US HIS Final Exam
What year was the Ku Klux Klan founded, and in which state? What was Congress' eventual response to this group's violent actions in the South?
-It was founded in 1866 in Tennessee. Congress passed the harsh Force Acts of 1870 and 1871. Federal troops were able to stamp out much of the lash law, but the Invisible Empire had already done its work of intimidation. (The Force Acts were passed in 1870-1871, during the Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration. They banned Klan membership and outlawed the threat of violence to keep blacks from voting federal troops could be used to enforce it.)
Provide a detailed list of the Union's strengths and weaknesses.
-Their greatest strength was the economy -The North was not only a huge farm, but a sprawling factory. -Yankees boasted 3/4 of the nations wealth and 3/4 of the railroads -They controlled the sea and shut off southern supply ports. -They got to exchange with Europe. -They had a larger reserve of manpower. -The North didn't have good commanders and had to use trial and error. -The Northern boys weren't prepared for military life.
Provide a detailed list of the Confederacy's strengths and weaknesses.
-They had the most talented officers -They were bred to fight, most knowing how to handle guns from boyhood. -The south seemed handicapped by the scarcity of factories. -They had a rickety transportation system. -They were excellent Calvary men and soldiers. -They had shortages of food, shoes, uniforms, and blankets
(Short Answer Ch. 16) During the early and mid 1800s, what concerns would a large plantation owner have about his/her (1) revenue from cotton cultivation and (2) slave population?
1.)The economy was monopolistic. Dominance of King Cotton led to a big dependence on a one-crop economy, which was at the mercy of world conditions as far as pricing goes. . 2.) Many planters plunged beyond their depth in slaves. The slaves were a heavy investment and would sometimes deliberately injure themselves or run away. They could also be wiped out by disease or natural disaster, like lightning. There wasn't a big enough slave population compared to the North's population of European immigrant workers. The southern planters were very jealous.
During the Civil War, Grant lost one man for every ____, and Lee lost one man for every ____.
10, 5 (Grant has sometimes been characterized for disregarding the lives of his men, but Lee actually lost more)
Which constitutional amendment ended slavery?
13th amendment (The 14th Amendment (1868) applied citizenship to blacks under the "equal protection clause." Basically, this reversed the Supreme Court's 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision. The 15th Amendment (1870) extended voting rights to black males. These three constitutional amendments are often referred to as the Civil War amendments, or the Reconstruction amendments.)
Approximately ___ of the Union army was foreign born.
20% (The North had more immigrants than the South, which helped their supply of soldiers.)
What is the difference between the terms "carpetbagger" and "scalawag"?
A scalawag is a Southerner who works for or supports the federal government during reconstruction. A carpetbagger is a Northerner who went south after the Civil War for political or financial reason.
(Short Answer Ch. 12) Describe what tariffs are and briefly explain the controversy that can arise from increasing them. In addition, use the current presidential administration's actions to provide an example of this situation.
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. When a tariff is raised, that means that the tax on the good is raised. People did not want to pay more money for the same goods they have received before. Today, President Donald Trump put tariffs on imports from U.S. allies which left U.S. consumers, farmers and manufacturers caught in the middle of the trading partners. The Trump administration imposed new duties on steel and aluminum imports from three key trading partners — the European Union, Canada and Mexico — after failing to reach deals with them to address national security concerns related to the imports. Farmers in key Midwestern states will see their exports crimped, consumers are expected to pay more, workers may see cost-cutting in export-heavy industries, and global relations with crucial trading partners could suffer.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) the Battle of Bull Run, (B) the Battle of Gettysburg, (C) Lee's surrender at Appomattox, and (D) the Battle of Antietam
A, D, B, C.
During the Mexican-American War, the Polk administration was called several times to respond to on spot resolutions, indicating where American blood had been shed to provoke the war. The resolutions were frequently introduced by ____.
Abraham Lincoln. (Mexican-American War: April 1846-February 1848 This was the 2nd of 5 times Congress has officially declared war.)
By 1860, where was life for slaves the most difficult? (3 states)
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana (The black belt)
Which eventual state was purchased during the Johnson administration?
Alaska
The Union army's success in the capture of ____ was probably critical to Lincoln's reelection in 1864.
Atlanta and Mobile
Arrange in chronological order the United States' acquisition of: (a) Oregon (b) Texas (c) California
BAC
"The Star Spangled Banner" was inspired by the British attack on the city of ____.
Baltimore. (The British fired upon Fort McHenry, but never captured it. This motivated Francis Scott Key to write it.)
Canada became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because _____.
British forces were weakest there. (America's campaign in this region during the War was poorly executed because the military was split up, leading to its failure.)
