U.S. History Chapter 8

Advances in water transportation were a catalyst for economic change in the first half of the nineteenth century. Place the developments that contributed to this change in chronological order

- Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston send the Clermont up the Hudson River from New York City. - The completion of the Erie Canal connects the regional economies of the Midwest and East, creating a national economy. - A total of 750 steamboats are in operation on rivers throughout the United States. - The first clipper ship, the Rainbow, is completed, allowing goods to be shipped to the vastly expanding West Coast in a record eighty-nine days.

How did the new array of professions in the nineteenth century impact American society?

- Teaching provided an opportunity for young adults to relocate from rural areas to more populous cities and towns. - The medical profession lost the trust of Americans because of the lack of required formal training. - Apprenticeships provided valuable training and opportunities in the medical and legal fields. - Some women could work as nurses or teachers, although most women still mainly worked in the home or on a farm.

Place in chronological order the following events related to the rise of textile manufacturing in New England.

1- America textile production had never exceeded one sixth of great Britain's production . 2- Thomas Jefferson's Embargo of 1807 encourage the production of America textile. 3- Tariffs on Britain textile were introduced to help protect America industry after the war of 1812 4-The Lowell system of textile manufacturing was founded. 5- American textile production amounted to two third s of Great Britain's production.

By the 1820s, the massive westward migration of men left a surplus of women in ----------, many of whom went to work in textile factories. The founders of the------ sought to increase production, while providing its female workers with -----------

1- New England 2- Lowell system 3- an ideal industrial community.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the dynamic market economy spread the belief that all Americans should have equal opportunities to improve their lives according to their abilities and hard work. While ---------and women were inspired by this belief and employment opportunities increased, their salaries remained lower than those of other groups. In the political realm, democratization still mainly included ----------.

1- free African Americans 2- white men

During the eighteenth century, the primary economic system was the -------. In the early nineteenth century, developments in transportation and communication contributed to a shift toward a ---------. This change the standard of living of the average American.

1- household economy 2- market economy 3- improved

From the time of their formation until the 1820s, trade unions functioned as ---------- organizations for one craft or skill. A decade later, trade unions combined to form ----------- organizations that included women and skilled workers among their members. Workingmen's parties emerged to advocate for workers' political interests, including the---------.

1- local 2- national 3- regulation of banks

During the waves of large-scale immigration in the mid-nineteenth century, nativist organizations, such as the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, grew into a political party called --------party. The party's focus on---------the political influence of immigrants led to victories in state and local elections in 1854. Its influence subsided shortly thereafter as------ became the central issue of the time.

1- the American 2- limiting 3- slavery

Their population expanded and a growing number were forced to labor on southern cotton plantations.

African American slaves

What does this painting reveal about popular entertainment in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Blood sports became a popular form of entertainment. The audiences were mostly men.

Identify the ways import tariffs impacted the lives of Americans.

Businesses took advantage of increased costs of foreign products by also increasing the price of domestic-made goods. Reduced foreign competition in the national marketplace led to the growth of industry in America.

Identify the invention that sparked an economic revolution by transforming southern agriculture.

Cotton gin

Nativists were individuals who organized politically to defend the rights of Native Americans, as the United States expanded westward into their lands to accommodate the increasing immigrant population.

False

The landmark ruling in the Massachusetts Supreme Court case Commonwealth v. Hunt codified a legal definition of unions as unlawful conspiracies.

False

The last decades of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century saw a dramatic increase in the number of law schools that trained a growing number of attorneys.

False

Identify the lasting impacts the Irish Potato Famine of 1845 and, thus, Irish immigration had on the United States.

Five years after the potato famine, the Irish accounted for more than half of the population of New York and Boston, and a significant portion of the population of Philadelphia. Irish immigrants were so numerous that by the start of the Civil War, Catholicism had become the most populous individual religious denomination in the United States.

Identify the idea promoted by Horace Mann that prompted an explosion in the number of schools during the first half of the nineteenth century.

Free public education was the best way to discipline youths and train them for citizenship.

Identify ways that immigration impacted the nation's people and politics.

Immigrants settled together in cities of the Northeast and agricultural areas of the West. A growing number of Americans sought to limit or stop immigration.

Identify the ways in which the transportation revolution changed the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century

Improvements to water transportation tied together regional economies. Increased mobility shifted the United States from a "household economy" to a market economy. Demand for materials needed to create the railroad stimulated the economy.

Identify the two largest ethnic immigrant groups that changed the demographics of the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Irish and German

They took jobs that paid very low wages and settled together in cities of the Northeast.

