partial answers)

In 1875, this man succeeded William Sprague IV [[SPRAYG "the fourth"]] as senator of Rhode Island. In a campaign named after this man, he won a series of victories at Elizabeth City, New Bern, and other locations along the North Carolina coast. Stormy weather thwarted an effort led by this man, known as the "Mud March," to capture Richmond. A type of carbine was named after this general, who suffered major defeats at the Battle of the Crater and Fredericksburg. For the point, name this Union general who replaced McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac after Antietam.

ANSWER: Ambrose Burnside (or Ambrose Everett Burnside)

At this battle, A.P. Hill crucially brought a group of Confederate reinforcements from Harpers Ferry, preventing the collapse of the right flank to Ambrose Burnside's troops. Early in this battle, fighting was centralized around a 30-acre corn eld owned by David Miller. Robert E. Lee retreated across the Potomac following this battle, which gave Abraham Lincoln the political capital needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. For the point, name this battle that occurred near Sharpsburg, Maryland, the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War.

ANSWER: Battle of Antietam (accept Battle of Sharpsburg before mentioned)

This battle was directly preceded by the death of General Jesse L. Reno at the Battle of South Mountain. The opening phase of this battle saw one side attempt to seize Dunker Church, and the carnage around a sunken road in this battle led to it being nicknamed "Bloody Lane." Immediately followed by the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, for the point, what Maryland battle of the American Civil War was the bloodiest single day in U.S. history?

ANSWER: Battle of Antietam (or Battle of Sharpsburg)

Darius Couch was so disgusted by his commanding officer's behavior at this battle that he resigned his major general commission. Cadmus Wilcox forced the Battle of Salem Church to delay John Sedgwick's forces from reinforcing one side in this battle. This battle started after forces under Joseph Hooker crossed the Rappahannock River to engage Robert E. Lee. Stonewall Jackson was wounded by friendly fire during, for the point, what 1863 Confederate victory in Virginia?

ANSWER: Battle of Chancellorsville

This battle is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Put-in-Bay, and it was preceded by blockades of Presque [[PRESK]] Isle and Amherstburg. Low winds during this battle made it difficult for one side to utilize its ships, the Niagara and the Lawrence. One fleet at this battle was commanded by Oliver Hazard Perry, and U.S. victory at this battle paved the way for the recapture of Detroit. For the point, name this battle fought during the War of 1812 and named for a Great Lake.

ANSWER: Battle of Lake Erie