What were the results of the Compromise of 1850?
California would be admitted as a free state and the territories of New Mexico and Utah would be organized under the principle of popular sovereignty and the new fugitive slave laws were passed. (Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser) had a huge role in this. The most alarming part of the Compromise of 1850 for abolitionists was the updated Fugitive Slave Law)
Which side felt compelled to use conscription (the military draft) first?
Confederacy
Which two political parties made up the second party system (from roughly 1828-1854)?
Democrats and Whigs. (The Whig Party was formed in 1833 and was largely anti-Jackson. The first party system consisted of the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828 and is the oldest existing political party.)
Following the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates, ____.
Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate (These debates took place during the 1858 Illinois senatorial race. Lincoln actually received name recognition because of the debates.)
Explain the significance of the Dred Scott case (1857) and the Supreme Court's ruling. Include in your answer who Dred Scott was and what his argument in the case was.
Dred Scott, a slave, attempted to sue for his freedom since his master had taken him to free soil, but the court viewed Scott as property and not a human being. The court ruling was that African Americans-free or enslaved, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. It was significant because of the idealology of "slaves were property and banning slavery would be like taking your property". It was superseded by the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
***Explain what is meant by "The Era of Good Feelings". What does this mean politically, when did is occur, and who was president at the time?
Emerging nationalism was further cemented by a goodwill tour that President James Monroe undertook in early 1817. He received heartwarming welcomes everywhere he went even in the enemy's country aka New England. This time period was named the era of good feelings because of the sense of prosperity and tranquility and it's used to describe the administration of Monroe. It lasted until 1819 with the economic fall. (Keep in mind that the term does not apply to everything - the rise of sectionalism or regional tension over slavery, was taking place here. Which political party maintained control?)
Who ran as a Democrat against Abraham Lincoln during the 1864 election? What is significant about this individual?
George McClellan. He ran as a "peace candidate or peace democrat, and promised to end the Civil War. Peace is generals had shown that they were incapable of restoring the Union, and many were also angry that Lincoln had made the war about slavery and emancipation. (what was McClellan's previous position?)
List the two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil.
Gettysburg and Antietam (The Battle of Antietam (Maryland, September 17, 1862) = the "bloodiest" day of the Civil War; ended in a "draw" The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania, July 1-3, 1863) = the "bloodiest" battle of the Civil War; won by the North)
Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852?
Harriet Beecher Stowe (The book had a large impact on how northerners and foreigners felt about slavery.)
In____ (year), Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at ____ in ____ (city) by ____.
In 1865, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. by John Wilkes Booth. (Lincoln: the 1st of 4 presidents to be assassinated (Lincoln, 1865; James Garfield, 1881: William McKinley, 1901; John F. Kennedy, 1963).
What did the 14th Amendment accomplish?
It ensured that all persons born or naturalized in the United States would be granted citizenship.
Explain the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Why was the southerly route selected for constructing a transcontinental railway?
James Gadsden engineered the purchase of over 29,000 square miles of Mexican territory south of the Gila River. It provided a potential route for construction of a transcontinental railroad. Also, a southern track would be easier to build because the mountains were less high and the route would not pass through unorganized territory SO.
The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was ____.
Johnson's veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau. (Andrew Johnson was very "soft" toward treatment of the South.)
All of the following were legacies of the U.S. war with Mexico except ____.
Latin America soliified their friendly relations with the U.S.
Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that ____.
Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort (Fort Sumter in South Carolina was 1st shots of the Civil War. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy after this event)
In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called ____.
Manifest Destiny (The term manifest destiny was first used in 1845)
List two examples of how the southern plantation was financially unstable.
Many planters plunged beyond their depth because of their temptation to over speculate in land and slaves The slaves were a heavy investment and would sometimes deliberately injure themselves or run away. They could also be wiped out by disease or natural disaster, like lightning. The economy was also monopolistic. Dominance of King Cotton led to a big dependence on a one-crop economy, which was at the mercy of world conditions as far as pricing goes. The system as a whole discouraged diversification of agriculture. (In addition, the plantation system hindered European immigration slave labor for jobs (so, they mostly stayed in the North or West). you cannot compete with free)
When the United States entered the war of 1812, it was ____.
Militarily unprepared
At the time of his selection to lead the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis was a resident of ____.
Mississippi. (He was a U.S. Senator at the time of southern secession, so he had to resign from his office. Davis had previously served as President Franklin Pierce's Secretary of War.)
Stephen A. Douglas's plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme of 1854 required a repeal of the ____.
Missouri Compromise (The Kansas-Nebraska Act focused on popular sovereignty. The violence in Kansas between pro- and anti-slave advocates demonstrated the impracticality of popular sovereignty (Bleeding Kansas"). This event helped grow the Republican Party.)