Irish immigrants

In the first half of the nineteenth century, tensions arose between African Americans and Irish immigrants. At the polls, Irish Americans yelled, "Down with the Nagurs! Let them go back to Africa where they belong," while an African American complained that the Irish were "crowding themselves into every place of business and labor, and driving the poor colored American citizen out." What do these quotations suggest about the growing hostility at the time between African Americans and Irish immigrants?

Irish immigrants and African Americans competed for the same kinds of jobs. Irish immigrants adopted negative stereotypes of African Americans, despite their own experiences as targets of discrimination.

Which of the following can we infer about why the federal government would have supported the construction of transportation and communication systems across the nation?

It encouraged the growth of cities as well as the expansion of American trade. It helped open the Far West for settlement.

Identify the impact the McCormick mechanical reaper had on commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

It replaced the slow process of harvesting wheat by hand with a faster less labor intensive mechanical process.

New tools and technology, along with advances in business management, contributed to a surge in industrialization in the nineteenth century. Identify the impact of industrial development on the national economy and the ways in which Americans lived and worked.

Mass production led to lower prices. Urbanization ensued. Slavery expanded in the American South. The daily experiences and social lives of many industrial workers became transformed.

Identify how the technological advances of the nineteenth century helped improve living conditions in the United States.

New machines created more leisure time for women by reducing the labor required for making clothing at home. Sewer systems helped keep human and animal waste from city streets. Machine-made newspapers and magazines were more accessible and affordable.

Identify the ways in which German immigrants differed from the Irish immigrants who arrived a few years before them.

The majority of German immigrants were members of various Protestant denominations, as opposed to Catholicism. Germans tended to settle in rural areas, whereas the Irish generally settled in cities. A large number of German immigrants were professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, and engineers, whereas most of the Irish were poor, unskilled laborers.

In the quotation below, a cotton farmer in Mississippi is trying to convince a friend in Kentucky to sell his farm and come to Mississippi as well. "If you could reconcile it to yourself to bring your negroes to the Mississippi Territory, they would certainly make you a handsome fortune in ten years by the cultivation of Cotton." Which of the following statements does the quotation accurately support?

The potential for great profits from cotton cultivation encouraged the expansion of slavery in the South. People relocated to the cotton-growing regions of the Mississippi Territory.

One of the most significant changes to the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century was the transition from a "household economy" to a market economy. Identify the impact this new market economy had on the United States.

There were more opportunities for economic gain. Households began producing surplus crops and livestock to be sold. The standard of living rose.

The soil in Maryland and Virginia eventually could no longer sustain the cultivation of tobacco. In response, how did whites change the living conditions of many of the slaves who had worked the land there?

They sent their surplus slaves to new cotton growing region farther south

Identify the changes that occurred as a result of the expansion of railroads.

Towns and cities that didn't have turnpikes or canals but that came to have railroads were able to compete economically. Goods could be moved quickly from one region to another. Railroads helped create a national market and stimulated western settlement by connecting the West to the East.

Americans earned a reputation as being "inventive" because of all the patents that were approved and led to significant improvements in the quality of life in the United States.

True

The revolution in transportation technology in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century was the byproduct of both private and government financing.

True

This form of transport was twice as fast as older merchant vessels.

clipper ship

Match the new professions that were changing American society with the correct description.

engineering: :This field would become the nation's largest professional occupation for men. medicine: This profession lost public confidence due to many frauds. law: Teaching was a common stepping-stone for men who entered this profession. teaching: Pay was low, and few stayed for an entire career.

Identify all of the policy objectives of the American party.

excluding Roman Catholics and immigrants from ever holding public office extending the waiting period for naturalization from five to twenty-one years

Identify the ways in which early labor unions sought to protect workers through political activity.

improving working conditions giving workers access to insurance benefits instating tariffs to protect markets from foreign competition

Their daily lives were more closely managed and regulated in factories.

industrial workers

-rose in number between 1790 and 1860, from 75 to 28,498 nationwide -initially were not as effective in the West as in the East, thereby leaving opportunities open for entrepreneurs as well U.S.

post offices

They worked in an increasing variety of jobs that included teachers, engineers, doctors, and lawyers.

professionals

This was the best form of transportation in terms of speed, carrying capacity, and reliability.

railroad

New infrastructure, including turnpikes, increased the speed and efficiency of this form of travel.

stagecoach

Identify the elements you see that contributed to the transformation of the economic landscape in the first half of the nineteenth century.

steam-powered industries construction of railroads

-reduced the price of newspapers from 6¢ to a penny each -made newspapers affordable to the majority of the population

steam-powered printing press

This method of transport brought two-way traffic to the Mississippi and Ohio River systems, which spanned almost half the continent.

steamboat

-connected most major cities by 1850 -improved railroad safety and reliability

telegraph system

They left their family homes and worked in textile factories that strictly regulated their behavior and morality.

women mill workers