(Short Answer Ch. 20/21) Explain what the "border states" were and why they presented a delicate situation for President Lincoln. How does the wording of the Emancipation Proclamation reflect this challenge?
Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware would not stay with the Union if the war was a war over slavery because slavery existed within their borders. Lincoln, therefore, stated the war was to keep the Union together at all costs. The Emancipation proclamation did not free the slaves in the border states only the states in the Confederacy. Freeing the slaves in the border states might have cost Lincoln the support of the border states. As important as freeing the slaves was to Lincoln the support of the border states was more important to the war effort.
Besides Louisiana, what was the first state to be formed out of the Louisiana Territory (land that we acquired from the LA Purchase)?
Missouri.
Where was the first capital of the Confederate States of America located until it moved to Richmond, Virginia?
Montgomery, AL
During the 1856 election, the focus of the Know-Nothing (American) party was directed at ____.
Nativism (Nativists during this time were anti catholic and anti foreign aka anti immigrant.)
The most devastating defeat suffered by the British during the War of 1812 took place at the Battle of ____.
New Orleans (Americans were led by Andrew Jackson. Oddly, this battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war.)
(Short Answer Ch. 13) Define the term nullification and provide a hypothetical example from today. Also, explain the Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833.
Nullification is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. An example from today would be something like having sanctuary cities for illegal immigrants. The federal government says that it is unlawful for those states to give sanctuary, but the states have resorted to nullification. The Nullification Crisis involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state. As a further act of defiance, the convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if Washington attempted to collect the customs duties by force. Because of this, the compromise Tariff of 1833 finally squeezed through Congress. The South favored the compromise, so it was evident that Jackson would not have to use firearms and rope. A final but futile gesture of fist-shaking, South Carolina nullified the unnecessary Force Bill (that authorized the use of military force against any state that resisted the tariff acts) and adjourned. Neither Jackson nor the "nullies" won a clear-cut victory in 1833.
During this era, what fraction/percentage of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family?
Only about 1 /4 or 25%. (Likewise, the remaining fraction of white southerners did not own slaves. Many did not own slaves because they could not afford the price.)
Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of ____.
Purchasing their way out of slavery with money earned after hours
In your own words, explain why slaves were commonly denied an education.
Slaves were thought of as less than. Often, their masters believed that they would become discontent if allowed the chance to read and learn. Their masters wanted them to stay at the bottom, so they were easier to control. Also, lack of education would make it harder for them to be integrated into regular society. Slaves were thought of as property, not people.
Following Abraham Lincoln's victory in the 1860 presidential election, which state was the first to secede from the Union?
South Carolina (Mississippi was the second state to secede.)
What was the first Confederate state to be readmitted into the Union?
Tennessee
Explain the Emancipation Proclamation and its purpose/stipulations.
The Emancipation Proclamation made it clear that the Civil War was about ending the system of slavery that was foundational to the southern economy. It had little immediate effect on the slaves, so it was thought of as more proclamation and less emancipation, but it did allow former slaves in areas liberated from the south to take up arms for the north. It declared that all slaves would be seen as free in those states that were still in rebellion against the Union at the beginning of 1863, and all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states were to be forever free. Its main effect was to redefine the purposes if the civil war and to prevent European intervention to help the south. It also removed the chance of a negotiated settlement. Some praised Lincoln for this, and other argued that it wasn't enough. (This was given on September 22, 1862 after the Battle of Antietam. This proclamation was not just humanitarian in nature, but also a wartime strategy.)
The largest single addition to American territory was ____.
The Mexican Cession
(Short Answer Ch. 17) Explain the "build up" to the Mexican American War. What was President Polk's level of involvement?
The Mexican-American War stemmed from the United States wanting to expand their lands. Texas and the Mexican government had been involved in a border dispute between the Rio Grande and Nueces rivers. Polk sent federal troops to the area, which eventually resulted in shots fired. Polk sent a vigorous war message to Congress. He declared that despite "all our efforts" to avoid a clash, hostilities had been forced upon the country by the shedding of "American blood upon the American soil." When the war with Mexico began, President Polk hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California.
***Explain the Missouri Compromise of 1820. What led to the compromise, and what were the results? Be sure to include the regional, political, and slavery-related factors.
The Missouri Compromise was an agreement designed to establish a line between the administration of free and slave states in the western territories. Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state to maintain the balance of free vs. slave in the Union. Before the compromise, it was basically a battle of the North and South about slavery. They both lost and gained something. The South won Missouri as an unrestricted slave state and the North won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories. And also most of the northern area was forever closed to the blight of slavery. Even though they didn't really need the slaves in that territory, most southern congressmen still voted against the compromise. (Henry Clay from Kentucky had a lot of input on this. He is known as "The Great Compromiser. What parallel line is involved here, and how is the North & South affected by it?)
Name the West African country that was established as location for former-slaves to voluntarily move. Which former American president was its capital city named after?
The Republic of Liberia was established with Monrovia as its capital named after President James Monroe.
Explain the nulification crisis of 1832-1833. What led to this, who was involved, and what ultimately happened?
The South had already been getting mad because of the high tariff rates that had been upped. They were particularly mad at the Tariff of 1828 or the Black Tariff or Tariff of Abominations. It had outrageous rates that southerners, which are heavy consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry of their own, grew hostile to and started to adopt formal protests. South Carolina took the lead in protesting, even as far publishing their rants in The South Carolina Exposition. It proposed that the states should nullify the Tariff and void it within their state borders. The people involved were dubbed Nullies. They clashed against the Unionists in the state election of 1832. After a convention, they threatened to come out of the Union if Washington attempted to collect by force. President Andrew Jackson did not back down, he offered compromise or war. The nullies compromised but still tried to one up Jackson by nullifying the Force Bill where the president couldn't use the army and navy to collect tariffs. Ultimately, neither won, only postponed the match. (Henry Clay had a role in bringing an end to the tariff controversy-the compromise Tariff of 1833.)
Identify the treaty that officially brought an end to the Mexican-American War. What were the terms/stipulations?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and embracing coveted California, in return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for land and assume the $3.25 million claims of American citizens against Mexico. Some people were resentful of the victory over Mexico and the terms of the treaty because they believed that the US should get all of Mexico. Others were angry because they thought Polk hadn't followed the "Anglo-Saxon spirit of fair play". (The war resulted in: a 1/3 increase in the territorial size of the U.S. combat experience for those who would lead the armies in the Civil War increased respect for American military and naval capabilities deepened sectional tensions over slavery)
Explain the Underground Railroad and its purpose. Where did many escaped slaves attempt to go?
The Underground Railroad was a way that slaves escaped captivity. It was a network of safe houses and escorts established by Northern abolitionists in protest of the Fugitive Slave Act. They went through several states heading north and to Canada and led away from slave states.
(Short Answer Ch. 22) Explain the controversy behind the results of the 1876 presidential election. What was the eventual outcome, and what compromises were made? What role did this outcome have on Reconstruction?
The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These 20 electoral votes were in dispute: in three states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina), each party reported its candidate had won the state, while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal (as an "elected or appointed official") and replaced. The 20 disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory. Many historians believe that an informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877. In return for the Democrats' acquiescence in Hayes' election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. The Compromise effectively ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers.
Explain the Wilmot Proviso and its outcome.
The Wilmot Proviso came about over a dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. The amendment passed the House twice, but failed to pass in the senate. The wWilmot Proviso became known as a symbol of how intense the dispute over slavery was in the US and how it causes sectionalism
What was the first "third party" in American politics?
The anti-Masonic party. (founded in 1828 they opposed secret societies this was the first to have a nominating convention and a party platform or the set of issues to be addressed during the general election.)
Which 1793 invention (and by who) increased the demand for slave labor in the South?
The cotton gin by Eli Whitney (This device made cotton cultivation more efficient and helped grow the industry (and slave #'s).
What was the South's greatest weakness during the Civil War?
The economy (Conversely, this was the North's greatest strength. Also, the North possessed about 3/4 of the nation's wealth, as well as 3/4 of the nation's railroad.)
(Short Answer Ch. 20/21) Describe, with detail that includes several examples, the economic toll that the Civil War had on the South. With this in mind, why was Reconstruction destined to be a long, difficult process?
The most difficult task confronting many Southerners during Reconstruction was devising a new system of labor to replace the shattered world of slavery. The economic lives of planters, former slaves, and nonslaveholding whites, were transformed after the Civil War. Planters found it hard to adjust to the end of slavery. Accustomed to absolute control over their labor force, many sought to restore the old discipline, only to meet determined opposition from the freedpeople, who equated freedom with economic autonomy. Many former slaves believed that their years of unrequited labor gave them a claim to land; "forty acres and a mule" became their rallying cry. White reluctance to sell to blacks, and the federal government's decision not to redistribute land in the South, meant that only a small percentage of the freedpeople became landowners. Most rented land or worked for wages on white-owned plantations. During Reconstruction, many small white farmers, thrown into poverty by the war, entered into cotton production, a major change from prewar days when they concentrated on growing food for their own families.
(Short Answer Ch. 12) Define the term nationalism and provide an example that can be observed today. Explain why the War of 1812 resulted in an increased sense of nationalism.
The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was a heightened sense of nationalism—the spirit of nation- consciousness or national oneness. America may not have fought the war as one nation, but it emerged as one nation. It was tied to the sense of unity. The country was knitted together after the war both economically and politically. An example of nationalism today would be President Donald J. Trump's foreign policy. He is putting the interests and security of the American people first so that we can secure our borders and eliminate violence from our neighborhoods.
(Short Answer Ch. 22) Describe in detail the circumstances behind the impeachment proceedings against President Andrew Johnson.
The political backing to begin impeachment proceedings against the president came when Johnson breached the Tenure of Office Act by removing Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, from the cabinet. The Tenure of Office Act, passed over Johnson's veto in 1867, stated that a president could not dismiss appointed officials without the consent of Congress. Both Lincoln and Johnson had experienced problems with Stanton, an ally of the Radicals in Congress. Stanton's removal, therefore, was not only a political decision made to relieve the discord between the president and his cabinet, but a test of the Tenure of Office Act as well. Johnson believed the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and wanted it to be legally tried in the courts. It was the president, himself, however, who was brought to trial. President Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives on February 24, 1868 and the Senate tried the case in a trial that lasted from March to May 1868. In the end, the Senate voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson by a margin of 35 guilty to 19 not guilty - one vote short of the two-thirds needed to convict.
Explain the controversy behind the presidential election of 1824 and the outcome.
The presidential election of 1824 contained four "Republicans" : John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson. Their campaigns were all scattered and well-organized parties were not formed yet. Jackson was the war hero and appealed to many of the common people. He polled almost as many popular votes as his top two rivals combined but failed to win majority of the electoral vote. The House was supposed to choose between the top three, but Clay was eliminated because he presided over the chamber that picks the winner from a deadlock. Crawford had a stroke and was eliminated next. Decision day came to pick between Adams and Jackson. Clay had been using behind the scenes influence to get Adams elected. He was elected and announced Clay as the new Secretary of State. It was the prized position and according to Jackson's supporters, Adams had bribed Clay with the position so he could win over the people first choice, Jackson. This was known as the corrupt bargain, though never proved. (understand the "corrupt bargain")
(Short Answer Ch. 18) Describe the concerns over slavery when a new state was admitted into the Union. Why did this predicament exist (in other words, what was the stance of those who supported/opposed the extension of slavery)?
The reason for all of the controversy was over who could have more power. The continuation of the balance between slave and free states was important given the nature of the Congress and the balance of power between the competing sides in the issue. Given the proportional representation of the House of Representatives and the arguably overrepresentation of Southern states via the Three-Fifths Compromise, the balance between the states was very important, as each side did not want the other to have a majority of power in Congress. If there were even one more slave state or free state, the balance of power would shift in the Senate, and would likely shift in the House as well. Compromises were needed to equalize the power between proslavery and antislavery interests in the government to keep the Union together.
Explain the term popular sovereignty
The sovereign people of the territory should themselves determine the status of slavery through elected representatives who are the source of all political power. (Advocates of popular sovereignty claimed that it fit with the democratic tradition of self- determination. Clarify how this relates to the course content)
Define the spoils system.
The spoils system was rewarding political supporters with public office. Basically instead of looking for a qualified person to appoint, they would ask "What has he done for the party?" or "Is he loyal to Jackson?". In return, it meant putting illiterates, incompetents, and plain crooks positions of public trust. The spoils system also supported the idea of loyalty to a party, and made the idea of sticking to the party through thick and thin more concrete. (With his 1828 victory, Andrew Jackson brought the spoils system to the White House. This resulted in the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs; this was before federal jobs required merit- based qualifications.)
Explain the Free Soil party's political platform during the 1848 election. In other words, what did they campaign for?
They campaigned for free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men. They opposed the spread of slavery into territories, the party tried to widen its appeal by focusing less on outright abolition than on slavery spreading into territories. During elections, they made the democrats and whigs have to focus on slavery and set a clear position on it. (The free soilers were a single issue party)
In reference to the Federalists and the Hartford Convention, list four demands that were planned to be presented to Washington.
They wanted to abolish the three-fifths clause, to limit presidents to a single term, and to prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. They also demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments, requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. (Federalists and those in New England felt hurt financially because of the war. This incident helped lead to the downfall of the Federalist Party.)
All of the following were characteristics of slaves in the mid 19th century US except ____.
Treatment was generally the same across all regions and plantations.
Significant differences existed between President Lincoln and Congress approach to the Confederate states readmission to the Union.
True (Many in Congress wanted terms that were more strict than Lincoln's 10-percent" plan.)
What was the official charge against President Andrew Johnson during his 1868 impeachment?
Violation of the Tenure of Office Act (In 1998, Bil Clinton became the second and last president impeached by the House. No president has been removed from office.)
The War of 1812 is sometimes referred to as "war of humiliations." This could be exemplified by the fact that the British, in August 1814, set fire to much of ____.
Washington, D. C. (Have a general idea of what buildings were set on fire during this episode.)
Who was the nation's first Whig president?
William Henry Harrison (William Harrison has the distinction of having the shortest presidency ever- 1 month Harrison was the first of four Whig presidents: 1) Harrison (died in office) - won the election of 1840 2) Jon Tyler (Harrison's vice president 3) Zachary Taylor (died in office) won the election of 1848 4) Millard Filmore (Taylor's vice president)
One of the most important by-products of the War of 1812 was ____.
a heightened sense of nationalism (From a global perspective, though, the War of 1812 was of little importance.) (nationalism: patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts)
Andrew Jackson's veto of the recharter bill for the Bank of the United States was ____.
a major expansion of presidential power (This was the Second Bank of the U.S., Alexander Hamilton's central bank was the First Bank of the U.S. Jackson vetoed Congress' attempt to recharter or extend the bank for another 20 years. Jackson believed a central bank was unconstitutional and controlled by the elite.)
The white South viewed the Freedmen's Bureau as ____.
a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance.
The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army ____.
a month before the war ended. (General Lee insisted on this because their numbers had gotten low.)
As a theorist of warfare, General William T. Sherman was ____.
a pioneer of the strategy of total warfare aimed at destroying civilian morale. (Sherman's march" (utilizing the practice of total war) went through Georgia (destroying Atlanta) toward the Carolinas. The theory was that if civilian morale decreased enough, it would lead to a shorter casualties). war (and with less)
The Monroe Doctrine was ____.
a response to the apparent plans of the Russians in Alaska and Oregon (The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe, but written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. It was a proclamation against further colonization and intervention in the Americas.)
The Black Codes provided for all of the following except ____.
a restriction against black migration from the South. (A main purpose of the Black Codes was to ensure a stable and subservient labor supply. As a result, blacks were forced to work under labor contracts for little money, which reproduced the master-slave relationship after slavery was abolished)
The fate of the defeated Confederate leaders was that ____.
after brief jail terms, all were pardoned in 1868. (For example, Jefferson Davis spent two years in jail (for treason), but was never convicted and later released (during the Andrew Johnson administration).
The people most opposed to President Polk's expansionist program were the ____.
anti-slavery forces (Those against slavery did not want to see it potentially expand west.)
Presidents Jackson and Martin Van Buren hesitated to extend recognition or annex the new Texas Republic because ____.
antislavery groups in the United States opposed the expansion of slavery
In their treatment of Native Americans, white Americans did all of the following except (a) recognize the tribes as separate nations (b) argue that Indians could not be assimilated into the larger society (c) try to civilize them (d) trick them into ceding land to whites
argue that Indians could not be assimilated into the larger society
From 1848-1854, in order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, party leaders (Democrats and Whigs).
avoided public discussion of slavery
During the Civil War, ____.
blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War ____.
came haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy
Spain eventually sold Florida to the United States in 1819 because it ____.
could not defend the area and would lose it in any case
John Tyler joined the Whig Party because he ____.
could not stomach the dictatorial tactics of Andrew Jackson (John Tyler served as president from April 1841 (after the death of William Harrison) until March 1845. Like many Whigs, Tyler despised Andrew Jackson. He left the Democrats and ran as Vice President as a Whig (Whigs put him on the ticket because he could attract the votes of states rightists). However, Tyler wasn't "really" a Whig and later vetoed a lot of what the Whigs in Congress passed — they eventually turned on him. Tyler never ran for president with himself at the head of the ticket.)
An event that helped the cause of compromise of 1850, was when President Zachary Taylor ____.
died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president (Taylor was against the Compromise of 1850, but Fillmore, Taylor's Vice President, signed it when he became president)
During the 1828 re-match, Adams' political supporters (despite his discomfort) used all of the following dirty tactics agalinst his rival Jackson except (a) directing attention at Jackson's focus on a stronger central government (b) describing Jackson's mother as a prostitute (c) claiming Jackson's wife was an adulteress (d) pointing out his numerous duels and brawls
directing attention at Jackson's focus on a stronger central government. (The 1828 election is considered to be one of the dirtiest in American political history.)
For free blacks living in the North
discrimination was common (Most states denied free blacks of the right to vote. Many northerners were equally racist. Some feared being hijacked back into slavery.)
Of all the hardships faced by the soldiers during the Civil War, the greatest was ____.
disease.
Members of the planter aristocracy ____.
dominated society and politics in the South (By 1850, only 1,733 families owned more than one hundred slaves each (the aristocracy was small in proportion to southern society, but held the political power). The southern plantation system was very monopolistic (they had the monopoly on cotton production).
In his quest for California, President James K. Polk ____.
first proposed buying the area from Mexico (The U.S. tried to purchase the land from Mexico, but they denied the offer.)
The real significance of the election of 1856 was that it ____.
foreshadowed an ominous sectional clash over slavery in the election of 1860.
Many feminist leaders were deeply disappointed with the 14th and 15th Amendments because they ____.
gave equal rights to African American males but not to women (Women gained the right to vote with the 19th Amendment (1920.)
Relations between Britain and the United States in the 19th century could be characterized as ____.
generally tense, with periods of both violence and peaceful resolution (Examples of this would be the conflicts in Maine (the Aroostook "lumberjack war") and Oregon.)
Abraham Lincoln experienced less problems as president compared to Jefferson Davis (president of the Confederacy) because the North ____.
had a long-established and fully recognized government
All of the following happened after President John Tyler's veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the United States except _____.
he sent legislation to Congress for the creation of a National Bank
Lincoln declared from the outset of the Civil War that ____.
he was not fighting to free the blacks. (Lincoln's original plan was to "preserve the Union." The freeing of slaves did not occur until after the Battle of Antietam (Emancipation Proclamation). Lincoln did not want to do anything that would persuade the "Border States" (Missouri, Kentucky. Maryland, and Delaware) to join the Confederacy. These were slave state that were loyal to the Union.)
When the war with Mexican began, President Polk ____.
hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California
Lincoln stated that he believed that the black race was ____.
inferior but entitled to the same natural rights as white people.
During the early phases of the war, the South incorrectly assumed that it would gain the advantage of ____.
intervention from Britain and France (This idea practically died after the Battle of Antietam. Have an understanding of how this relates to the cotton industry.)
After defeating McClellan at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Robert E. Lee decided to ____.
invade the Union via Maryland. (Robert E. Lee was the Commander for the Northern Virginia Army before becoming General-in-Chief of the Confederate States Army. By infiltrating the north, Lee hoped to inspire the Border States to rise up and join the Confederacy This didn't work. This strategy of moving into Maryland reversed the original Confederate strategy to simply fight a "defensive" war (make the Union bring the fight to them).
By 1814, the British strategy against America included all of the following except (a) invading New Orleans and the Mississippi Valley (b) invading the Chesapeake Bay area (c) blockading the Atlantic coast (d) invading the Delaware and Hudson Valleys
invading the Delaware and Hudson Valleys.
The election of 1844 was notable because ____.
it was fought over the issue of expansionism (James K. Polk from TN won the 1844 election)
All of the following are true statements about the federal conscription (draft) law except ____.
it was passed despite a healthy rate of volunteers. (The North and South exempted the wealthy from military service and experienced a high rate of solider desertion.)
The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance for all the following reasons except ____.
it was the last major battle of the Civil War (The Siege on Vicksburg (May 18-July 4, 1863) was Ulysses S. Grant's best-fought battle. This helped propel him to eventually becoming Commanding General of the U.S. Army. The end of this siege occurred at the same time as Gettysburg both were decisive blows to the South. Grant was NOT at Gettysburg.)
Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would ____.
lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond. (Battle of Bull Run (in Virginia) = the 1st major battle of the Civil War (the South won) Before this battle, everyone thought this would be a 6-9 month war.)
One argument against annexing Texas to the United States was that the annexation ____.
might give more power to the supporters of slavery (The annexation of Texas serves an as example of how slavery was a political issue (not just a social/humanitaritian one), based on representation in Congress among the free states and slave states.)
The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the 19th century was largely due to ____.
natural reproduction (Remember the importation of slaves into the US was banned in 1808.)
As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because ____.
of the South's emphasis on states' rights
In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners ____.
placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.
The Force Bill of 1833 provided that the ____.
president could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties
In declaring their independence, the Confederate States relied heavily on the example of the ____.
principles of self-determination of the Declaration of Independence
The battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it ____.
probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy
The Freedman's Bureau was established to do all of the following except ____.
relocate blacks West or force them into labor contracts with former masters (The greatest achievement of the Freedmen's Bureau was in providing education for blacks)
The presidential election of 1824____.
saw the first one to see the election of a minority president ("minority presidents" = candidates who won the election while losing the popular vote) Years this has occurred and winner: (1) 1824 (John Q. Adams) (2) 1876 (Rutherford B. Hayes) (3) 1888 (Benjamin Harrison) (4) 2000 (George W. Bush) (5) 2016 (Donald Trump)
The fatal split in the Whig party in 1852 occurred over ____.
slavery. (Many former Whigs later joined the Republican Party)
The nomination of James K. Polk as the Democrats' 1844 presidential candidate was secured by ____.
southern expansionists (Polk was a Democrat. He wanted the U.S. to expand to the Pacific Ocean and acquire California.)
The Emancipation Proclamation hadn't the effect of ____.
strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Uniorn (Many northerners and Union soldiers were upset with Lincoln's proclamation - it was becoming a war that they didn't originally agree with. Consequences of the Emancipation Proclamation: Opposition in the North stated the war was becoming an "abolition war," not just one to "preserve the Union." Some Union soldiers deserted (illegally left the army). Republicans lost several congressional election in 1862.)
After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except ____.
striking deep into the Confederacy via the Appalachian Mountain chain. (After the Peninsula Campaign. Lincoln also began drafting the Emancipation Proclamation (which would liberate the slaves to undermine the southerm economy) All of these Union strategies resulted in the use of total war.)
The Tariff of 1816 was the first in American history ____.
that aimed to protect American industry (A tariff is a tax on imported goods/products. Ideally, high tariffs would result in more American-made purchases, resulting in increased American production and economic growth because foreign-made goods are more expensive. The Tariff of 1816 is considered to be a protective tariff to protect the American economy.)
For blacks, emancipation meant all of the following except ____.
that large numbers would move north
President Polks claim that "American blood [had been shed] on the American soil" referred to news of an armed clash between Mexican and American troops near ____.
the Rio Grande (Texas and the Mexican government had been involved in a border dispute between the Rio Grande and Nueces rivers. Polk sent federal troops to the area, which eventually resulted in shots fired)
In 1861, many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to leave the Union until ____.
the South attacked Fort Sumter.
All of the following were true of the American economy under King Cotton except ____.
the South reaped all the profits from the cotton trade (Northerners also benefited from the southern cotton economy: *northern bankers who gave loans to southern farmers *northern merchant shippers who transported the cotton product *northern factories that manufactured the raw material -Because Britain acquired most of its cotton from the South, southerners will later assume (incorrectly) that the British will come to their aid during the Civil War)
Much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was due to ____.
the South's rickety transportation system
All of the following were results of the Fugitive Slave Act except ____.
the Underground Railroad scaled back its efforts
The South grew increasingly worried about the future of slavery because ____.
the admission of California might permanently tip the political balance against them. (The US gained California as part of the Mexican Cession (after the Mexican American War.)
In the postwar South, ____.
the economy and social structure was utterly devastated.
Radical Reconstruction of the South finally ended when ____.
the last federal troops were removed in 1877.
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 included all of the following provisions except ____.
the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada
All of the following were true of the American regular army on the eve of the War of 1812 except (a) they were ill trained and ill disciplined. (b) they were widely scattered. (c) their numbers were large enough that they did not have to rely on the militia. (d) most of the generals were leftovers from the Revolutionary War and lacked vigor and vision.
their numbers were large enough that they did not have to rely on the militia.
Secessionists supported leaving the Union for all of the following reasons except ____.
they believed that Republicans had been infiltrating their political ranks.
Proslavery whites defended the institution of slavery in all of the following ways except ____.
they claimed that slaves were set free once they reached old age
All of the following are true statements about southerners in the secession movement except ____.
they wanted to resume importation of slaves from Africa
Andrew Johnson had been put on Lincoln's ticket as vice president in his second term ____.
to appeal to War Democrats and pro-Union southerners (Lincoln was a Republican: Johnson was a Democrat there was split ticket during the 1864 election)
To find effective high-level commanders, the Union ____.
used trial and error (If one general was believed to be ineffective, he would be replaced by someone else.)
Aside from ending slavery, blacks enlisted into the Union Army because they ____.
wanted to prove their manhood and increase their claim to full citizenship.
Some southerners felt Cuba would be an enticing prospect for annexation for all of the following reasons except it ____.
was not controlled by any European power and would be easily acquired (President Franklin Pierce had a secret scheme to gain control of Cuba until it was stopped when it was leaked to the public (the Ostend Manifesto).
As President, John Quincy Adams ____.
was one of the least successful presidents in American history
Andrew Jackson's administration supported the removal of Native Americans from the eastern states because ____.
whites wanted the Indians' lands (Jackson's policies led to forced removal of the southeastern state Indians to locations west of the Mississippi River- mostly present-day Oklahoma.)